Celtis australis

European nettle tree
	Celtis australis[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Cannabaceae
Genus:	Celtis
Species:	C. australis
Binomial name
	Celtis australis; L.
	Distribution map

Celtis australis, commonly known as the European nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry, lote tree, or honeyberry,[2] is a deciduous tree native to Southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. The tree was introduced to England in 1796.[3]

Description

The tree can grow to 25 m in height, though 10 m is more common in cooler climates. The bark is smooth and grey, almost elephantine.[4]

The alternate leaves are narrow and sharp-toothed, rugose above and tomentose below, 5–15 cm long and dark grey/green throughout the year, fading to a pale yellow before falling in autumn.

The apetalous wind-pollinated flowers are perfect (hermaphrodite, having both male and female organs), small and green, either singly or in small clusters.

The fruit is a small, dark-purple berry-like drupe, 1 cm wide, hanging in short clusters, and are extremely popular with birds and other wildlife.

C. australis, Fox-Amphoux, France, planted 1550
C. australis in Panchkhal VDC, Nepal
Flower of C. australis
C. australis autumn leaves
C. australis Muntic, Croatia, planted in the early 16th century.

Notable trees

A large specimen planted in 1550 stands before the church in the village perché of Fox-Amphoux in the Provence region of southern France. The tree was 18 m in height with a circumference at breast height of 5 m in 2013.[5]

Cultivation

The plant prefers light well-drained (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, including those nutritionally poor; it can tolerate drought but not shade. The Mediterranean climate is especially suitable for the plant but it can tolerate colder climate (USDA Zone 7B). An article on Nettle tree cultivation is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.[6]

Common names

In different countries, Celtis australis is known under the following common names:

Albanian: carac;
Arabic: الميس (mays);
Bulgarian: копривка;
Catalan: lledoner;
Croatian: koprivić, obični koprivić, ladonja, farikul, fafarikula, pelegrinka, kostela, kostjela, koštela, košćela, koščela crna;
English: the honeyberry tree, European hackberry, hackberry, nettle tree, Mediterranean hackberry;
French: micocoulier;
German: Zürgelbaum;
Hebrew: מייש‎ (meish)
Hindi: ku, batkar, khark, khirk, roku;
Italian: perlaro, bagolaro;
Kashmiri: Brimij
Nepali: khari;
Polish: wiązowiec południowy
Portuguese: lódão-bastardo, lodoeiro, ginginha-do-rei, agreira;
Romanian: sâmbovină
Slovenian: koprivovec;
Spanish: almez, lodón, ladón, ojaranzo, hojaranzo;
Turkish: adi çitlembik;

Trade names are: nettle wood, brimji.[7]

Uses

It is often planted as an ornamental as it is long-living and resistant to air pollution. The fruit of this tree is sweet and edible, and can be eaten raw or cooked. The leaves and fruit are astringent, lenitive and stomachic. Decoction of both leaves and fruit is used in the treatment of amenorrhoea, heavy menstrual and inter-menstrual bleeding and colic. The decoction can also be used to astringe the mucous membranes in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and peptic ulcers. A yellow dye is obtained from the bark. The wood is very tough, pliable, durable and widely used by turners; the flexible thin shoots are used as walking sticks.

History

Celtis australis is supposed to have been the Lotus of the ancients, whose fruit Herodotus, Dioscorides, and Theophrastus describe as sweet, pleasant, and wholesome. Homer has Ulysses refer to the "Lotus-eaters" and the "lotus" in Odyssey, Book IX.[8] The fruit and its effects are described in Tennyson's poem The Lotos-Eaters.

Secondary metabolites

The leaves of Celtis australis are a rich source of flavonoid C-glycosides.[9][10] Young leaves of Celtis australis from Northern Italy were found to contain the highest amounts of phenolics per gram dry weight. Amounts rapidly decreased until mid-May and after this date the level of phenolics fluctuated but showed no discernible trend. This general trend of high amounts of phenolics in the early growing season and a fast decline affected both caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids.[11]

References

1885 illustration from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York.
Hillier Nurseries Ltd. (1977). Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 4th edition, p.70. David & Charles, Newton Abbott, UK. ISBN 0-7153-7460-5
More, D. & White, J. (2003).Trees of Britain & Northern Europe, p. 417. Cassells, London. ISBN 0-304-36192-5.
Ibn al-'Awwam, Yahya (1864). Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) (in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris. pp. 311-312 (ch. 7 - Article 38). OCLC 780050566. (pp. 311-312 (Article XXXVIII)
Celtis australis (Ulmaceae): Nettle Wood, Brimji.
Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 249–252.
Spitaler, R; Gurschler, S; Ellmerer, E; Schubert, B; Sgarbossa, M; Zidorn, C (2009). "Flavonoids from Celtis australis (Cannabaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). 37 (2): 120–121. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2008.11.020. ISSN 0305-1978.
Kaltenhauser, M; Ellmerer, EP; Zidorn, C (2010). "Rhamnopyranosylvitexin derivatives from Celtis australis". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society (Belgrade, Serbia). 75 (6): 733–738. doi:10.2298/JSC090817049K. ISSN 1820-7421.
Sommavilla, V; Haidacher-Gasser, D; Sgarbossa, M; Zidorn, C (2012). "Seasonal variation in phenolics in leaves of Celtis australis (Cannabaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). 41: 110–114. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2011.12.028. ISSN 0305-1978.

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[1] 1885 illustration from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany

[2] Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York.

[Hillier-3] Hillier Nurseries Ltd. (1977). Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 4th edition, p.70. David & Charles, Newton Abbott, UK. ISBN 0-7153-7460-5

[More-4] More, D. & White, J. (2003).Trees of Britain & Northern Europe, p. 417. Cassells, London. ISBN 0-304-36192-5.

[6] Ibn al-'Awwam, Yahya (1864). Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) (in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris. pp. 311-312 (ch. 7 - Article 38). OCLC 780050566. (pp. 311-312 (Article XXXVIII)

[ref83merij-7] Celtis australis (Ulmaceae): Nettle Wood, Brimji.

[Keeler-8] Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 249–252.

[9] Spitaler, R; Gurschler, S; Ellmerer, E; Schubert, B; Sgarbossa, M; Zidorn, C (2009). "Flavonoids from Celtis australis (Cannabaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). 37 (2): 120–121. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2008.11.020. ISSN 0305-1978.

[10] Kaltenhauser, M; Ellmerer, EP; Zidorn, C (2010). "Rhamnopyranosylvitexin derivatives from Celtis australis". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society (Belgrade, Serbia). 75 (6): 733–738. doi:10.2298/JSC090817049K. ISSN 1820-7421.

[11] Sommavilla, V; Haidacher-Gasser, D; Sgarbossa, M; Zidorn, C (2012). "Seasonal variation in phenolics in leaves of Celtis australis (Cannabaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). 41: 110–114. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2011.12.028. ISSN 0305-1978.