Christian Democratic Party (Norway)

The Christian Democratic Party (Bokmål: Kristelig Folkeparti, Nynorsk: Kristeleg Folkeparti, KrF), is a Christian-democratic[20][21] political party in Norway founded in 1933. The Norwegian name literally translates to Christian People's Party, shortened KrF. The name may also be translated as "The People's Christian Party".

Christian People's Party

Kristelig Folkeparti
AbbreviationKrF
LeaderKjell Ingolf Ropstad [1]
Parliamentary leaderHans Fredrik Grøvan
Founded4 September 1933
HeadquartersØvre Slottsgate 18–20
0154 Oslo
Youth wingYoung Christian Democrats
Membership (2019) 19,952[2]
IdeologyChristian democracy[3][4]
Social conservatism[4][5]
Monarchism[6]
Political positionCentre[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
to centre-right[16][17]
European affiliationEuropean People's Party (observer)
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
Nordic affiliationCentre Group
ColoursYellow
Storting
8 / 169
County Councils[18]
46 / 728
Municipal / City Councils[19]
621 / 10,781
Sami Parliament
0 / 39
Website
www.krf.no

The party follows its European counterparts in many ways, positioning itself as a family-friendly party. While founded on the basis of advocating moral-cultural Christian issues, the party has broadened its political profile over time, although Christian values remains its core distinction. It is considered an overall centrist party, combining socially conservative views with more left-leaning economic positions.[7] The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP).

The Christian Democrats' leader from 1983 to 1995, Kjell Magne Bondevik, was one of the most prominent political figures in modern Norway, serving as Prime Minister from 1997 to 2000 and 2001 to 2005. Under the old leadership of Bondevik and Valgerd Svarstad Haugland, the party was to some extent radicalized and moved towards the left. Due largely to their poor showing in the 2009 elections, the party has seen a conflict between its conservative and liberal wings.[22] Until 2019 the leader was Knut Arild Hareide, who led the party into a more liberal direction as part of a "renewal" process,[23][24] and introduced climate change and environmentalism as the party's most important issues.[25]

Political views

In social policy the Christian Democratic Party generally have conservative opinions. On life issues, the party opposes euthanasia, and abortion, though it may support abortion in cases of rape or when the mother's life is at risk. The party supports accessibility to contraception as a way of lowering abortion rates.[26] They also want to ban research on human fetuses, and have expressed skepticism for proposals to liberalise the biotechnology laws in Norway.[27] Bondevik's second government made the biotechnology laws of Norway among the strictest in the World, with support from the Socialist Left Party and the Centre Party, but in 2004 a case regarding a child with thalassemia brought this law under fire.[28][29] On gay rights issues, the party supports possibilities for gay couples to live together, but opposes gay marriage and gay adoption rights. The party maintains neutrality on the issue of gay clergy, calling that an issue for the church.[30]

Since the party was established, a declaration of Christian faith was required for a person to be a representative in the party. Membership had no such requirement. The increase of support from other religions, stimulated efforts to abolish this rule.[31] At the 2013 convention the rule was modified. The new rules require that representatives work for Christian values but do not require them to declare a Christian faith.[32] This latter point was considered the "last drop" for some conservative elements of the party, who as a result broke away and founded The Christians Party.[33]

History

The Christian Democratic Party was founded as a reaction to the growing secularism in Norway in the 1930s. Cultural and spiritual values were proposed as an alternative to political parties focusing on material values. The immediate cause of its foundation was the failure of Nils Lavik, a popular figure in the religious community, to be nominated as a candidate for the Liberal Party, for the parliamentary elections in 1933. In reaction to this, Kristelig Folkeparti was set up, with Lavik as their top candidate in the county of Hordaland. He succeeded in being elected to Stortinget, the Norwegian parliament. No other counties were contested. At the next elections, in 1936, the party also ran a common list with the Libral Party in Bergen, and succeeded in electing two representatives from Hordaland with 20.9% of the local votes.[34] In 1945, at the first elections after the Nazi occupation of Norway, the party was organised on a nationwide basis, and won 8 seats.

The Christian Democrats became part of a short-lived non-socialist coalition government along with the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party and the Centre Party in 1963. At the elections of 1965, these four parties won a majority of seats in Stortinget and ruled in a coalition government from 1965 to 1971.

The Christian Democrats opposed Norwegian membership in the European Community ahead of the referendum in 1972. The referendum gave a no-vote, and when the pro-EC Labour government resigned, a coalition government was formed among the anti-EC parties, the Christian Democrats, the Liberal Party and the Centre Party. Lars Korvald became the Christian Democrats' first prime minister for a year, until the elections of 1973 restored the Labour government.

The party's historic membership numbers peaked with 69,000 members in 1980.[35]

The 1981 elections left the non-socialists with a majority in parliament, but negotiations for a coalition government failed because of disagreement over the abortion issue.[36] However, this issue was later toned down, and from 1983 to 1986 and 1989 to 1990, the Christian Democrats were part of coalitions with the Conservative Party and the Centre Party.

In 1997 the Christian Democrats received 13.7% of the votes, and got 25 seats in the Storting. Kjell Magne Bondevik served as prime minister between 1997 and 2000, in coalition with the Liberal Party and the Centre Party, and then between 2001 and 2005 with the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.

In the 2005 election the Christian Democrats received only 6.8%, and the party became part of the opposition in the Storting. In 2013 the Conservative Party and the Progress Party formed a new government based on a political agreement with the Christian Democrats and the Liberal party with confidence and supply. In the 2017 election the party got only 4.2% and did not sign a new agreement, but got a politically strategic position as the conservative minority government mainly depended on their votes to get a majority.

In late 2018 the Christian Democrats were split over the question of a potential government participation and the future direction of the party. At a party meeting in early November 2018, the delegates were asked whether to stay in opposition or to join either a "red" or a "blue" government coalition with party leader Knut Arild Hareide favouring a centre-left government with Labour and Centre parties, and deputy leaders Olaug Bollestad and Kjell Ingolf Ropstad wanting to join the existing right-leaning cabinet of Erna Solberg. The delegates decided with a narrow majority of eight votes to join the existing Solberg's Cabinet with Conservatives, Liberals and the Progress Party.[37] In January 2019, after successful negotiations with the coalition parties the Christian Democrats eventually joined the government and Hareide resigned as party leader.[38] In April 2019, 33-year-old Minister of Children and Family Kjell Ingolf Ropstad was elected new party leader.[39]

Voter base

Geographically, the Christian Democrats enjoy their strongest support in the so-called Bible Belt, especially in Sørlandet. In the 2005 elections, their best results were in Vest-Agder with 18.9% of the vote, compared to a national average of 6.8%.[40]

As a party centered on Christian values, the party obviously draws support from the Christian population. Their policies supporting Christian values, and opposing same-sex marriage appeal to the more conservative religious base. The main rival in the competition for conservative Christian votes has been the Progress Party,[41] even though it has been claimed that the party has lost some of the more traditionalist and conservative votes to the further-right The Christians, citing an increasing secularisation of the Christian Democratic Party, including the removal of the mandate that party officials must be practicing Christians.[42]

KrF has also sought support among the Muslim minority in Norway, pointing to their restrictive policies on alcohol and pornography, although party's support for Israel concerns some Muslim voters.[43]

List of party leaders
Campaign booth on Karl Johans gate ahead of the 2007 Norwegian local elections.

Electoral results
Support for KrF in the municipalities of Norway at the Norwegian parliamentary elections of 2017.
Storting
Date Votes Seats Position Size
# % ± pp # ±
1933 10,272 0.8 New
1 / 150
 New Opposition 7th
1936 19,612 1.3 0.5
2 / 150
 1 Opposition 5th
1945 117,813 7.9 6.6
8 / 150
 6 Opposition 6th
1949 147,068 8.4 0.5
9 / 150
 1 Opposition 5th
1953 186,627 10.5 2.1
14 / 150
 5 Opposition 4th
1957 183,243 10.2 0.3
12 / 150
 2 Opposition 5th
1961 171,451 9.6[lower-alpha 1] 0.6
15 / 150
 3 Opposition[lower-alpha 2] 4th
1965 160,331 8.1[lower-alpha 1] 1.5
13 / 150
 2 Coalition (KrF–V–H–Sp) 5th
1969 169,303 9.4[lower-alpha 1] 1.3
14 / 150
 1 Coalition (1969–1971, KrF–V–H–Sp) 4th
Opposition (1971–1972)
Coalition (1972–1973, KrF–V–Sp)
1973 255,456 12.3[lower-alpha 1] 2.9
20 / 155
 6 Opposition 4th
1977 224,355 12.4[lower-alpha 1] 0.1
22 / 155
 2 Opposition 3rd
1981 219,179 9.4[lower-alpha 1] 3.0
15 / 155
 7 Opposition (1981–1983) 3rd
Coalition (from 1983, H–KrF–Sp)
1985 214,969 8.3 1.1
16 / 157
 1 Coalition (1985–1986, H–KrF–Sp) 3rd
Opposition (from 1986)
1989 224,852 8.5 0.2
14 / 165
 2 Coalition (1989–1990, H–KrF–Sp) 5th
Opposition (from 1990)
1993 193,885 7.9 0.6
13 / 165
 1 Opposition 5th
1997 353,082 13.7 5.8
25 / 165
 12 Coalition (1997–2000, KrF–Sp–V) 3rd
Opposition (from 2000)
2001 312,839 12.4 1.3
22 / 165
 3 Coalition (2001–2005, H–KrF–V) 5th
Opposition (from 2005)
2005 178,885 6.8 5.6
11 / 169
 11 Opposition 5th
2009 148,748 5.5 1.3
10 / 169
 1 Opposition 6th
2013 158,475 5.6 0.1
10 / 169
 0 Opposition 4th
2017 122,688 4.2 1.4
8 / 169
 2 Opposition (2017–2019) 7th
Coalition (2019–2020, V–H–FrP–KrF)
Coalition (from 2020, V–H–KrF)

Further reading
  • Madeley, John T.S. (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Life at the Northern Margin: Christian Democracy in Scandinavia. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 217–241. ISBN 90-5867-377-4.

Notes
  1. The Christian Democratic Party ran on joint lists with other parties in a few constituencies from 1961 to 1981. Vote numbers are from independent Christian Democratic lists only, while vote percentage also includes the Christian Democratic Party's estimated share from joint lists (Statistics Norway estimates).[44]
  2. In government coalition from 28 August 1963 to 25 September 1963, see Lyng's Cabinet.

References
  1. https://www.nrk.no/norge/kjell-ingolf-ropstad-er-ny-partileiar-i-krf-1.14529959
  2. Dagbladet, ed. (7 January 2020). "Doblet medlemstallene på to år" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  3. Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8.
  4. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Norway". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  5. "Norway - Political parties". Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  6. "Folkestyre bygget nedenfra". Kristelig Folkeparti. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
  7. Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd (2010). Political Parties and Interest Groups in Norway. ECPR Press. pp. 183–186. ISBN 9780955820366.
  8. "Sentrum – politikk". Store norske leksikon. 10 October 2013.
  9. Van Hecke, Steven; Gerard, Emmanuel (2004). Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. p. 231. ISBN 9789058673770.
  10. Love, Juliet; O'Brien, Jillian, eds. (2002). Western Europe 2003. Europa Publications. p. 493. ISBN 9781857431520.
  11. Narud, Hanne Marthe; Esaiasson, Peter, eds. (2013). Between-Election Democracy: The Representative Relationship After Election Day. ECPR Press. p. 86. ISBN 9781907301988.
  12. Bergqvist, Christina (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 320. ISBN 9788200127994.
  13. Müller, Wolfgang C.; Strom, Kaare (2003). Coalition Governments in Western Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780198297611.
  14. Kotkas, Toomas; Veitch, Kenneth (2016). Social Rights in the Welfare State: Origins and Transformations. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. ISBN 9781315524320.
  15. The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Palgrave Macmillan. 2017. p. 917. ISBN 9781349683987.
  16. "Appendix A3: Political Parties" (PDF). European Social Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2018.
  17. Election 2017: Who’s who in Norwegian politics? The Local (Norway edition). Author - Michael Barrett. Published 29 August 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  18. "Valg 2011: Landsoversikt per parti" (in Norwegian). Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  19. "Kristeleg Folkeparti". Valg 2011 (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  20. Oyvind Osterud (2013). Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy. Routledge. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-1-317-97037-8.
  21. T. Banchoff (28 June 1999). Legitimacy and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  22. Gjerde, Robert (15 February 2010). "Nestleder vil skrote KrFs Israel-politikk". Aftenposten. Stavanger. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  23. "Eriksen: – Vi er ein offensiv gjeng". NRK. 30.04.2011. "Den nye leiartrioen skal føre Krf gjennom ei fornyingsfase fram mot stortingsvalet i 2013. Eriksen har leia partiet sitt strategiutval og står bak ei rekkje forslag som vil trekkje KrF i meir liberal retning."
  24. "KrF-Hareide: - Ja, jeg har fått meg kjæreste". VG. 26.04.2011.
  25. Dropper å gå i regjering – satser på miljø
  26. KrF on life protection and abortion Archived 2009-02-26 at the Wayback Machine (KrF.no) (in Norwegian)
  27. KrF on bio- and genetic technology Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine (KrF.no) (in Norwegian)
  28. Mehmet gets stem-cell dispensation Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Aftenposten, December 10, 2004
  29. Stillheten etter Mehmet (The quiet after Mehmet) VG, September 1, 2005
  30. KrF on gay rights Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine (KrF.no) (in Norwegian)
  31. Sporstøl, Ellen (May 2, 2009). "Høybråten ønsker seg muslimer" (in Norwegian). TV2 nyhetene. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  32. Grøttum, Eva-Therese; Johnsen, Nilas. "Nå har KrF droppet kristenkravet". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 26 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.CS1 maint: location (link)
  33. http://snl.no/De_Kristne
  34. NORGES OFFISIELLE STATISTIKK IX. 107., "Official statistics IX.107 of Norway"
  35. Røed, Lars-Ludvig (7 January 2009). "Lengre mellom partimedlemmene i dag". Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 2010-12-30.
  36. National Archival Services of Norway Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Norwegian)
  37. https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/8wMdk1/drama-paa-krf-landsmoetet-hareide-tapte-og-erna-solberg-faar-fortsette-som-statsminister
  38. https://www.dn.no/politikk/kristelig-folkeparti/knut-arild-hareide/kjell-ingolf-ropstad/knut-arild-hareide-gar-av-som-krf-leder/2-1-522112
  39. https://www.dn.no/politikk/kjell-ingolf-ropstad/kristelig-folkeparti/olaug-bollestad/kjell-ingolf-ropstad-valgt-som-ny-leder-i-krf/2-1-594024
  40. "Stortingsvalet 2005. Godkjende røyster, etter parti/valliste og kommune. Prosent" (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. 2005. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  41. Fondenes, Eivind (September 1, 2009). "- Høybråten tjener på homo-motstand". TV2 nyhetene. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  42. Sæle, Finn Jarle. "Hvorfor kristenfolket vinner - om de taper KrF (Why Christian people win - if they lose the Christian Democratic Party)". idag.no. IDAG. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  43. Archer, Else Karine (August 14, 2009). "Tror på Allah, stemmesanker for KrF" (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  44. http://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/tabeller/25-3.html
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