Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 36

Launch Complex 36 (LC-36)—formerly known as Space Launch Complex 36 (SLC-36) from 1997 to 2010—is a launch complex at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Brevard County, Florida. It was used for Atlas launches by NASA and the U.S. Air Force from 1962 until 2005.[1][2]

Launch Complex 36
An Atlas-Centaur at LC-36 prior to the launch of Pioneer 10
Launch siteCape Canaveral Space Force Station
Coordinates28°28′14″N 80°32′24″W
Short nameLC-36
Operator
Total launches145
Launch pad(s)2
Orbital inclination
range		28° - 57°
LC-36A launch history
StatusInactive
Launches68
First launchMay 18, 1962
Atlas LV-3C Centaur-A AC-1
Last launchAugust 31, 2004
Atlas IIAS / NROL-1
Associated
rockets		Atlas-Centaur (retired)
Atlas I (retired)
Atlas II (retired)
Atlas III (retired)
New Glenn (future)
LC-36B launch history
StatusInactive
Launches77
First launchAugust 11, 1965
Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D / Surveyor D-2
Last launchFebruary 3, 2005
Atlas III / NROL-23
Associated
rockets		Atlas-Centaur (retired)
Atlas I (retired)
Atlas II (retired)
Atlas III (retired)
New Glenn (future)

Blue Origin has leased the launch site since 2015 in order to build a new launch site for launching Blue's orbital rockets. Orbital launches are expected to begin from LC-36 no earlier than 2021,[3] and the first launch vehicle slated to launch there is New Glenn, under development by Blue Origin since 2012.[4] As of 2019, LC-36 is under major construction, including for a large launch pad for the launch vehicle with nearby Horizontal Integration Facility, lightning tower, water tower, and propellant tank farm for liquid methane and liquid oxygen.[5]

Historically, the complex consisted of two launch pads, SLC-36A and SLC-36B, and was the launch site for the Pioneer, Surveyor, and Mariner probes in the 1960s and 1970s.[6] There were a total of 145 launches from LC 36 during the period that the US government operated the launch complex in the first five decades of spaceflight.[7] The Atlas rockets launched from Complex 36 were subsequently superseded by the Atlas V launch vehicle which launches from Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral beginning in 2002.[5]

History

LC-36 was originally constructed by the US government in the early 1960s in order to launch the Atlas-Centaur rocket, with first launch in May 1962.[5]

LC-36A was the scene of the biggest on-pad explosion in Cape history when Atlas-Centaur AC-5 fell back onto the pad on March 2, 1965. The accident spurred NASA to complete work on LC-36B which had been abandoned when it was 90% finished. LC-36B was built near LC-36A "due to the Atlas-Centaur’s increasing flight rate – and low reliability early on."[5]

The pad was modified during the late 1980s to be able to launch the Atlas I, with first launch occurring in July 1990, and was subsequently modified two additional times during the 1990s to launch the Atlas II and Atlas III launch vehicles.[5] Atlas III made its sixth and final launch from LC-36 in 2005.

There were a total of 68 and 77 launches from pads 36A and 36B, respectively, while the US government operated the launch complex in the first five decades of spaceflight.[7]

Interregnum

The pad was unused from mid-2005 through 2015.

The legacy Atlas-Centaur umbilical towers of both pads were demolished in 2006.[8] The mobile service towers were both demolished in controlled explosions on June 16, 2007. Tower B was demolished at 13:59 GMT (09:59 EDT) and tower A followed twelve minutes later at 14:11 (10:11 EDT).[9]

In 2008, Aviation Week magazine reported that the U.S. Air Force committed to lease Launch Complex 36 to Space Florida for future use by the Athena III launch system,[10] but that program never moved forward.[11]

In March 2010, the USAF 45th Space Wing issued Real Property Licenses to Space Florida for Space Launch Complexes 36 and 46 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[12][13]

Moon Express leased the pad in February 2015 from Space Florida as a development and test site for its commercial lunar operations and its lunar lander flight test vehicles.[14]

In 2015, Blue Origin signed a long-term lease of launch site from Space Florida for launching Blue's orbital rockets, after Space Florida had previously leased the facility from the USAF in 2010 in order to facilitate commercial use of the land and facilities since the Air Force no longer required use of the launch complex. Moon Express and Blue Origin shared LC-36, delineated into LC-36A and LC-36B respectively, until Moon Express announced its relocation to Launch Complexes 17 and 18 in 2016, allowing Blue Origin full use of the LC-36 facility. In early 2016, Blue intended to begin orbital launches by 2020,[3] as of 2019 they are expected to begin from LC-36 no earlier than 2021.[5]

Blue Origin

On September 15, 2015, Blue Origin announced it would use Launch Complex 36 for launches of its orbital launch vehicle later in the decade.[15][16][17] Blue had the lease in place for Launch Complex 36 by late 2015[3] from the Florida state space agency, Space Florida, and will manufacture their new BE-4-powered orbital launch vehicle at the nearby Exploration Park, also a part of the Space Florida land complex.[5]

Blue Origin site plan overlaid on aerial photograph, 2019.

By October 2015, the pad design and configuration was not yet publicly known.[7] Blue broke ground for the facility to initiate construction activity on the site in June 2016.[18]

By March 2016, the first launch of the Blue orbital launch vehicle New Glenn was estimated to be no earlier than 2020[3] and that target date had not changed by the time high-level specifications for the new launcher were unveiled in September 2016,[4] nor by the time construction of the launch site was well underway in September 2018.[19] New Glenn will be a very large 7.0-meter (23 ft)-diameter vehicle. The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 methane/oxygen engines producing 17.1 meganewtons (3,850,000 lbf) total thrust at launch. The first stage will be reusable and is designed to land vertically.[4]

Blue has also leased the adjacent land—formerly known as LC-11—to use as a ground-based rocket engine test facility. Construction of the new launch complex and engine test facility was still underway in September 2018.[19]

Although Blue has been publicly quiet about the status of the launch complex construction, high-resolution aerial photography released after Hurricane Dorian in September 2019 showed that facility foundation work is in place—including for the horizontal integration facility, the launch service structure, lightning tower, and water tower—and above-ground steel construction has commenced. The propellant tank farm is in the process of being installed.[5]

  • An Atlas III launches from SLC-36B
  • The MSS of Space Launch Complex 36A falls to the ground after critical supports are destroyed in a controlled explosion.

See also

References
  1. McDowell, Jonathan (February 22, 1998). "Issue 350". Jonathan's Space Report. Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  2. "Table 3 — Launch Capability in Florida". AU-18 Space Handbook. Air War College Gateway to the Internet. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  3. Boyle, Alan (March 5, 2016). "Jeff Bezos lifts curtain on Blue Origin rocket factory, lays out grand plan for space travel that spans hundreds of years". GeekWire. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  4. Bergin, Chris (September 12, 2016). "Blue Origin introduce the New Glenn orbital LV". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  5. Atkinson, Ian (11 September 2019). "Blue Origin continuing work on New Glenn launch complex, support facilities". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  6. Research Triangle Institute, Center for Aerospace Technology (CAST), Florida Office (March 1999). "Launch Site Safety Assessment, Section 1.0 Eastern Range General Range Capabilities" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. p. 31. Retrieved January 25, 2010.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Gebhardt, Chris (October 8, 2015). "Canaveral and KSC pads: New designs for space access". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
  8. Coledan, Stefano S. (February 28, 2006). "Slowly Crumbling, NASA Landmarks May Face the Bulldozer". The New York Times. Cape Canaveral. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  9. Warren, Ken (June 21, 2007). "Historic complex 36 towers toppled". Air Force. Patrick Space Force Base: 45th SW Public Affairs. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  10. Covault, Craig (October 27, 2008). "Boeing Joins Commercial Athena III Program".
  11. Day, Dwayne (February 11, 2013). "Athena rising?". The Space Review.
  12. "Air Force licenses two launch complexes for commercial use". Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  13. "Space Florida secures licenses for Launch Complexes 46 and 36". Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  14. Clark, Stephen (January 24, 2015). "Former Atlas launch pad gets a new tenant". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  15. Cofield, Calla (September 15, 2015). "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin Will Launch Rockets and Spaceships from Florida". Space.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  16. Foust, Jeff (September 15, 2015). "Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA Sale". Space News. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  17. Harwood, William (September 17, 2015). "Jeff Bezos plans to boost humans into space from Cape Canaveral". CBS News.
  18. Cofield, Calla (June 28, 2016). "Blue Origin's Rocket Factory Breaks Ground". Space.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  19. Burghardt, Thomas (20 September 2018). "Building on New Shepard, Blue Origin to pump a billion dollars into New Glenn readiness". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
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