Catharine Beecher

Catharine Esther Beecher (September 6, 1800 – May 12, 1878) was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education. She published the advice manual The American Woman's Home with her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1869.

Catharine Beecher

Biography

Parents and siblings

Beecher was born September 6, 1800, in East Hampton, New York, the daughter of outspoken religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. She was the sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe, the 19th century abolitionist and writer most famous for her groundbreaking novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, and of clergymen Henry Ward Beecher and Charles Beecher.

Education

Beecher was educated at home until she was ten years old, when she was sent to a private school in Litchfield, Connecticut, where she was taught the limited curriculum available to young women. The experience left her longing for additional opportunities for education. She taught herself subjects not commonly offered to women, including math, Latin, and philosophy. She took over the domestic duties of her household at the age of 16, following her mother's death. Beecher became a teacher in 1821 at a school in New Haven, Connecticut. Catharine was engaged to marry Professor Alexander M. Fisher, head of the Mathematics Department at Yale College, but he died at sea before the wedding took place. She never married.

Alexander Metcalf Fisher (1794-1822)

Female seminary

To provide such educational opportunities for others, in 1823 Beecher opened the Hartford Female Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut, where she taught until 1832. The private girls' school had many well-known alumni.

Comprehending the deficiencies of existing textbooks, she prepared, primarily for use in her own school, some elementary books in arithmetic, a work on theology, and a third on mental and moral philosophy. The last was never published, although printed and used as a college textbook.[1]

She was constantly making experiments, and practicing them upon the girls, weighing all their food before they ate it, holding that Graham flour and the Graham diet were better for them than richer food. Ten of her pupils invited her to dine with them at a restaurant. She accepted the invitation, and the excellent dinner changed her views. Thereafter they were served with more palatable food.[1]

Opposition to Indian Removal Bill

In 1829 and 1830, Beecher led a women's movement to protest the Indian Removal Bill of President Andrew Jackson. This was the first national campaign on the part of women in the United States.[2]

In the bill, Jackson requested Congress approve the use of federal money to resettle southeastern American Indians, including the Cherokee, to land west of the Mississippi River.

In response, Beecher published a "Circular Addressed to the Benevolent Ladies of the U. States," dated December 25, 1829, calling on women to send petitions to Congress protesting the removal. In the circular she wrote, "It has become almost a certainty that these people are to have their lands torn from them, and to be driven into western wilds and to final annihilation, unless the feelings of a humane and Christian nation shall be aroused to prevent the unhallowed sacrifice." [3]

Congress passed the bill, and the Indian Removal Act became law on May 28, 1830.

Midlife in the West

In 1832, Beecher moved with her father to Cincinnati to campaign for more schools and teachers in the frontier. There she opened a female seminary, which, on account of her failing health, was discontinued after two years. She then devoted herself to the development of an extended plan for the physical, social, intellectual, and moral education of women, to be promoted through a national board. For nearly 40 years, she labored perseveringly in this work, organizing societies for training teachers, establishing plans for supplying the territories with good educators, writing, pleading, and traveling. Her object, as she described it, was "to unite American women in an effort to provide a Christian education for 2,000,000 children in our country." She made her field of labor especially in the west and south, and sought the aid of educated women throughout the United States.[1]

Later life

In 1837, Beecher retired from administrative work. After returning East she started The Ladies' Society for Promoting Education in the West. In 1847 she co-founded the Board of National Popular Education with William Slade, a former Congressman and governor of Vermont. In 1852 she founded the American Women's Educational Association.[4] Their goal was to recruit and train teachers for frontier schools and send women into the West to civilize the young. This became a model for future schools developed in the West.

Woman's great mission is to train immature, weak, and ignorant creatures to obey the laws of God; the physical, the intellectual, the social, and the moral.

It was claimed that hundreds of the best teachers the West received went there under the patronage of this system. To a certain extent the plans succeeded, and were found beneficial, but the careers of the teachers were mostly short, for they soon married.

In The American Woman's Home,[5] published in 1869, Beecher and her sister presented a model home from a woman's perspective. The kitchen was inspired by a cook's galley in a steamship. A movable partition on wheels provided flexibility and privacy in the small home, and also served as a wardrobe. Chapters of the book discussing ventilation and heating anticipated modern central heating.[6]

In 1878 Beecher died from apoplexy.[7]

Views on and advocacy of education

In 1841 Beecher published, "A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School", a book that discussed the underestimated importance of women's roles in society. The book was edited and re-released the following year in its final form. Catharine Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education and developed a program of calisthenics performed to music.

Catharine Beecher, ca. 1858-1862

In 1831, Catharine Beecher suggested teachers read aloud to students the passages from writers with elegant styles, "to accustom the ear to the measurement of the sentences and the peculiar turns of expression" (Wright & Halloran, 2001, p. 215). She went on to have the students imitate the piece read using words, style, and turns of expression in order to develop, "a ready command of the language and easy modes of expression" (Wright & Halloran, 2001, p. 215). In 1846, Beecher pronounced that women, not men, should educate children and established schools for training teachers in western cities. She advocated that young ladies find godly work as Christian teachers away from the larger Eastern cities. The Board of National Popular Education, which was her idea, trained teachers in four-week sessions in Connecticut and then sent them out West. She believed that women had a higher calling to shape children and society.

Views on education

Beecher recognized public schools' responsibility to teach moral, physical, and intellectual development of children. She promoted the expansion and development of teacher training programs, deducing that teaching was more important to society than lawyers or doctors. Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of physical education daily and developed a program of calisthenics that was performed to music. She also firmly believed in the benefits of reading aloud.

Women as educators

Beecher believed that women have inherent qualities that make them the preferred sex as teachers. As men left teaching to pursue business and industry, she saw the untapped potential of educated women and encouraged education of women to fill the increasing need for teachers. She considered women natural teachers, with teaching as an extension of their domestic role.[8] She pushed and transformed teaching into women's work rather than a profession that women could thrive in.

Influential changes over time

In 1862, John Brinsley recommended students analyze and imitate classical Greek and Latin models while Beecher recommended English writers (Wright & Halloran, 2001). They both believed that frequent practice and the study of important authors helped students acquire writing skills.

Beecher founded The American Woman's Educational Association in 1852, an organization focused on furthering educational opportunities for women. She also founded the Western Female Institute in Cincinnati (along with her father Lyman) and The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West. She was also instrumental in the establishment of women's colleges in Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Beecher strongly supported allowing children to simply be children and not prematurely forcing adulthood onto them. She believed that children lacked the experience needed to make important life decisions and that in order for them to become healthy self-sufficient adults, they needed to be allowed to express themselves freely in an environment suited to children. It was these beliefs that led to her support of the system of kindergartens.

Anti-suffragist

Beecher thought that women could best influence society as mothers and teachers, and did not want women to be corrupted by the evils of politics. She felt that men and women were put on the earth for separate reasons and accepted the view that women should not be involved in politics, but rather, they would teach male children to be free thinkers and moral learners and help shape their political ideas.[9]

Schools
  • 1823: Hartford Female Seminary: Beecher co-founded the Hartford Female Seminary, which was a school to train women to be mothers and teachers. It began with one room and 7 students; within three years, it grew to almost 100 students with 10 rooms and 8 teachers. The school had small class sizes, where advanced students taught other students. All classes were connected to general principles, and students were motivated to go beyond the classes' texts and instruction.
  • 1832: Western Female Institute
  • 1852: The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West founded colleges in Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Milwaukee Female College changed names several times. Today, as Downer College of Lawrence University of Appleton WI, it is the longest continuously operating college for women's higher education founded on the Beecher plan.

Selected works
  • 1829: Suggestions Respecting Improvements in Education
  • 1830: Letters on the Difficulties of Religion (Hartford)
  • 1833: Arithmetic Simplified
  • 1837: An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism with reference to the Duty of American Females
  • 1838: The Moral Instructor for Schools and Families: Containing Lessons on the Duties of life (Cincinnati)
  • 1842: A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School (Boston: T.H. Webb) read online
  • 1844: Memoirs of her brother, George Beecher
  • 1845: The Duty of American Women to Their Country
  • 1846: Miss Beecher's Domestic Receipt Book
  • 1846: The Evils Suffered by American women and Children: the Causes and Remedy
  • 1850: Truth Stranger than Fiction (Boston), an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
  • 1851: True Remedy for the Wrongs of Women, with a History of an Enterprise having that for its Object (Boston)
  • 1855: Letters to the People on Health and Happiness (New York)
  • 1856: Physiology and Calisthenics for Schools and Families
  • 1857: Common Sense applied to Religion, a book containing many striking departures from the Calvinistic theology
  • 1860: An Appeal to the People, as the Authorized Interpreters of the Bible
  • 1864: Religious Training of Children in the School, the Family, and the Church
  • 1869: The American Woman's Home (with Harriet Beecher Stowe) (see summary and links to the book here)
  • 1870: Principles of Domestic Science as applied to the Duties and Pleasures of Home
  • 1871: Woman's Profession as Mother and Educator, with Views in Opposition to Woman Suffrage (Philadelphia)
  • 1873: Housekeeper and Healthkeeper (New York)
  • 1874: Educational reminiscences and suggestions

Legacy

Three universities named buildings for her: Central Connecticut State University, The University of Connecticut, and The University of Cincinnati. The Cincinnati building has been demolished.

Further reading
  • Dolores Hayden. 'Catharine Beecher and the Politics of Housework', featured in Women in American Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective. New York City:Watson-Guptill, 1977.
  • Grace Norton Kieckhefer. The History of Milwaukee-Downer College 1851-1951. MDC Series 33-2. Milwaukee: Centennial Publication, Nov. 1950.
  • Carolyn King Stephens. Downer Women, 1851-2001. Milwaukee:Sea King Publishing, 2003.
  • Kunitz, Stanley (1938). American authors, 1600 - 1900 a biographical dictionary of American literature; compl. in 1 vol. with 1300 biographies and 400 portraits. New York Wilson. pp. 64-65.

References
  1. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Beecher, Lyman" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  2. Hershberger, Mary (1999-01-01). "Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle against Indian Removal in the 1830s". The Journal of American History. 86 (1): 15–40. doi:10.2307/2567405. JSTOR 2567405.
  3. "Resistance to Indian Removal". www.digitalhistory.uh.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  4. Beecher, Catharine Esther; Beecher Stowe, Harriet; Tonkovich, Nicole. The American Woman's Home. Hartford, Conn.: Harriet Beecher Stowe Center; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2002, p. xiii, ISBN 978-0-8135-3078-9.
  5. Beecher, Catharine Esther; Beecher Stowe, Harriet; Tonkovich, Nicole. The American Woman's Home. Hartford, Conn.: Harriet Beecher Stowe Center; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8135-3078-9.
  6. Culbertson, Margaret. "The Engines of Our Ingenuity, No. 1940: The American Woman's Home". www.uh.edu. University of Houston. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  7. "Death of Catherine E. Beecher". The New York Times (May 13, 1878), accessed November 9, 2011.
  8. Beecher, Catharine Esther. 1841. A treatise on domestic economy, for the use of young ladies at home, and at school. Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb.
  9. Sklar, Kathryn Kish (1973). Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity. Yale Univ Pr; First Edition. p. 137. ISBN 0-300-01580-1.

Bibliography
  • Ohles, John.F. Biographical Dictionary of American Educators Vol 1. Greenwood Press. London, England. 1978.
  • Rugoff, Milton. The Beechers: An American family in the nineteenth century. Harper&Row. New York. 1981
  • White, Barbara. The Beecher Sisters. Yale University Press. London. 2003
  • Wright, E. A. & Halloran, S. M. (2001). From rhetoric to composition: The teaching of writing in American to 1900. In J. J. Murphy (Eds.). A short history of writing instruction: From ancient Greece to modern America. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
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