Chionanthus
Chionanthus /ˌkaɪoʊˈnænθəs/, common name: fringetrees, is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae.
Chionanthus virginicus flowers
Chionanthus pubescens
Chionanthus retusus flowers
| Fringetrees | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Chionanthus pygmaeus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Oleaceae |
| Tribe: | Oleeae |
| Subtribe: | Oleinae |
| Genus: | Chionanthus L. |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
The genus has a wide distribution primarily in the tropics and subtropics, but with three species extending north into temperate regions, one (C. retusus) in eastern Asia and two (C. virginicus and C. henryae) in eastern North America.[1][2] Most of the tropical species are evergreen, while the three temperate species are deciduous. Some botanists restrict Chionanthus to the deciduous, temperate species, treating the evergreen species in a separate genus Linociera, but apart from leaf persistence, there is no other consistent difference between them.
They are shrubs and small to medium-sized trees growing to 3–25 m tall. The leaves are opposite, simple. The flowers are produced in feathery panicles, with a corolla subdivided into four slender lobes; they are white, pale yellow, or tinged pink. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed.[2]
Species
The following species are accepted by[1]
- Chionanthus acunae (Borhidi & O.Muñiz) Borhidi - Cuba
- Chionanthus adamsii Stearn - Jamaica
- Chionanthus africanus (Knobl.) Stearn - tropical Africa
- Chionanthus albidiflorus Thwaites – Sri Lanka
- Chionanthus amblirrhinus P.S.Green - Thailand
- Chionanthus avilensis (Steyerm.) P.S.Green - Venezuela
- Chionanthus axillaris R.Br. – Australia (Queensland)
- Chionanthus axilliflorus (Griseb.) Stearn – Caribbean
- Chionanthus ayresii A.J.Scott - Mauritius
- Chionanthus bakeri (Urb.) Stearn - Cuba
- Chionanthus balgooyana Kiew – Sarawak
- Chionanthus battiscombei (Hutch.) Stearn - eastern + southern Africa
- Chionanthus beccarii (Stapf) Kiew - Sumatra
- Chionanthus boutonii A.J.Scott - Mauritius
- Chionanthus brachystachys (Schltr.) P.S.Green - New Caledonia
- Chionanthus brachythyrsus (Merrill) P.S.Green – Southern China (Hainan), Vietnam
- Chionanthus brassii (Kobuski) Kiew - Papua New Guinea
- Chionanthus broomeanus (Horne ex Oliv.) A.J.Scott – Réunion + Mauritius
- Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) Stearn - Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola
- Chionanthus calcicola (Kerr) Kiew - Malaysia + Thailand
- Chionanthus callophylloides Kiew – Sarawak + Sabah
- Chionanthus callophyllus Blume – Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
- Chionanthus camptoneurus (Gilg & G.Schellenb.) Stearn - Cameroon + Gabon
- Chionanthus caudifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
- Chionanthus caymanensis Stearn - Cayman Islands
- Chionanthus celebicus Koord - Sulawesi
- Chionanthus clementis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
- Chionanthus colonchensis Cornejo & Bonifaz - Ecuador
- Chionanthus compactus Sw. – Caribbean
- Chionanthus cordifolius Labat, Marc Pignal & O.Pascal - Comoros
- Chionanthus cordulatus Koord. – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
- Chionanthus coriaceus (S.Vidal) Yuen P.Yang & S.Y.Lu - Taiwan + Philippines
- Chionanthus crassifolius (Mart.) P.S.Green - Brazil
- Chionanthus crispus Kiew – Sabah
- Chionanthus curvicarpus Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
- Chionanthus cuspidatus Blume - Borneo
- Chionanthus decipiens P.S.Green - Myanmar + Thailand
- Chionanthus densiflorus Zoll. & Moritzi - Java
- Chionanthus dictyophyllus (Urb.) Stearn - Hispaniola
- Chionanthus diversifolius Miq - Sumatra
- Chionanthus domingensis Lam. – Caribbean
- Chionanthus dussii (Krug & Urb.) Stearn - Dominica + Martinique
- Chionanthus ellipticus Blume - Java + Sumatra
- Chionanthus enerve (Steenis) Kiew - Borneo
- Chionanthus eriorachis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
- Chionanthus evenius (Stapf) Kiew – Malesia
- Chionanthus ferrugineus (Gilg) P.S.Green - Brazil
- Chionanthus filiformis (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil
- Chionanthus fluminensis (Miers) P.S.Green - Brazil
- Chionanthus foveolatus (E.Mey.) Stearn (Pock ironwood) – Southern Africa
- Chionanthus gigantifolius Koord - Sulawesi
- Chionanthus gigas (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
- Chionanthus globosus (Kiew) Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus glomeratus Blume - Sumatra
- Chionanthus grandifolius (Elmer) Kiew - Philippines
- Chionanthus greenii Lombardi - Brazil
- Chionanthus guangxiensis B.M.Miao. – Southeastern China (Guangxi).
- Chionanthus guianensis (Aubl.) Pers - Venezuela + French Guiana
- Chionanthus hahlii (Rech.) Kiew - Bismarck, Solomons, Samoa
- Chionanthus hainanensis (Merrill & Chun) B.M.Miao. – Southern China (Hainan)
- Chionanthus havilandii Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus henryae H.L.Li - USA (Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas)
- Chionanthus henryanus P.S.Green. – Southwestern China, Burma
- Chionanthus holdridgei (Camp & Monachino) Stearn – Caribbean
- Chionanthus implicatus (Rusby) P.S.Green - South America
- Chionanthus intermedius (Wight) F.Muell. – India
- Chionanthus insularis Labat - Comoros
- Chionanthus jamaicensis (Urb.) Stearn - Jamaica
- Chionanthus kinabaluensis Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus kajewskii (Sleumer) Kiew - Solomon Islands
- Chionanthus lancifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
- Chionanthus leopoldii Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. – Caribbean
- Chionanthus littoreus Miq - Sumatra
- Chionanthus longiflorus (H.L.Li) B.M.Miao. – Southwestern China (Yunnan)
- Chionanthus longipetalus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
- Chionanthus lucens Kiew – Sabah
- Chionanthus luzonicus Blume - Philippines
- Chionanthus macrobotrys (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
- Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume – Indonesia, Malaysia
- Chionanthus macrothyrsus (Merr.) Soejarto & P.K.Lôc - Vietnam
- Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green - India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, Andaman Islands
- Chionanthus mannii (Soler.) Stearn - western + central Africa
- Chionanthus maxwellii P.S.Green - Thailand
- Chionanthus micranthus (Mart.) Lozano & Fuertes - Brazil
- Chionanthus microbotrys (Kerr) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
- Chionanthus microstigma (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
- Chionanthus mildbraedii (Gilg & G.Schellenb.) Stearn - central Africa
- Chionanthus minutiflorus Kurz - Burma
- Chionanthus montanus Blume - Java, Sulawesi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
- Chionanthus niloticus (Oliv.) Stearn - tropical Africa
- Chionanthus nitens Koord. & Valeton - Java, Sulawesi
- Chionanthus nitidus (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
- Chionanthus oblanceolatus (B.L.Rob.) P.S.Green - Mexico + Central America
- Chionanthus oblongifolius Koord. & Valeton - Java
- Chionanthus obtusifolius (Lam.) Stearn - Madagascar
- Chionanthus oliganthus (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
- Chionanthus pachyphyllus (Merr.) Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus palustris Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus panamensis (Standl.) Stearn - Mexico, Central America
- Chionanthus parkinsonii (Hutch.) Bennet & Raizada - Thailand, Vietnam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
- Chionanthus pedunculatus P.S.Green - New Caledonia
- Chionanthus peglerae (C.H.Wright) Stearn - South Africa (Natal + Cape Province)
- Chionanthus picrophloia F.Muell. – Australia (Queensland)
- Chionanthus plurifloroides Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus pluriflorus (Knobl.) Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus polycephalus Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus polygamus (Roxb.) Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
- Chionanthus porcatus Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus proctorii Stearn - Jamaica
- Chionanthus pubescens Kunth. – Ecuador, Peru
- Chionanthus pubicalyx (Ridl.) Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus purpureus Lam. - Sri Lanka
- Chionanthus pygmaeus Small (Pygmy fringetree) – Southeastern United States (Florida)
- Chionanthus quadristamineus F.Muell. – Australia (Lord Howe Island endemic)
- Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxburgh – Australia (Queensland), southern China, India, Nepal, Vietnam
- Chionanthus remotinervius (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
- Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton (Chinese fringetree) – China, Japan, Korea
- Chionanthus richardsiae Stearn - Zambia
- Chionanthus riparius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
- Chionanthus rostratus (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq. - Java
- Chionanthus rugosus Kiew – Borneo
- Chionanthus rupicola (Lingelsh.) Kiew - Indonesia, New Guinea
- Chionanthus sabahensis Kiew – Sabah
- Chionanthus salicifolius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
- Chionanthus sessiliflorus (Hemsl.) Kiew - New Guinea + Solomon Islands
- Chionanthus sleumeri (C.T.White) Stearn – Australia (Queensland)
- Chionanthus spicatus Blume – Borneo
- Chionanthus spiciferus (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
- Chionanthus stenurus (Merr.) Kiew - Sulawesi
- Chionanthus subsessilis (Eichler) P.S.Green - Brazil
- Chionanthus sumatranus Blume - Sumatra + Andaman Islands
- Chionanthus sutepensis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
- Chionanthus tenuis P.S.Green - Brazil
- Chionanthus thorelii (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
- Chionanthus timorensis Blume - Timor
- Chionanthus trichotomus (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
- Chionanthus tropophyllus (H.Perrier) Stearn - Madagascar
- Chionanthus urbanii (Knobl.) Stearn - Hispaniola
- Chionanthus velutinus (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
- Chionanthus verruculatus D.Fang - China (Guangxi)
- Chionanthus verticillatus (Gagnep.) Soejarto & P.K.Lôc - Vietnam
- Chionanthus virginicus L. (White fringetree) – Eastern United States (Texas to Florida to Massachusetts to Missouri)
- Chionanthus vitiensis (Seem.) A.C.Sm. - Niue, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga
- Chionanthus wurdackii B.Ståhl - Peru
- Chionanthus zeylanicus L. - Sri Lanka, southern India
- Chionanthus zollingerianus Koord. & Valeton - Java
References
Cited works
- Chang, Mei-chen; Chiu, Lien-ching; Wei, Zhi; Green, Peter S. (2008) [1992]. Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P. H. (eds.). "Oleaceae; Chionanthus". Flora of China. Online version (print version). eFloras.org. Beijing and St. Louis, MO: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
- Green, P. S. (1994). "Chionanthus". In Wilson, A. J. G. (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 49: Oceanic Islands 1: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island (online version). Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-644-29385-3. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
- Hyland, B. P. M.; Whiffin, T.; Zich, F. A.; et al. (Dec 2010). "Home". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (6.1, online version RFK 6.1 ed.). Cairns, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through its Division of Plant Industry; the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research; the Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
External links
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