Charles Alston

Charles Henry Alston (November 28, 1907 – April 27, 1977) was an American painter, sculptor, illustrator, muralist and teacher who lived and worked in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. Alston was active in the Harlem Renaissance; Alston was the first African-American supervisor for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project. Alston designed and painted murals at the Harlem Hospital and the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building. In 1990, Alston's bust of Martin Luther King Jr. became the first image of an African American displayed at the White House.

For the Scottish botanist, see Charles Alston (botanist). For the football player, see Charles Alston (gridiron football).

Charles Alston
Charles Alston in 1939
Born
Charles Henry Alston

(1907-11-28)November 28, 1907
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.
DiedApril 27, 1977(1977-04-27) (aged 69)
New York City, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
EducationColumbia University, Teachers College
Known forMuralism, painting, illustration, sculpture
MovementAbstract expressionism
Patron(s)Lemoine Pierce

Personal life

Early life

Charles Henry Alston was born on November 28, 1907, in Charlotte, North Carolina, to Reverend Primus Priss Alston and Anna Elizabeth (Miller) Alston, as the youngest of five children.[1][2][3] Three survived past infancy: Charles, his older sister Rousmaniere and his older brother Wendell.[1][4] His father had been born into slavery in 1851 in Pittsboro, North Carolina. After the Civil War, he gained an education and graduated from St. Augustine's College in Raleigh. He became a prominent minister and founder of St. Michael's Episcopal Church, with an African-American congregation. The senior Alston was described as a "race man": an African American who dedicated his skills to the furtherance of the black race.[1][2][3] Reverend Alston met his wife when she was a student at his school. Charles was nicknamed "Spinky" by his father, and kept the nickname as an adult. In 1910, when Charles was three, his father died suddenly of a cerebral hemorrhage. Locals described his father as the "Booker T. Washington of Charlotte".[1][3]

In 1913 Anna Alston remarried, to Harry Bearden, brother of Romare Bearden's father. Through the marriage, Charles and Romare became cousins. The two Bearden families lived across the street from each other; the friendship between Romare and Charles would last a lifetime.[1][3][4] As a child Alston was inspired by his older brother Wendell's drawings of trains and cars, which the young artist copied.[1][5] Charles also played with clay, creating a sculpture of North Carolina. As an adult he reflected on his memories of sculpting with clay as a child: "I’d get buckets of it and put it through strainers and make things out of it. I think that's the first art experience I remember, making things."[1] His mother was a skilled embroiderer and took up painting at the age of 75. His father was also good at drawing, having wooed Alston's mother Anna with small sketches in the medians of letters he wrote her.[1][3]

In 1915 the Bearden/Alston family moved to New York, as many African-American families did during the Great Migration.[1][2][3][6] Alston's step-father, Henry Bearden, left before his wife and children in order to get work. He secured a job overseeing elevator operations and the newsstand staff at the Bretton Hotel in the Upper West Side. The family lived in Harlem and was considered middle-class. During the Great Depression, the people of Harlem suffered economically. The "stoic strength" seen within the community was later expressed in Charles’ fine art.[1] At Public School 179 in Manhattan, the boy's artistic abilities were recognized and he was asked to draw all of the school posters during his years there.[3]

Harry and Anna Bearden had a daughter together, Aida C. Bearden (1917–2007). On June 9, 1943, in Manhattan, she married operatic baritone Lawrence Whisonant.

Higher education

Alston graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School, where he was nominated for academic excellence and was the art editor of the school's magazine, The Magpie. He was a member of the Arista - National Honor Society and also studied drawing and anatomy at the Saturday school of the National Academy of Art .[1][2][3] In high school he was given his first oil paints and learned about his aunt Bessye Bearden's art salons, which stars like Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes attended. After graduating in 1925, he attended Columbia University, turning down a scholarship to the Yale School of Fine Arts.[1][2][3][5]

Pvt. Alston with his art student and cousin, Romare Bearden (right), discussing one of his paintings, Cotton Workers, in 1944. Both were members of the 372nd Infantry Regiment stationed in New York City.

Alston entered the pre-architectural program but lost interest after realizing what difficulties many African-American architects had in the field. After also taking classes in pre-med, he decided that math, physics and chemistry "was not just my bag", and he entered the fine arts program. During his time at Columbia, Alston joined Alpha Phi Alpha, worked on the university's Columbia Daily Spectator, and drew cartoons for the school's magazine Jester.[1][3] He also explored Harlem restaurants and clubs, where his love for jazz and black music would be fostered. In 1929 he graduated and received a fellowship to study at Teachers College, where he obtained his Master's in 1931.[1][3][7]

Later life

For the years 1942–43 Alston was stationed in the army at Fort Huachuca in Arizona. Upon returning to New York on April 8, 1944, he married Dr. Myra Adele Logan, then an intern at the Harlem Hospital. They met when he was working on a mural project at the hospital. Their home, which included his studio, was on Edgecombe Avenue near Highbridge Park. The couple lived close to family; at their frequent gatherings Alston enjoyed cooking and Myra played piano. During the 1940s Alston also took occasional art classes, studying under Alexander Kostellow.

In January 1977 Myra Logan died. Months later on April 27, 1977, Charles Spinky Alston died after a long bout with cancer.[1][3] His memorial service was held at St. Martins Episcopal Church on May 21, 1977, in New York City.[8]

Professional career
Alston's illustration of African-American historian Carter G. Woodson for the Office of War

While obtaining his master's degree, Alston was the boys’ work director at the Utopia Children's House, started by James Lesesne Wells.[1][6] He also began teaching at the Harlem Community Art Center, founded by Augusta Savage in the basement of what is now the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.[1][3][6] Alston's teaching style was influenced by the work of John Dewey, Arthur Wesley Dow, and Thomas Munro. During this period, Alston began to teach the 10-year-old Jacob Lawrence, whom he strongly influenced.[1][3][9] Alston was introduced to African art by the poet Alain Locke.[1][3][5][6] In the late 1920s Alston joined Bearden and other black artists who refused to exhibit in William E. Harmon Foundation shows, which featured all-black artists in their traveling exhibits. Alston and his friends thought the exhibits were curated for a white audience, a form of segregation which the men protested. They did not want to be set aside but exhibited on the same level as art peers of every skin color.[3]

In 1938 the Rosenwald Fund provided money for Alston to travel to the South, which was his first return there since leaving as a child. His travel with Giles Hubert, an inspector for the Farm Security Administration, gave him access to certain situations and he photographed many aspects of rural life.[1][2][6] These photographs served as the basis for a series of genre portraits depicting southern black life. In 1940 he completed Tobacco Farmer, the portrait of a young black farmer in white overalls and a blue shirt with a youthful yet serious look upon his face, sitting in front of the landscape and buildings he works on and in. That same year Alston received a second round of funding from the Rosenwald Fund to travel South, and he spent extended time at Atlanta University.[1]

During the 1930s and early 1940s, Alston created illustrations for magazines such as Fortune, Mademoiselle, The New Yorker, Melody Maker and others.[1][3] He also designed album covers for artists such as Duke Ellington and Coleman Hawkins.[3] Alston became staff artist at the Office of War Information and Public Relations in 1940, creating drawings of notable African Americans. These images were used in over 200 black newspapers across the country by the government to "foster goodwill with the black citizenry."[6][10]

Eventually Alston left commercial work to focus on his own artwork. In 1950, he became the first African-American instructor at the Art Students League, where he remained on faculty until 1971.[1][2][6] In 1950, his Painting was exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and his artwork was one of the few pieces purchased by the museum.[6] He landed his first solo exhibition in 1953 at the John Heller Gallery, which represented artists such as Roy Lichtenstein. He exhibited there five times from 1953 to 1958.

In 1956, Alston became the first African-American instructor at the Museum of Modern Art, where he taught for a year before going to Belgium on behalf of MOMA and the State Department. He coordinated the children's community center at Expo 58. In 1958 he was awarded a grant from and was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[1][2][3]

In 1963, Alston co-founded Spiral with his cousin Romare Bearden and Hale Woodruff.[1][2][3][6] Spiral served as a collective of conversation and artistic exploration for a large group of artists who "addressed how black artists should relate to American society in a time of segregation." Artists and arts supporters gathered for Spiral, such as Emma Amos, Perry Ferguson and Merton Simpson.[1][5] [11] This group served as the 1960s version of "306". Alston was described as an "intellectual activist", and in 1968 he spoke at Columbia about his activism. In the mid-1960s Spiral organized an exhibition of black and white artworks, but the exhibition was never officially sponsored by the group, due to internal disagreements.[1]

In 1968, Alston received a presidential appointment from Lyndon Johnson to the National Council of Culture and the Arts. Mayor John Lindsay appointed him to the New York City Art Commission in 1969.[6]

In 1973 he was made full professor at City College of New York, where he had taught since 1968.[1][2] In 1975 he was awarded the first Distinguished Alumni Award from Teachers College.[1] The Art Student's League created a 21-year merit scholarship in 1977 under Alston's name to commemorate each year of his tenure.[3]

Painting a person and a culture

Alston shared studio space with Henry Bannarn at 306 W. 141st Street, which served as an open space for artists, photographers, musicians, writers and the like. Other artists held studio space at "306", such as Jacob Lawrence, Addison Bate and his brother Leon.[1][3][6][11] During this time Alston founded the Harlem Artists Guild with Savage and Elba Lightfoot to work toward equality in WPA art programs in New York. During the early years of 306, Alston focused on mastering portraiture. His early works such as Portrait of a Man (1929) show Alston's detailed and realistic style depicted through pastels and charcoals, inspired by the style of Winold Reiss. In his Girl in a Red Dress (1934) and The Blue Shirt (1935), Alston used modern and innovative techniques for his portraits of young individuals in Harlem. Blue Shirt is thought to be a portrait of Jacob Lawrence. During this time he also created Man Seated with Travel Bag (c. 1938–40), showing the seedy and bleak environment, contrasting with work like the racially charged Vaudeville (c. 1930) and its caricature style of a man in blackface.[1]

Inspired by his trip south, Alston began his "family series" in the 1940s.[1][3] Intensity and angularity come through in the faces of the youth in his portraits Untitled (Portrait of a Girl) and Untitled (Portrait of a Boy). These works also show the influence that African sculpture had on his portraiture, with Portrait of a Boy showing more cubist features. Later family portraits show Alston's exploration of religious symbolism, color, form and space. His family group portraits are often faceless, which Alston states is the way that white America views blacks. Paintings such as Family (1955) show a woman seated and a man standing with two children – the parents seem almost solemn while the children are described as hopeful and with a use of color made famous by Cézanne. In Family Group (c. 1950) Alston's use of gray and ochre tones brings together the parents and son as if one with geometric patterns connecting them together as if a puzzle. The simplicity of the look, style and emotion upon the family is reflective and probably inspired by Alston's trip south. His work during this time has been described as being "characterized by his reductive use of form combined with a sun-hued" palette. During this time he also started to experiment with ink and wash painting, which is seen in work such as Portrait of a Woman (1955), as well as creating portraits to illustrate the music surrounding him in Harlem. Blues Singer #4 shows a female singer on stage with a white flower on her shoulder and a bold red dress.[1][3] Girl in a Red Dress is thought to be Bessie Smith, whom he drew many times when she was recording and performing. Jazz was an important influence in Alston's work and social life, which he expressed in such works as Jazz (1950) and Harlem at Night.[1]

The 1960s civil rights movement influenced his work deeply, and he made artworks expressing feelings related to inequality and race relations in the United States. One of his few religious artworks was Christ Head (1960), which had an angular "Modiglianiesque" portrait of Jesus Christ. Seven years later he created You never really meant it, did you, Mr. Charlie? which, in a similar style as Christ Head, shows a black man standing against a red sky "looking as frustrated as any individual can look", according to Alston.[1]

Modernism

Experimenting with the use of negative space and organic forms in the late 1940s, by the mid-1950s Alston began creating notably modernist style paintings. Woman with Flowers (1949) has been described as a tribute to Modigliani. Ceremonial (1950) shows that he was influenced by African art. Untitled works during this era show his use of color overlay, using muted colors to create simple layered abstracts of still lifes. Symbol (1953) relates to Picasso's Guernica, which was a favorite work of Alston's.[1]

His final work of the 1950s, Walking, was inspired by the Montgomery bus boycott. It is taken to represent "the surge of energy among African Americans to organize in their struggle for full equality."[12] Alston is quoted as saying, "The idea of a march was growing....It was in the air...and this painting just came. I called it Walking on purpose. It wasn't the militancy that you saw later. It was a very definite walk-not going back, no hesitation."[1][13]

Black and white

The civil rights movement of the 1960s was a major influence on Alston. In the late 1950s, he began working in black and white, which he continued up until the mid-1960s, and the period is considered one of his most powerful. Some of the works are simple abstracts of black ink on white paper, similar to a Rorschach test. Untitled (c. 1960s) shows a boxing match, with an attempt to express the drama of the fight through few brushstrokes. Alston worked with oil-on-Masonite during this period as well, using impasto, cream, and ochre to create a moody cave-like artwork. Black and White #1 (1959) is one of Alston's more "monumental" works. Gray, white and black come together to fight for space on an abstract canvas, in a softer form than the more harsh Franz Kline. Alston continued to explore the relationship between monochromatic hues throughout the series which Wardlaw describes as "some of the most profoundly beautiful works of twentieth-century American art."[1]

Murals

In the beginning Charles Alston's mural work was inspired by the work of Aaron Douglas, Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco. He met Orozco when they did mural work in New York.[3] In 1943 Alston was elected to the board of directors of the National Society of Mural Painters. He created murals for the Harlem Hospital, Golden State Mutual, American Museum of Natural History, Public School 154, the Bronx Family and Criminal Court and the Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn, New York.[1][3]

Harlem Hospital Murals
Modern Medicine (1936) at the Harlem Hospital

Originally hired as an easel painter, in 1935 Alston became the first African-American supervisor to work for the WPA's Federal Art Project (FAP) in New York. This was his first mural.[1][3][6][11] At this time he was awarded WPA Project Number 1262 – an opportunity to oversee a group of artists creating murals and to supervise their painting for the Harlem Hospital.[1] It was the first government commission ever awarded to African-American artists, who included Beauford Delaney, Seabrook Powell and Vertis Hayes.[3] He also had the chance to create and paint his own contribution to the collection: Magic in Medicine and Modern Medicine.[1][2][6] These paintings were part of a diptych completed in 1936 depicting the history of medicine in the African-American community and Beauford Delaney served as assistant.[1][11] When creating the murals, Alston was inspired by the work of Aaron Douglas, who a year earlier had created the public art piece Aspects of Negro Life for the New York Public Library. He had researched traditional African culture, including traditional African medicine. Magic in Medicine, which depicts African culture and holistic healing, is considered one of "America's first public scenes of Africa". All of the mural sketches submitted were accepted by the FAP; however, hospital superintendent Lawrence T. Dermody and commissioner of hospitals S.S. Goldwater rejected four proposals, due to what they said was an excessive amount of African-American representation in the works.[1][3][6][14] The artists fought their response, writing letters to gain support. Four years later they succeeded in gaining the right to complete the murals.[1][3] The sketches for Magic in Medicine and Modern Medicine were exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art's "New Horizons in American Art".[1][3][11]

Condition

Alston's murals were hung in the Women's Pavilion of the hospital over uncapped radiators, which caused the paintings to deteriorate from the steam. Plans failed to recap the radiators. In 1959 Alston estimated, in a letter to the Department of Public Works, that the conservation would cost $1,500 but the funds were never acquired. In 1968, after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Alston was asked to create another mural for the hospital, to be placed in a pavilion named after the slain civil rights movement leader. It was to be titled Man Emerging from the Darkness of Poverty and Ignorance into the Light of a Better World.

One year after Alston's death in 1977, a group of artists and historians, including the renowned painter and collagist Romare Bearden and art historian Greta Berman, together with administrators from the hospital, and from the NYC Art Commission, examined the murals, and presented a proposal for their restoration to then-mayor Ed Koch. The request was approved, and conservator Alan Farancz set to work in 1979, rescuing the murals from further decay. Many years passed, and the murals began to deteriorate again – especially the Alston works, which continued to suffer effects from the radiators. In 1991 the Municipal Art Society's Adopt-a-Mural program was launched, and the Harlem Hospital murals were chosen for further restoration (Greta Berman. Personal experience). A grant from Alston's sister Rousmaniere Wilson and step-sister Aida Bearden Winters assisted in completing a restoration of the works in 1993.[3] In 2005 Harlem Hospital announced a $2 million project to conserve Alston's murals and three other pieces in the original commissioned project as part of a $225 million hospital expansion.[1][3]

Golden State Mutual murals

In the late 1940s Alston became involved in a mural project commissioned by Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company, which asked the artists to create work related to African-American contributions to the settling of California. Alston worked with Hale Woodruff on the murals in a large studio space in New York; they used ladders to reach the upper parts of the canvas.[1][11] The artworks, which are considered "priceless contributions to American narrative art", consist of two panels: Exploration and Colonization by Alston and Settlement and Development by Woodruff. Alston's piece covers the period of 1527 to 1850. Images of mountain man James Beckwourth, Biddy Mason, and William Leidesdorff are portrayed in the well-detailed historical mural. Both artists kept in contact with African Americans on the West Coast during creation of the murals, which influenced their content and depictions. The murals were unveiled in 1949, and have been on display in the lobby of the Golden State Mutual Headquarters.[1][11]

Due to economic downturn in the early 21st century, Golden State was forced to sell their entire art collection to ward off its mounting debts. As of spring 2011 the National Museum of African American History and Culture had offered $750,000 to purchase the artworks. This generated controversy, as the artworks have been estimated to be worth at least $5 million. Supporters tried to protect the murals by gaining city landmark protections by the Los Angeles Conservancy. The state of California had declined philanthropic proposals to keep the murals in their original location, and the Smithsonian withdrew their offer. The disposition of the murals are subject to a court case over jurisdiction, which was unresolved in the spring of 2011.[15][16]

Sculpture
See also: Bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (Alston)

Alston also created sculptures. Head of a Woman (1957) shows his shift toward a "reductive and modern approach to sculpture....where facial features were suggested rather than fully formulated in three dimensions,".[1] In 1970 Alston was commissioned by the Community Church of New York to create a bust of Martin Luther King Jr. for $5,000, with only five copies produced.[17][18] In 1990 Alston's bronze bust of Martin Luther King Jr. (1970), became the first image of an African American to be displayed in the White House.[1][19] When Barack Obama became the first black president in 2009, he brought the bust of Martin Luther King Jr. into the Oval Office, replacing a bust of Winston Churchill. This marked the first time an image of an African American was displayed in the president's work quarters. Furthermore, the bust became a predominant work seen in official portraits of visiting dignitaries. Now, a second copy of the famous Martin Luther King Jr. bust is displayed in Washington for the public to view up close.[20][21]

World War II propaganda

During World War II, scholars have theorized that the black press strived to appeal to the black readers, while also appeasing the U.S. government by supporting the war. Charles Alston produced over one hundred government propagandistic illustrations that supported the national position on the war for the U.S. Office of War Information. Simultaneously, the cartoons were targeted to a black audience, designed exclusively for publication in the weekly black newspapers to address specific, controversial issues in the black community.[22]

Reception

Art critic Emily Genauer stated that Alston "refused to be pigeonholed", regarding his varied exploration in his artwork.[1] Patron Lemoine Pierce said of Alston's work: "Never thought of as an innovative artist, Alston generally ignored popular art trends and violated many mainstream art conventions; he produced abstract and figurative paintings often simultaneously, refusing to be stylistically consistent, and during his 40-year career he worked prolifically and unapologetically in both commercial and fine art." Romare Bearden described Alston as "...one of the most versatile artists whose enormous skill led him to a diversity of styles..." Bearden also describes the professionalism and impact that Alston had on Harlem and the African-American community: "'was a consummate artist and a voice in the development of African American art who never doubted the excellence of all people's sensitivity and creative ability. During his long professional career, Alston significantly enriched the cultural life of Harlem. In a profound sense, he was a man who built bridges between Black artists in varying fields, and between other Americans."[3] Writer June Jordan described Alston as "an American artist of first magnitude, and he is a Black American artist of undisturbed integrity."[23]

Major exhibitions

Major collections

Notes
  1. Wardlaw, Alvia J. (2007). Charles Alston. Pomegranate. ISBN 978-0-7649-3766-8.
  2. "Charles Henry Alston". Artists. Hollis Taggart Galleries. 2011. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  3. Pierce, Lemoine (2004). "Charles Alston – An Appreciation". The International Review of African American Art (4): 33–38.
  4. Schwartzman, Myron (1990). Romare Bearden: His Life and Art. Abrams Books. ISBN 978-0-8109-3108-4.
  5. Murray, Al (interviewer) (October 19, 1968). Oral History Interview with Charles Alston (mp3). Archives of American Art. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  6. Wintz, Cary; Finkelman, Paul (2004). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-457-8.
  7. "CUArts - Arts Initiative @ Columbia University". January 23, 2011. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  8. Charles Henry Alston Memorial Service. May 21, 1977. Archives of American Art.
  9. "First publication of the migration series captures A defining moment in American history". Sentinel. 1993. ProQuest 369369766.
  10. "Charles H. Alston". Images. AAGE. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  11. Patton, Sharon (1998). African-American Art. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-284213-7.
  12. Sharon J. Burton (2010). "Celebrating African American History Through Art: The Reginald F. Lewis Museum of African American History & Culture". Blog. Authentic Art Visions Blog. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  13. Bearden, Romare; Henderson, Henry (1993). A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-57016-7.
  14. "The Controversy". Harlem Hospital WPA Murals. Columbia University. 2006. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  15. Eve M. Kahn (March 17, 2011). "Smithsonian Plan to Remove Murals From Los Angeles Lobby Is Criticized". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  16. Eve M. Kahn (March 28, 2011). "Smithsonian Won't Buy Murals of Black Life in California". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  17. Special Committee on the Martin Luther King Bust. Minutes of the Meeting of the Special Committee on the Martin Luther King Bust. June 23, 1970. Archives of American Art.
  18. Harrington, D. Martin Luther King Jr. Bust. Community Church of New York. October 22, 1970. Archives of American Art.
  19. "Clinton announces first image of a Black is on display at the White House". Jet. March 14, 2000. ProQuest 199980619.
  20. "Obama Adds MLK Bust to Oval Office". NBC4 Washington. March 19, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  21. Catlin, Roger (January 15, 2016). "A Rare and Important Sculpture of Martin Luther King". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  22. Amana, Harry (April 2004). "The Art of Propaganda: Charles Alstons World War II Editorial Cartoons for the Office of War Information and the Black Press". American Journalism. 21 (2): 79–111. doi:10.1080/08821127.2004.10677582. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  23. Jordan, June. Publication proposal, March 25, 1970. Archives of American Art.
  24. "January 2010 Programs". Calendar of Events. Reginald F. Lewis Museum. 2010. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  25. Samantha McCoy (2009). "Canvasing the Movement: The Lewis' Arts Wall Captures Images of Civil Rights, Past and Present" (PDF). Press. Reginald F. Lewis Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  26. "Time Off: A Week of Diversions". The Wall Street Journal. February 7, 2001. ProQuest 398825418.
  27. Lawrence van Gelder (April 13, 1998). "This Week". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
  28. "Traveling Exhibit Depicts Black Life". The Sacramento Observer. June 19, 1996. ProQuest 367497716.
  29. Fraser, C. Gerald (December 7, 1986). "America's black artists are seen in new light". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  30. "Untitled (Couple)". Kalamazoo Institute of Arts. Retrieved May 6, 2020.

References
  • Finkelman, Paul (2004). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-457-8.
  • Henderson, Henry (1993). A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-57016-7.
  • Patton, Sharon (1998). African-American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-284213-7.
  • Pierce, Lemoine (2004). "Charles Alston – An Appreciation". The International Review of African American Art (4): 33–38.
  • Schwartzman, Myron (1990). Romare Bearden: His Life and Art. New York: Abrams Books. ISBN 978-0-8109-3108-4.
  • Wardlaw, Alvia J. (2007). Charles Alston. Petaluma, California: Pomegranate Communications. ISBN 978-0-7649-3766-8.

Further reading
  • Anonymous, "First portrait of an Africa-American on display at White House" New York Amsterdam News, March 2, 2000. Article about Alston's Martin Luther King Jr. at the White House.
  • Catlin, Roger, "A Rare and Important Sculpture of Martin Luther King", January 15, 2016. Article about the importance of Alston's Martin Luther King bust by Smithsonian Magazine.
  • Ascoli, Peter M, et all. A force for change: African American art and the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Chicago: Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8101-2588-9 Book that documents the concept of and recipients of Rosenwald Funds.
  • Barnwell, Andrea D.; Evans, Walter O.; Buick, Kristen; Mooney, Amy; Benjamin, Tritobia Hayes. The Walter O. Evans collection of African American art. Seattle:University of Washington Press. 2000. ISBN 0-295-97920-8 Features work by Alston.
  • Berman, G. (1977). "The Walls of Harlem". Arts magazine, 52 (2), 122–126. Discusses the impact of 306 and related artists.
  • Brigham, D.R. (2008) Breaking the 'chain of segregation': The Pyramid Club annual exhibitions. International Review of African American Art, 2–17. These exhibitions featured work by Charles Alston.
  • Cameron, A. (1999). "Buenos Vecinos: African-American printmaking and the Taller de Gráfica Popular". Print Quarterly, 16 (4), 356–367. The importance of 306 and the relationship these artists had to Latin American artists.
  • Coker, G. G., & Jennings, C. L. (1994). The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American art. San Antonio: San Antonio Museum of Art. ISBN 1-883502-01-2 Exhibition catalog.
  • Donaldson, J. R. (1974). Generation '306' – Harlem, New York. Northwestern University. Chicago: Northwestern University. Dissertation about 306 with input from Alston himself.
  • Dunitz, R and Prigoff, J. Walls of heritage: walls of pride – African American murals. Fullbridge: Pomegranate Europe Ltd. 2001. ISBN 0-7649-1339-5 Features Alston's murals.
  • Glueck, Grace. "The best painter I can possibly be". New York Times, 1968. Interview with Alston.
  • Henderson, H., & Coker, G. G. (1990). Charles Alston: artist and teacher. New York: Kenkeleba Gallery. Exhibition catalog.
  • Hodges, Bill. Gallery. "Charles "Spinky" Alston: Works of Art from 1936–1969", 2004. New York exhibition catalogue. ISBN 1-891978-18-7
  • Langa, Helen. "Two antilynching art exhibitions: politicized viewpoints, racial perspectives, gendered constraints". American Art, 1999. 13 (1), 10–39. Politically charged article about lynching related artworks, includes Alston.
  • Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. (1996). African-American art: 20th century masterworks, III. New York: Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. Exhibition catalog.
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