Christopher Vokes

Major General Christopher Vokes CB, CBE, DSO, CD (13 April 1904 – 27 March 1985) was a senior Canadian Army officer who fought in World War II. He commanded the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade during the Allied invasion of Sicily. Promoted to major-general, he led the 1st Canadian Infantry Division through several battles in the Italian campaign. This included fierce house-to-house fighting in the Battle of Ortona and the advance north to the Hitler Line. In 1944, he took over command of the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and fought in the Battle of the Hochwald. During the latter stages of this battle he notably ordered his division to raze the German town of Friesoythe. His division subsequently destroyed around 85-90% of the town and used the rubble to make good the cratered local roads. After the war, Vokes commanded the Canadian Army Occupation Force in Europe, before returning to Canada to undertake further command assignments. He retired in 1959 and died in 1985 at the age of 80.

Major General

Christopher Vokes

CB, CBE, DSO, CD
Brigadier Robert Moncel (left) and Major General Christopher Vokes, 10 April 1945
Nickname(s)Butcher[1]
Born(1904-04-13)13 April 1904
Armagh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Died27 March 1985(1985-03-27) (aged 80)
Oakville, Ontario
AllegianceCanada
Service/branchCanadian Army
RankMajor General
UnitRoyal Canadian Engineers
Commands held
Battles/wars
Awards
Other workGeneral Officer Commanding the Canadian Army Occupation Force in Europe

Family

Born in the town of Armagh, Ireland, on 13 April 1904, Vokes was the son of a British officer, Major Frederick Patrick Vokes, and Elizabeth Vokes. They came to Canada in 1910 and Vokes' father served as the engineering officer at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC). The family lived in the Married Quarters at Ridout Row, RMC.[2]

Christopher Vokes' brother, Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Vokes, took a leading part in the assault on Dieppe in August 1942. In early 1944 he was sent to Italy as commanding officer of the 9th Armoured Regiment (The British Columbia Dragoons). On 31 August 1944 he was seriously wounded in action and died in a field hospital on 4 September.[3]

Early military service
Left to right: Vokes, Harry Crerar, Bernard Montgomery, Brian Horrocks, Guy Simonds, Daniel Spry, and Bruce Matthews

From 1921 to 1925 Vokes attended the Royal Military College of Canada and was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Engineers. He then attended McGill University from 1926 to 1927 where he received a Bachelor of Science degree and was a member of the Kappa Alpha Society. From 1934 to 1935 he attended Staff College, Camberley in England.[4] In Depression-era Canada many military bases were improved by civilians working in relief camps under supervision of professional military officers, including Camp Dundurn. The original engineer drawings for the concrete rifle range butts were signed by Chris Vokes, in that capacity. Barrack blocks in Dundurn resemble similar buildings constructed at Camp Valcartier in the same time frame.[5]

World War II

Starting in 1939, Vokes rapidly rose through the ranks of the Canadian General Staff. With the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, he served as Adjutant General, Assistant Quartermaster General, General Staff Officer, grade 1, and as Officer Commanding Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry.[6] He proved to be an outstanding operational officer and on 24 June 1942 was promoted to Brigadier, in charge of the 2nd Infantry Brigade, which he commanded during the Allied invasion of Sicily.[6] One historian lauded his performance:

Vokes was a successful commander because he maintained a good balance between technical skills such as planning and directing operations and his ability to understand, motivate, and lead soldiers, and because his actions were guided by a sound philosophy of command based on personal leadership and teamwork. These elements allowed Christopher Vokes to train and lead a highly effective and cohesive fighting force that defeated some of Germany's best troops in the physically demanding environment of the Sicilian battlefield.[7]

In 1943 he became the commander of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and was promoted to the rank of major-general.[6] He was the commander of the division during the Battle of Ortona, after which he was criticized for unimaginative tactics and frontal assaults.[8] Montgomery ordered the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to attack along the coast towards Ortona early in December. During an attack on a ravine southwest of Ortona, Vokes continued to send battalion after battalion to attack the mine-fortified German defense for nine days. For this he became known as the "Butcher" among his men.[1] An impatient Montgomery sent messages wondering why the attack took so long. At the same time, the Canadians became aware of the fact that they were fighting not only Panzer-Grenadiers, but also the 1st Parachute Division, whom they recognized by their characteristic helmets. On the 21 December the Canadians broke through, and German forces destroyed the old town: the Fallschirmjägers continued to hold the town ruins for over a week, deploying mines and booby-traps. After the battle Vokes broke out in tears due to his division's losses – 2,300 casualties, among them 500 dead, as well as many cases of war neuroses.[1]

On 1 December 1944, he took over command of the 4th Canadian Armoured Division and fought in the Battle of the Hochwald.[4]

Destruction of Friesoythe
Main article: Razing of Friesoythe

In April 1945, the town of Friesoythe was attacked by the 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division, under General Vokes. Most of the town's 4,000 people moved to the surrounding countryside on about 11–12 April 1945.[9]

The town was defended by some 200 paratroopers of Battalion Raabe of the 7th German Parachute Division.[10] These paratroopers repelled the first attack by the Lake Superior Regiment (Motor) on 13 April. The Lake Superior Regiment suffered two dead and nineteen wounded. German casualties are not known. Vokes ordered the resumption of the attack the next day by The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's) commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Frederick E. Wigle. The attack went well, with the Argylls securing the town by 10:30 hours. However, at 08:30 a small number of German soldiers caught Wigle's tactical headquarters by surprise; resulting in the death of Wigle and several other soldiers.[11][12]

Vokes determined on an immediate reprisal. "A first-rate officer of mine, for whom I had a special regard and affection, and in whom I had a particular professional interest because of his talent for command, was killed. Not merely killed, it was reported to me, but sniped in the back".[13] Vokes then announced his draconian decision. "I summoned my GSO1 . . 'Mac,' I roared at him, 'I'm going to raze that goddam town. Tell 'em we're going to level the fucking place. Get the people the hell out of their houses first.'"[14]

You should know our soldiers were kind to the children of our enemies, and kind to those in adversity. And they were, on the whole, great ambassadors for Canada.

— Major-general Christopher Vokes in his autobiography[15]

Units and soldiers of the Argylls had spontaneously begun the arson of Friesoythe to revenge the death of their colonel,[16] but after Vokes issued his direct order, the town was systematically set on fire with flamethrowers mounted on Wasp Carriers. The rubble was used to reinforce district roads for the division's tanks.[17] According to German estimates, 85% to 90% of the town was destroyed, making it one of the most devastated towns in Germany at the time.[18] Vokes said that he had "no feeling of remorse over the elimination of Friesoythe."[17]

Later career

From June 1945 to May 1946 Vokes was the General Officer Commanding the Canadian Army Occupation Force in Europe. Returning to Canada, he commanded the Canadian Army's Central Command and then Western Command. He retired to Oakville, Ontario in 1959 and in 1985 published his memoirs, My Story.[6] He died of cancer on 27 March 1985, aged 80.[2]

References
  1. Beevor, Antony (2013). The Second World War (in Norwegian) (1st ed.). Cappelen Damm. pp. 576–577. ISBN 978-82-02-42146-5.
  2. Morton, Desmond. "Christopher Vokes". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  3. Canada, Veterans Affairs. "Frederick Alexander Vokes – The Canadian Virtual War Memorial – Veterans Affairs Canada". www.veterans.gc.ca. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  4. Morton, Desmond. "Christopher Vokes". Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  5. "A History of Valcartier, Quebec". Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  6. "Major-General Christopher Vokes". Juno Beach Centre. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  7. Case, G. Christopher (2008). The Fightin'est Canadian General. Ottawa: Library and archives Canada. pp. ii.
  8. Atkinson, The Day of Battle, Abacus, 2013, ISBN 978-0-349-11635-8, p. 302.
  9. The Friesoythe Amtsgericht, or District Court, was closed on 11 April. If the District Court ceased to function on 11 April 1945, the evacuation of the bulk of the civilian population probably took place between 11 April through 12 April 1945. It was clearly a German and not a Canadian initiative. Ferdinand Cloppenburg, Die Stadt Friesoythe im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, 173.
  10. War Diary, General Staff, 4th Canadian Armoured Division, 1 April 1945-30 April 1945. Appendix 38; dated 14 April 1945. National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, ON, RG 24, vol. no. 13794. Intelligence report signed: E. Sirluck, Capt.
  11. Mark Zuehlke, On To Victory: The Canadian Liberation Of The Netherlands, p. 308
  12. War Diary, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada, 14 April 1945, pp. 10–11. Ottawa, ON, Canada. National Archives of Canada, RG 24, v. 15,005. The same entry for 14 April 1945, is also reprinted in Robert L. Fraser's Black Yesterdays; the Argylls’s War, p. 431.
  13. All the published accounts relate that Col. Wigle was shot in the back. However, Dr. Doug Bryce, the Medical Officer of the Argylls, said that he was shot in the head. Dr. Bryce thought very highly of Wigle ("the most wonderful man I have ever met") so his version has to be given credence on various grounds. Interview with Dr. Bryce, 11 May 1998.
  14. Chris Vokes, Vokes: My Story, pp. 194–195. A substantially identical account of Vokes and his role in the destruction of Friesoythe is found in Tony Foster’s Meeting of Generals, 437.
  15. Vokes, My Story, 1985, ISBN 978-0969210900
  16. Robert L. Fraser, Black Yesterdays; the Argylls’ War. See the section entitled "The Burning of Friesoythe?" on pp. 435–437.
  17. Tony Foster, Meeting of Generals, iUniverse, 2000, ISBN 978-0595137503, p. 437.
  18. Ferdinand Cloppenburg, Die Stadt Friesoythe im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, pp. 165, 189; Brockhaus. Die Enzyklopädie. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1996. 20. Aufl. V. 7, p. 730.
Military offices
Preceded by
Guy Simonds		 GOC 1st Canadian Infantry Division
1943–1944		 Succeeded by
Harry Foster
Preceded by
Harry Foster		 GOC 4th Canadian Armoured Division
1944–1945		 Succeeded by
Post disbanded
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