Canini (tribe)

Canini is a taxonomic rank which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The Canini came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by Eucyon, mostly by Eucyon davisi that was spread widely across North America.[1]

Canini
Temporal range: 9–0 Ma Late Miocene–Present[1]
Canina (represented by the golden jackal) and Cerdocyonina (represented by the crab-eating fox)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Fischer de Waldheim, 1817[2]
Genera[1]

Taxonomy

The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma.

— Richard H. Tedford[1]

Members of this tribe include:

Subtribe Description Image Genus Species
Canina Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 The wolf-like canines.[3] Canis Linnaeus, 1758
Cuon Hodgson, 1838
Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906
Lycaon Brookes, 1827
†Cynotherium Studiati, 1857
†Eucyon Tedford and Qiu (1996)
  • † Eucyon davisi
†Aenocyon

Merriam, 1918
Cerdocyonina Tedford et al., 2009 The South American, fox-shaped canines. [3] Speothos Lund, 1839
Atelocynus Cabrera, 1940
Chrysocyon Smith, 1839
†Dusicyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839
Lycalopex Burmeister 1854
Cerdocyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839
†Nurocyon Sotnikova, 2006
  • †Nurocyon chonokhariensis
†Protocyon Giebel 1855
†Theriodictis Mercerat, 1891
  • †Theriodictis platensis


Common names of most of the South American canines include "fox", based on resemblance, but they are more closely related to wolves than to vulpini, the Eurasian and North American foxes.

Ventral portion of grey wolf and crab-eating fox skulls. Note how the palatine bone extends past the tooth row of the latter.

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),[4] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis species,[5] Lycalopex species,[6] and Dusicyon.[7]

    Canini    
Canina
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog)

 
 

Canis lupus (gray wolf)

 
 
 

Canis latrans (coyote)

 
 
 

Canis anthus (African golden wolf)

 
 
 

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)

 
 
 

Canis aureus (Golden jackal)

 
 
 

Cuon alpinus (dhole)

 
 
 

Lycaon pictus (African wild dog)

 
 
 
 

Lupulella adusta (side-striped jackal)

 
 

Lupulella mesomelas (black-backed jackal)

 
 
 
  Cerdocyonina  
 
 

Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

 
 
 

Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

 
 

† Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

 
 
 
 
 
 
Lycalopex
 

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

 
 
 

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

 
 
 
 

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

 
 

Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

 
 
 
 

Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

 
 

Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

 
 
 
 
 
 

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

 
 
 

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

 
 
 
 
 

References
  1. Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.
  2. Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
  3. Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
  4. Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
  5. Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
  6. Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
  7. Slater, G.J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J.A.; Schweizer, R.M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366.


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