McGill University

McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821 by royal charter granted by King George IV,[9] the university bears the name of James McGill, a Scottish merchant whose bequest in 1813 formed the university's precursor, University of McGill College (or simply, McGill College); the name was officially changed to McGill University in 1885.

McGill University

Université McGill  (French)
Latin: Universitas McGill
Former names	McGill College or University of McGill College (1821–1885)
Motto	Grandescunt Aucta Labore (Latin) On legend: In Domino Confido (Latin)
Motto in English	By work, all things increase and grow[1] On legend: I confide in the Lord
Type	Public
Established	March 31, 1821[2]
Affiliation	AAU, ACU, AUCC, AUF, ATS, CARL, CBIE, BCI, CUSID, GULF, UArctic, UNAI, U15, URA
Endowment	C$1.73 billion[3]
Budget	C$1.43 billion[4]
Chancellor	Michael Meighen
Principal	Suzanne Fortier
Visitor	Julie Payette (as Governor General of Canada)
Academic staff	1,710 tenure track, 1,632 non-tenure track[4]
Administrative staff	3,457[5]
Students	40,036[6]
Undergraduates	27,601[6]
Postgraduates	10,144[6]
Other students	2,291[6]
Location	Montreal , Quebec , Canada
Campus	Urban Downtown: 32 ha (80 acres)[7] Macdonald Campus: 650 ha (1,600 acres)[7] Outaouais Campus
Language	English and French
Colours	McGill red and white[8]
Athletics	CIS, RSEQ, CUFLA 29 varsity teams
Nickname	McGill Redbirds and Martlets
Mascot	Marty the Martlet
Website	Official website

McGill's main campus is on the slope of Mount Royal in downtown Montreal, with a second campus situated in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, also on Montreal Island, 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the main campus. The university is one of two universities outside the United States which are members of the Association of American Universities,[10] alongside the University of Toronto, and it is the only Canadian member of the Global University Leaders Forum (GULF) within the World Economic Forum.[11]

McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, with the highest average entering grades of any Canadian university.[12] Most students are enrolled in the five largest faculties, namely Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, and Management.[13] With 30% of students coming to McGill from over 150 countries, its student body is the most internationally diverse of any medical-doctoral research university in the country.[14] In all major rankings, McGill consistently ranks in the top 50 universities in the world and among the top 3 universities in Canada.[15][16][17][18] It has held the top position for the past 16 years in the annual Maclean's Canadian University Rankings for medical-doctoral universities.[19]

McGill counts among its alumni and faculty 12 Nobel laureates[20] and 147 Rhodes Scholars,[21] both the most of any university in Canada,[20] as well as 10 billionaires,[note 1][22] the current prime minister and two former prime ministers of Canada, the current Governor General of Canada, at least eight foreign leaders,[22] 28 foreign ambassadors and more than 100 members of national legislatures. McGill alumni also include six Academy Award winners,[note 2] 3 Grammy Award winners,[note 3] at least 5 Emmy Award winners,[note 4] four Pulitzer Prize winners,[23][24] and 121 Olympians with over 35 Olympic medals.[25] The inventors of the game of basketball,[26] modern organized ice hockey,[27] and the pioneers of gridiron football,[28] as well as the founders of several major universities and colleges[note 5] are also graduates of the university.

Notable researchers include Ernest Rutherford, who discovered the atomic nucleus and conducted his Nobel Prize-winning research on the nature of radioactivity while working as Professor of Experimental Physics at the university.[36] Other notable inventions by McGillians include the world's first artificial cell,[37] web search engine,[38] and charge-couple device,[39] among others.

McGill has the largest endowment per student in Canada.[40][41] In 2019, it was the recipient of the largest single philanthropic gift in Canadian history, a $200 million donation to fund the creation of the McCall MacBain Scholarships programme.[42]

History

Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning

James McGill, the original benefactor of McGill University.

The Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning (RIAL) was created in 1801 under an Act of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada (41 George III Chapter 17), An Act for the establishment of Free Schools and the Advancement of Learning in this Province.[43]

In 1816 the RIAL was authorized to operate two new Royal Grammar Schools, in Quebec City and in Montreal. This was a turning point for public education in Lower Canada as the schools were created by legislation, the District Public Schools Act of 1807, which showed the government's willingness to support the costs of education and even the salary of a schoolmaster. This was an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools. When James McGill died in 1813 his bequest was administered by the RIAL.

Of the original two Royal Grammar Schools, in 1846 one closed and the other merged with the High School of Montreal. By the mid-19th century the RIAL had lost control of the other eighty-two grammar schools it had administered.[44] However, in 1853 it took over the High School of Montreal from the school's board of directors and continued to operate it until 1870.[45][46] Thereafter, its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequest on behalf of the private college. The RIAL continues to exist today; it is the corporate identity that runs the university and its various constituent bodies, including the former Macdonald College (now Macdonald Campus), the Montreal Neurological Institute, and the Royal Victoria College (the former women's college turned residence). Since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL are the Board of Governors of McGill University.[9]

McGill College

The first Principal of McGill College, The Rt. Rev. Dr. George Mountain

James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a successful merchant and slave owner in Quebec, having matriculated into the University of Glasgow in 1756.[47][48] Soon afterwards, McGill left for North America to explore the business opportunities there. Between 1811 and 1813,[49] he drew up a will leaving his "Burnside estate", a 19-hectare (47-acre) tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning.[50][51][52]

On McGill's death in December 1813, the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning, established in 1801 by an Act of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada,[53] added the establishing of a University pursuant to the conditions of McGill's will to its original function of administering elementary education in Lower Canada.

As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a "University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province."[53] The will specified a private, constituent college[9] bearing his name would have to be established within 10 years of his death; otherwise the bequest would revert to the heirs of his wife.[54]

On March 31, 1821, after protracted legal battles with the Desrivières family (the heirs of his wife), McGill College received a royal charter from King George IV. The Charter provided the College should be deemed and taken as a University, with the power of conferring degrees.[2] The third Lord Bishop of Quebec, The Right Reverend Dr. George Mountain, (DCL, Oxford) was appointed the first principal of McGill College and a professor of divinity. He is also responsible for the creation of Bishop's University in 1843 and Bishop's College School in 1836 in the Eastern Townships.[55]

Campus expansions

Sir John William Dawson, Principal of McGill University, 1855–1893

The Arts Building, completed in 1843 and designed by John Ostell, is the oldest building on campus

Although McGill College received its Royal Charter in 1821, it was inactive until 1829 when the Montreal Medical Institution, which had been founded in 1823, became the college's first academic unit and Canada's first medical school. The Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctorate of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833; this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada.[56]

The Faculty of Medicine remained the school's only functioning faculty until 1843, when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building and East Wing (Dawson Hall).[57] The university also historically has strong links with the Canadian Grenadier Guards, a military regiment in which James McGill served as Lieutenant-Colonel. This title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day.

The interior of the Redpath Museum

The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848 and is also the oldest of its kind in the nation. In 1896, the McGill School of Architecture was the second architecture school to be established in Canada, six years after the University of Toronto in 1890.[58]

Sir John William Dawson, McGill's principal from 1855 to 1893, is often credited with transforming the school into a modern university.[59] He recruited the aid of Montreal's wealthiest citizens (eighty percent of Canada's wealth was then controlled by families who lived within the Golden Square Mile area that surrounded the university), many of whom donated property and funding needed to construct the campus buildings. Their names adorn many of the campus's prominent buildings.

William Spier designed the addition of West Wing of the Arts Building for William Molson, 1861.[60] Alexander Francis Dunlop designed major alterations to the East Wing of McGill College (now called the Arts Building, McGill University) for Prof. Bovey and the Science Dept., 1888.[61] This expansion of the campus continued until 1920. Buildings designed by Andrew Taylor include the Redpath Museum (1880), Macdonald Physics Building (1893), the Redpath Library (1893), the Macdonald Chemistry Building (1896)—now known as the Macdonald-Harrington Building, the Macdonald Engineering Building (1907)—now known as the Macdonald-Stewart Library Building, and the Strathcona Medical Building (1907)—since renamed the Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building.

In 1899, the university established the McLennan Travelling Library - through this project boxes of about thirty varied books were shipped all over Canada to places without libraries. The books were passed from home to home until most people had read all they had wanted to, then they were shipped back, to be replaced by a new selection.

McGill University Waltz composed by Frances C. Robinson, was published in Montréal by W.H. Scroggie, c 1904.[62]

McGill University and Mount Royal, 1906, Panoramic Photo Company

Initially the institution was called McGill College or University of McGill College but in 1885, the university's Board of Governors formally adopted the use of the name ‘McGill University’. In 1905, the university acquired a second campus when Sir William C. Macdonald, one of the university's major benefactors, endowed a college in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, 32 kilometres (20 mi) west of Montreal. Macdonald College, now known as the Macdonald Campus, opened to students in 1907, originally offering programs in agriculture, household science, and teaching.

Also the same year in 1905, the Bishop's University Medical Faculty Montreal who established in Montreal in 1871 closed and amalgamated with McGill University to create the new McGill University Faculty of Medicine, where BU graduates such as Maude Abbott, one of the Canada's earliest female medical graduates transfered to work for McGill as the Curator of the McGill Medical Museum.

George Allan Ross designed the Pathology Building, 1922–23; the Neurological Institute, 1933; Neurological Institute addition 1938 at McGill University.[63] Jean Julien Perrault (architect) designed the McTavish Street residence for Charles E. Gravel, which is now called David Thompson House (1934).[64]

Women's education

Women's education at McGill began in 1884, when Donald Smith (later the Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal), began funding separate lectures for women, given by university staff members. The first degrees granted to women at McGill were conferred in 1888.[65] In 1899, the Royal Victoria College (RVC) opened as a residential college for women at McGill with Hilda D. Oakeley as the head. Until the 1970s, all female undergraduate students, known as "Donaldas," were considered to be members of RVC.[66] Beginning in the autumn of 2010, the newer Tower section of Royal Victoria College is a co-ed dormitory, whereas the older West Wing remains strictly for women. Both the Tower and the West Wing of Royal Victoria College form part of the university's residence system.

McGill in the Great War

The Second University Company prior to their departure for France

Stained Glass Great War Memorial entrance to the Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art

McGill University played a significant role in The Great War. Many students and alumni enlisted in the first wave of patriotic fervor that swept the nation in 1914, but in the spring of 1915—after the first wave of heavy Canadian casualties at Ypres—Hamilton Gault, the founder of the Canadian regiment and a wealthy Montreal businessman, was faced with a desperate shortage of troops. When he reached out to his friends at home for support, over two hundred were commissioned from the ranks, and many more would serve as soldiers throughout the war. On their return to Canada after the war, Major George McDonald and Major George Currie formed the accounting firm McDonald Currie, which later became one of the founders of Price Waterhouse Coopers.[67] Captain Percival Molson was killed in action in July 1917. Percival Molson Memorial Stadium at McGill is named in his honour.

The War Memorial Hall (more generally known as Memorial Hall) is a landmark building on the campus of McGill University. At the dedication ceremony the Governor General of Canada (Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis) laid the cornerstone. Dedicated on October 6, 1946, the Memorial Hall and adjoining Memorial Pool honour students who had enlisted and died in the First World War, and in the Second World War. In Memorial Hall, there are two Stained Glass Regimental badge World War I and World War II Memorial Windows by Charles William Kelsey c. 1950/1.[68]

A war memorial window (1950) by Charles William Kelsey in the McGill War Memorial Hall depicts the figure of St. Michael and the badges of the Navy, Army and the Air Force. A Great War memorial window featuring Saint George and a slain dragon at the entrance to the Blackader-Lauterman Library of Architecture and Art is dedicated to the memory of 23 members of the McGill chapter of Delta Upsilon who gave their lives in the Great War.[69] Six other windows (1951) by Charles William Kelsey on the west wall of the memorial hall depict the coats of arms of the regiments in which the McGill alumni were members.

There is a memorial archway at Macdonald College, two additional floors added to the existing Sir Arthur Currie gymnasium, a hockey rink and funding for an annual Memorial Assembly. A Book of Remembrance on a marble table contains the names of those lost in both World Wars. On 11 November 2012 the McGill Remembers web site launched; the University War Records Office collected documents between 1940 and 1946 related to McGill students, staff and faculty in the Second World War.[70]

Quotas on Jewish students

Beginning in the 1920s, and continuing until the 1960s, McGill imposed a controversial quota which specified a maximum on the proportion of newly admitted students who were Jewish. The quota limited the Jewish population across McGill to at most 10%.[71]

Founder of universities and colleges

McGill was instrumental in founding several major universities and colleges. It established the first post-secondary institutions in British Columbia to provide degree programs to the growing cities of Vancouver and Victoria. It chartered Victoria College in 1903 as an affiliated junior college of McGill, offering first and second-year courses in arts and science, until it became today's University of Victoria. British Columbia's first university was incorporated in Vancouver in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia. The private institution granted McGill degrees until it became the independent University of British Columbia in 1915.[72]

Dawson College began in 1945 as a satellite campus of McGill to absorb the anticipated influx of students after World War II. Many students in their first 3 years in the Faculty of Engineering took courses at Dawson College to relieve the McGill campus for the later two years for their degree course. Dawson eventually became independent of McGill and evolved into the first English CEGEP in Quebec. Another CEGEP, John Abbott College, was established in 1971 at the campus of McGill's Macdonald College.[35]

Both founders of the University of Alberta, Premier Alexander Cameron Rutherford of Alberta and Henry Marshall Tory, were also McGill alumni. In addition, McGill alumni and professors, Sir William Osler and Howard Atwood Kelly, were among the four founders and early faculty members of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.[73] Osler eventually became the first Physician-in-Chief of the new Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, US in 1889. He led the creation of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1893.[34] Other McGill alumni founded the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry in the 1880s.[32]

Campus

Lower campus at sunset

The recently renovated McTavish Street is a critical artery connecting the lower campus to the upper campus

Downtown campus

Roddick Gates act as the main entrance to the downtown campus

McGill's main campus is situated in downtown Montreal at the foot of Mount Royal.[74] Most of its buildings are in a park-like campus (also known as the Lower Campus) north of Sherbrooke Street and south of Pine Avenue between Peel and Aylmer streets. The campus also extends west of Peel Street (also known as Upper Campus) for several blocks, starting north of Doctor Penfield; the campus also extends east of University Street, starting north of Pine Avenue, an area that includes McGill's Percival Molson Memorial Stadium and the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital. The community immediately east of University Street and south of Pine Avenue is known as Milton-Park, where a large number of students reside. The campus is near the Peel and McGill Metro stations. A major downtown boulevard, McGill College Avenue, leads up to the Roddick Gates, the university's formal main entrance. Many of the major university buildings were constructed using local grey limestone, which serves as a unifying element.[75]

The university's first classes were held in at Burnside Place, James McGill's country home.[52][76] Burnside Place remained the sole educational facility until the 1840s, when the school began construction on its first buildings: the central and east wings of the Arts Building.[77] The rest of the campus was essentially a cow pasture, a situation similar to the few other Canadian universities and early American colleges of the age.[78]

The university's athletic facilities, including Molson Stadium, are on Mount Royal, near the residence halls and the Montreal Neurological Institute. The Gymnasium is named in honour of General Sir Arthur William Currie.

In 2012, Travel + Leisure rated McGill's campus as one of the 17 most beautiful university campuses in the world.[79]

Built in 1892, Old Chancellor Day Hall houses the Faculty of Law

Residence

The "McGill Ghetto"

McGill's residence system houses approximately 3,100 undergraduate students and some graduate students.[80] With the exception of students returning as "floor fellows" or "dons", few McGill students live in residence (known colloquially as "rez") after their first year of undergraduate study, even if they are not from the Montreal area. Most second-year students transition to off-campus apartment housing. Many students settle in the Milton-Park neighborhood, sometimes called the "McGill Ghetto[81]", which is the neighbourhood directly to the east of the downtown campus. In recent years, students have begun moving out to other areas such as Mile End, The Plateau, and even as far as Verdun because of rising rent prices.[82]

A hockey game on campus in 1884, just seven years after McGill students wrote the then-new game's first rule book, with the Arts Building, Redpath Museum, and Morrice Hall (then the Presbyterian College) visible

Many first-year students live in the Bishop Mountain Residences ("Upper Rez"),[83] a series of concrete dormitories on the slope of Mount Royal, consisting of McConnell Hall, Molson Hall, Gardner Hall, and Douglas Hall.

Royal Victoria College, once a women-only dormitory, became co-ed in September 2010. The college's original building was designed by Bruce Price and its extension was designed by Percy Erskine Nobbs and George Taylor Hyde.[84] Erected in front of the Royal Victoria College is a statue of Queen Victoria by her daughter Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll.[85]

Solin Hall, situated in Saint-Henri near Lionel-Groulx station, serves as an off-campus apartment style dorm.

Macdonald campus

Macdonald Campus under construction in 1906

The Macdonald Campus coat of arms

A second campus, the Macdonald Campus, in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue houses the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the Institute of Parasitology, and the McGill School of Environment. As of fall 2020, despite a decrease in enrollment from the previous year’s 1,962 students, the campus has a total of 1,892 actively enrolled students, including those studying part-time and full-time, across all available programs. Of the total, 1,212 students are pursuing an undergraduate degree, 374 are pursuing a Masters-level degree, and 248 are pursuing a Doctoral-level degree respectively. The gender percentage is 70.7% female and 29.3% male. There is a high international student presence, where over 1 in 5 students studying are from outside Canada. Students attending Macdonald campus often nickname the campus as “Mac” campus. With its location near the St. Laurence river, it makes the campus significantly more quiet and nature dense than the Downtown Montreal campus. The Morgan Arboretum and the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory are nearby.

The Morgan Arboretum was created in 1945. It is a 2.5-square-kilometre (0.965 sq mi) forested reserve with the aim of 'teaching, , and public education'. Its mandated goals are to continue research related to maintaining the health of the Arboretum plantations and woodlands, to develop new programs related to selecting species adapted to developing environmental conditions and to develop silvicultural practices that preserve and enhance biological diversity in both natural stands and plantations.[86]

Outaouais campus

In 2019, McGill announced the construction of a new campus for its Faculty of Medicine in Gatineau, Quebec, which will allow students from the Outaouais region to complete their undergraduate medical education locally and in French. Medical students are expected to begin using the new facility in August 2020.[87] Official communication with politicians has been ongoing since 2016.[88] The new facility will be erected above the emergency room at the Gatineau Hospital, part of the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux (CISSS) de l'Outaouais, in addition to new offices for the associated Family Medicine Unit for residency training.[87] Although the preparatory year for students entering the undergraduate medical education program from CEGEP was initially planned to be offered solely at the McGill downtown campus in Montreal,[87][89] collaboration with the Université du Québec en Outaouais made it possible to offer the program entirely in Gatineau.[90]

McGill University Health Centre redevelopment plan

In 2006, the Quebec government initiated a $1.6 billion LEED redevelopment project for the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC). The project will expand facilities to two separate campuses[91] and consolidate the various hospitals of the MUHC on the site of an old CP rail yard adjacent to the Vendôme Metro station. This site, known as Glen Yards, comprises 170,000 square metres (1,800,000 sq ft) and spans portions of Montreal's Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood and the city of Westmount.[92]

The Glen Yards project has been controversial due to local opposition to the project, environmental issues, and the cost of the project itself.[93] The project, which has received approval from the provincial government, was, in 2003, expected to be complete by 2010. The new 'campus' has now been completed, and a massive effort of moving units from older hospitals, such Royal Victoria, Montreal Children's, and Montreal General, into the new McGill University Health Centre is underway.

Sustainability

In 2007, McGill premiered its Office of Sustainability and added a second full-time position in this area, the Director of Sustainability in addition to the Sustainability Officer.[94] Recent efforts in implementing its sustainable development plan include the new Life Sciences Centre which was built with LEED-Silver certification and a green roof, as well as an increase in parking rates in January 2008 to fund other sustainability projects.[94] Other student projects include The Flat: Bike Collective, which promotes alternative transportation, and the Farmer's Market, which occurs during the fall harvest.[95] The Farmer's Market and many other initiatives came out of student collaboration during the Rethink Conference 2008.[96]

Other facilities

The newly built McGill University Health Centre at the Glen Site

McGill's Bellairs Research Institute, in Saint James, Barbados 13°10′N 59°35′W, is Canada's only teaching and research facility in the tropics.[97] The institute has been in use for over 50 years. The University also operates the McGill Arctic Research Station on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, and a Subarctic Research Station in Schefferville, Quebec.

Parc Rutherford at night. The Genome Building (left), Wong Building (middle), and McTavish Reservoir (right) are seen in the background.

McGill's Gault Nature Reserve (45°32′N 73°10′W) spans over 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) of forest land, the largest remaining remnant of the primeval forests of the St. Lawrence River Valley.[98] The first scientific studies at the site occurred in 1859. The site has been the site of extensive research activities: "Today there are over 400 scientific articles, 100 graduate theses, more than 50 government reports and about 30 book chapters based on research at Mont St. Hilaire."[99]

In addition to the McGill University Health Centre, McGill has been directly partnered with many teaching hospitals for decades, and also has a history of collaborating with many hospitals in Montreal. These cooperations allow the university to graduate over 1,000 students in health care each year.[100] McGill's contract-affiliated teaching hospitals include the Montreal Children's Hospital, the Montreal General Hospital, the Montreal Neurological Hospital, the Montreal Chest Institute and the Royal Victoria Hospital which are all now part of the McGill University Health Centre. Other hospitals health care students may use include the Jewish General Hospital, the Douglas Hospital, St. Mary's Hospital Centre, Lachine Hospital, LaSalle Hospital, Lakeshore General Hospital, as well as health care facilities part of the Centre intégré de santé et services sociaux de l'Outaouais.[101]

Until the late 19th century, McGill had also owned parkland atop the Westmount Summit, which was used as a botanical garden. In the early twentieth century, McGill donated the land to the City of Westmount on the condition it become a bird sanctuary.[102]

In 1998, the Faculty of Management launched their MBA Japan program, the first Canadian degree program offered in Japan, with teaching facilities at Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo.[103]

Administration and organization

Structure

The University's academic units are organized into 11 main Faculties and Schools.[104] These include the School of Architecture, the School of Computer Science, the School of Information Studies, the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, the School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, the Ingram School of Nursing, the School of Social Work, the School of Urban Planning, and the McGill School of Environment. They also include the Institute of Islamic Studies (established in 1952) which offers graduate courses leading to the M.A. and PhD degrees, and covering the history, culture, and civilization of Islam; the Institute is also served by one of the richest libraries in North America on Islamic studies.

The Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies[105] (GPS) oversees the admission and registration of graduate students (both master's and PhD). The GPS administers graduate fellowships, postdoctoral affairs, and the graduation process, including the examination of theses. In conjunction with other units, it conducts regular program reviews in all study disciplines.

Founded in 1956, the McGill Executive Institute provides business seminars and custom executive education to companies, government services and non-profit organizations. Led primarily by McGill faculty, the executive courses and management training programs are designed for all managerial levels, from board members to senior-level executives to junior managers.

Faculties/Schools[104]

Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Faculty of Arts

School of Continuing Studies

Faculty of Dentistry

Faculty of Education

Faculty of Engineering

Faculty of Law

Desautels Faculty of Management

Faculty of Medicine

Schulich School of Music

Faculty of Religious Studies

Faculty of Science

University identity and culture

McGill's coat of arms

The McGill coat of arms is derived from an armorial device assumed during his lifetime by the founder of the University, James McGill. It was designed in 1906 by Percy Nobbs, three years into his term as director of the University's School of Architecture.[106] The University's patent of arms was subsequently granted by the Garter King at Arms in 1922, registered in 1956 with Lord Lyon King of Arms in Edinburgh, and in 1992 with the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. In heraldic terms, the coat of arms is described as follows: "Argent three Martlets Gules, on a chief dancette of the second, an open book proper garnished or bearing the legend In Domino Confido in letters Sable between two crowns of the first. Motto: Grandescunt Aucta Labore." The coat of arms consists of two parts, the shield and the scroll. The University publishes a guide to the use of the University's arms and motto.[107]

The University's symbol is the martlet, stemming from the presence of the mythical bird on the official arms of the university. The university's official colour is scarlet, which figures prominently in the academic dress of McGill University. McGill's motto is Grandescunt Aucta Labore, Latin for "By work, all things increase and grow" (literally, "Things grown great increase by work," that is, things that grow to be great do so by means of work). The official school song is entitled "Hail, Alma Mater."[108]

Exchange and study abroad

McGill maintains ties with more than 160 partner universities where students can study abroad for either one or two semesters.[109] Each year, McGill hosts around 500 incoming exchange students from over 32 countries. The university offers a multitude of activities and events to integrate the students in the university's community as well as to introduce them to the North American academic culture. McGill is the home to more than 10,000 foreign students who make up of more than 27% of the student population.[110]

Finances

The McGill endowment provides approximately 10 per cent of the school's annual operating revenues.[111] McGill's endowment rests within the top 10 percent of all North American post-secondary institutions' endowments.[112] The endowment is valued at $1.65 billion,[113] the second-largest in Canada and, at $41,323 per student, the largest among Canadian universities on a per-student basis.

McGill launched the Campaign McGill campaign in October 2007,[114] with the goal of raising over $750 million for the purpose of further "attracting and retaining top talent in Quebec, to increase access to quality education and to further enhance McGill's ability to address critical global problems."[115] The largest goal of any Canadian university fundraising campaign in history,[115][116] the campaign was officially closed on 18 June 2013 having raised more than $1 billion.[117][118]

McGill is also the recipient of the largest single philanthropic gift in Canadian history, a $200 million donation to fund the creation of the McCall MacBain Scholarships programme.[42]

Academics

Admissions

Recent data has shown a graduate acceptance rate of 29% and an undergraduate acceptance rate of 41%, with 16% enrolment of total applicants.[119] 22% of all students are enrolled in the Faculty of Arts, McGill's largest academic unit. Of the other larger faculties, the Faculty of Science enrols 15%, the Faculty of Medicine enrols 13%, the School of Continuing Studies enrols 12%, the Faculty of Engineering and the Desautels Faculty of Management enrol about 10% each.[13] The remainder of all students are enrolled in McGill's smaller schools, including the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Law, Schulich School of Music, and the Faculty of Religious Studies. Since the 1880s,[120] McGill has been affiliated with three Theological Colleges; the Montreal Diocesan Theological College (Anglican Church of Canada), The Presbyterian College, Montreal (Presbyterian Church in Canada), and United Theological College (United Church of Canada).[121] The university's Faculty of Religious Studies maintains additional affiliations with other theological institutions and organizations, such as the Montreal School of Theology.[122]

Undergraduate

McGill undergraduates have the highest average entering grades of any Canadian university.[123] Among admitted students, the median Quebec CEGEP R-score was 31.9, while the median grade 12 averages for students entering McGill from outside of Quebec ranged between 93.2% and 94.4% (A). For American students, the median SAT scores in the verbal, mathematics, and writing sections were 730, 730, and 730 respectively. The median ACT score was 32.[124]

Law

Due to its bilingual nature, McGill's law school does not require applicants to sit the LSAT, which is only offered in English. For students who submitted LSAT scores in the September 2019 entering class the median LSAT score was 163 (87.8th percentile) out of a possible 180 points. Of those students who entered with a bachelor's degree the median GPA was 86% (3.8/4.0), and of those students entering from CEGEP the average R-score was 34.29.[125]

Medicine

For medical students in the 2020 entering class, of those students who entered with a bachelor's degree the average GPA was 3.88 out of 4.0, and of those students entering from CEGEP the average R-score was 37.10.[126] McGill does not require applicants to its medical programme to sit the MCAT if they have an undergraduate degree from a Canadian university.[127]

MBA

In the Desautels Faculty of Management's MBA program, applicants had an average GMAT score of 670 and an average GPA of 3.3.[128] MBA students had an average age of 28, and five years of work experience. 95% of MBA students are bilingual and 60% are trilingual.[129]

Teaching and learning

In the 2007–2008 school year, McGill offered over 340 academic programs in eleven faculties.[6][130] The university also offers over 250 doctoral and master's graduate degree programs. Despite strong increases in university enrolment across North America,[131] McGill has upheld a relatively low and appealing student-faculty ratio of 16:1.[132][133] There are nearly 1,600 tenured or tenure-track professors teaching at the university.[5]

Tuition fees vary significantly depending on the faculties that aspiring (graduate and undergraduate) students choose as well as their citizenship. For the undergraduate faculty of the arts, tuition fees vary for in-province, out-of-province, and international students, with full-time Quebec students paying around $4,333.10[134] per year, Canadian students from other provinces paying around $9,509.30[134] per year, and international students paying $22,102.57–$41,815.92 per year.[135]

Since 1996, McGill, in accordance with the Quebec Ministry of Education, Recreation and Sports (Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport or MELS), has had eight categories that qualifies certain international students to be excused from paying international fees. These categories include: students from France, a quota of students from select countries which have agreements with MELS, which include Algeria, China, and Morocco,[136] students holding diplomatic status, including their dependents, and students enrolled in certain language programs leading to a degree in French.[137] In the school year 2008–2009, McGill's graduate business program became funded by tuition, and was the last business school in Canada to do so.[138]

For out-of-province first year undergraduate students, a high school average of 95% is required to receive a guaranteed one-year entrance scholarship.[139] For renewal of previously earned scholarships, students generally need to be within the top 10% of their faculty.[140] For in-course scholarships in particular, students must be within the top 5% of their faculty.[141][142] McGill itself outlines scholarship considerations as follows: "Competition for basic and major scholarships is intense at McGill. An extraordinary number of exceptional applications are received each year and therefore we cannot award scholarships to all good candidates."[139]

The university has joined Project Hero, a scholarship program cofounded by General (Ret'd) Rick Hillier for the families of fallen Canadian Forces members.[143] McGill is also partnered with the STEM initiative Schulich Leader Scholarships, awarding an $80,000 scholarship to an incoming engineering student and a $60,000 scholarship to a student pursuing a degree in science/technology/mathematics each year.[144]

Language policy

McGill is one of three English-language universities in Quebec;[145] French is not a requirement to attend. The Faculty of Law does, however, require all students to be 'passively bilingual' since English or French may be used at any time.[146] Over 40,000 students attend McGill, with international students accounting for approximately 29 percent of the student population.[147] The majority of students are fluent in at least two languages.[148] Francophone students, whether from Quebec or overseas, now make up approximately 20 percent of the student body.[147]

Although the language of instruction is English, since its founding McGill has allowed students to write their thesis in French, and since 1964 students in all faculties have been able to submit any graded work in either English or French, provided the objective of the class is not to learn a particular language.[149] The University has a bilingual language policy and charter.

In 1969, the nationalist McGill français movement demanded McGill become francophone, pro-nationalist, and pro-worker.[150] The movement was led by Stanley Gray, a political science professor (and possibly unaware of government plans after the recent (1968) legislation founding the Université du Québec).[151][152] A demonstration was held of 10,000 trade unionists, leftist activists, CEGEP students, and even some McGill students, at the university's Roddick Gates on March 28, 1969. Protesters saw English as the privileged language of commerce. McGill, where Francophones were only three percent of the students, could be seen as the force maintaining economic control by Anglophones of a predominantly French-speaking province.[153][154] However, the majority of students and faculty opposed such a position.[155][156]

Rankings and reputation

University rankings
Global rankings
ARWU World[15]	78
QS World[157]	31
Times World[17]	40
Times Reputation[158]	39
Times Employability[159]	23
U.S News & World Report Global[16]	51
Canadian rankings
ARWU National[15]	3
QS National[157]	2
Times National[17]	3
U.S News & World Report National[16]	3
Maclean's Medical/Doctoral[160]	1

Domestically, McGill ranked 1st in Canada among medical-doctoral universities in Maclean's Canadian University Rankings 2021.[161] The university has held the top position in the ranking for 16 consecutive years.[162] The Globe and Mail's Canadian University Report 2019 categorised McGill as "above average" for its financial aid, student experience and research, and as "average" for its library resources.[163] Research Infosource ranked McGill 3rd among Canadian universities with medical schools in its 2019 edition of Research Universities of the Year.[164]

Internationally, McGill ranked 31st in the world and 2nd in Canada in the 2021 QS World University Rankings.[157] It also ranked 27th in the world and 2nd in Canada in the 2020-21 CWUR World University Rankings.[165] It was ranked 40th in the world and 3rd in Canada by the 2021 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[17] In 2020, the Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 78th in world, and 3rd in Canada.[15] In the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Rankings, McGill was ranked 51st in the world and 3rd in Canada.[16]

In the Global University Employability Ranking 2020, published by Times Higher Education, McGill ranked 23rd in the world and 2nd in Canada.[166] Nature ranked McGill 63rd in the world and 2nd in Canada among academic institutions for high-impact research in the 2020 edition of Nature Index.[167] According to Wealth-X's 2019 ranking of Ultra-high-net-worth(UHNW) alumni — those with US$30 million or more in net worth — McGill ranked 34th in the world and 8th outside the United States.[168]

McGill's MBA program, offered by the Desautels Faculty of Management, has appeared in several rankings. In the 2018 Times Higher Education/Wall Street Journal Business School Report, McGill's MBA was ranked 1st in Canada and 48th worldwide among two-year MBAs.[169] Quacquarelli Symonds, in its Global MBA Rankings 2021, ranked McGill's MBA 59th in the world and 2nd in Canada.[170] The Financial Times, in its 2020 Global MBA ranking, placed the MBA programme 91st in the world and 2nd in Canada.[171] In Bloomberg BusinessWeek's Best Business Schools ranking 2019-20, Desautels was ranked 7th in Canada.[172]

McGill is a member of the Global University Leaders Forum (GULF),[173] composed of the presidents of 29 of the world's top universities.[174] It is the only Canadian university member of GULF.[11] McGill is also one of only two non-American universities to be a member of the Association of American Universities.[175]

Research

The laboratory of Rutherford, early 20th century

Research plays a critical role at McGill. McGill is affiliated with 12 Nobel Laureates and professors have won major teaching prizes. According to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, "researchers at McGill are affiliated with about 75 major research centres and networks, and are engaged in an extensive array of research partnerships with other universities, government and industry in Quebec and Canada, throughout North America and in dozens of other countries."[176] In 2016, McGill had over $547 million of sponsored research income, the second highest in Canada,[177] and a research intensity per faculty of $317,600, the third highest among full-service universities in Canada.[178] McGill has one of the largest patent portfolios among Canadian universities.[179] McGill's researchers are supported by the McGill University Library, which comprises 13 branch libraries and holds over six million items.[180]

Since 1926, McGill has been a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU), an organization of leading research universities in North America. McGill is a founding member of Universitas 21, an international network of leading research-intensive universities that work together to expand their global reach and advance their plans for internationalization. McGill is one of 26 members of the prestigious Global University Leaders Forum (GULF), which acts as an intellectual community within the World Economic Forum to advise its leadership on matters relating to higher education and research. It is the only Canadian university member of GULF. McGill is also a member of the U15, a group of prominent research universities within Canada.[181]

McGill-Queen's University Press began as McGill in 1963 and amalgamated with Queen's in 1969. McGill-Queen's University Press focuses on Canadian studies and publishes the Canadian Public Administration Series.[182]

Radon, discovered at McGill by physicist Ernest Rutherford

McGill is perhaps best recognized for its research and discoveries in the health sciences. Sir William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, neuroscience and psychology while working at McGill, many at the University's Montreal Neurological Institute. The first hormone governing the Immune System (later christened the Cytokine 'Interleukin-2') was discovered at McGill in 1965 by Gordon & McLean.[183]

The invention of the world's first artificial cell was made by Thomas Chang while an undergraduate student at the university.[184] While chair of physics at McGill, nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford performed the experiment that led to the discovery of the alpha particle and its function in radioactive decay, which won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.[36] Alumnus Jack W. Szostak was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines of research into cancer.[185]

William Chalmers invented Plexiglas while a graduate student at McGill.[186] In computing, MUSIC/SP, software for mainframes once popular among universities and colleges around the world, was developed at McGill. A team also contributed to the development of Archie, a pre-WWW search engine. A 3270 terminal emulator developed at McGill was commercialized and later sold to Hummingbird Software. A team has developed digital musical instruments in the form of prosthesis, called Musical Prostheses.[187]

Since 2017, McGill has partnered with the Université de Montréal on Mila (research institute), a community of professors, students, industrial partners and startups working in AI, with over 500 researchers making the institute the world’s largest academic research center in deep learning.[188]

Libraries, archives and museums

The Falcon, a statue outside of the Humanities and Social Sciences Library, part of the McLennan–Redpath Library Complex

The McGill University Libraries. The McGill University Library includes 13 branches or subject libraries including the Department of Rare Books & Special Collections which holds about 350,000 items, including books, manuscripts, maps, prints, and a general rare book collection.[189] The Osler Library of the History of Medicine is the largest medical history library in Canada and one of the most comprehensive in the world.

Elizabeth Wirth Music Building, also a library, sits adjacent to the old Strathcona Music Building

The McGill University Archives – now administered as part of the McGill Library – houses official records of, or relating to, or people/activities connected with McGill University. The collection consists of manuscripts, texts, photographs, audio-visual material, architectural records, cartographic materials, prints and drawings, microforms and artifacts.[190] In 1962 F. Cyril James declared that the newly founded McGill University Archives (MUA), while concentrating on the institutional records of McGill, had the mandate to acquire private papers of former faculty members. In the 1990s drew back their acquisition scope and in 2004 new terms of reference on private acquisitions were introduced that included a wider McGill Community.[191]

The Redpath Museum houses collections of interest to ethnology, biology, paleontology, and mineralogy/geology. Built in 1882, the Redpath is the oldest building in Canada built specifically to be a museum.[192]

The McGill Medical Museum catalogues, preserves, conserves and displays collections that documents the study and practice of medicine at McGill University and its associated teaching hospitals. The Medical museum features collections, individual specimens, artifacts, equipment log books/autopsy journals/paper materials and medical instruments and apparati, 25 wax models, 200 mostly skeletal dry specimens; and 400 lantern slides of anatomic specimens. There is a special emphasis on pathology; there are 2000 fluid filled-preserved anatomical and pathological specimens. The Osler collection, for example consists of 60 wet specimens while The Abbott collection consists of 80 wet specimens, mostly examples of congenital cardiac disease.[193]

Student life

Student body

PhD candidates march at Commencement in McGill's distinctive scarlet regalia.[194]

As of Fall 2019, McGill's student population includes 27,478 undergraduate and 10,201 graduate students representing diverse geographic and linguistic backgrounds.[195] Of the entire student population, 54.7% are from Quebec and 25.4% are from the rest of Canada, while 20.0% are from outside of Canada (including the United States). International students hail from about 150 different countries,[196] with Americans making up about half of all international undergraduates and a third of all international postgraduates in the entering class of 2010.[197] Almost half of McGill students claim a first language other than English. While the university is in a Francophone province, only 17.8% of the students claim French as their mother tongue, compared to 51.8% who claim English and 30.5% who claim some other language.[198] In Fall 2019, 34,209 students were enrolled in full-time studies, while 5,455 students enrolled in part-time studies.[195]

Student organizations

The campus has an active students' society represented by the undergraduate Students' Society of McGill University (SSMU) and the Post-Graduate Students' Society of McGill University (PGSS). Due to the large postdoctoral student population, the PGSS also contains a semi-autonomous Association of Postdoctoral Fellows (APF). In addition, each faculty and department has its own student governing body, the largest faculty associations being the Arts Undergraduate Society (AUS) and the Science Undergraduate Society (SUS).[199][200] The oldest is the Medical Students Society, founded in 1859.[201]

There are hundreds of clubs and student organizations at the university. Many of them are centred around McGill's student union building, the University Centre. In 1992, students held a referendum which called for the University Centre to be named for actor and McGill alumnus William Shatner.[202] The university administration refused to accept the name and did not attend the opening. Traditionally, the administration names buildings in honour of deceased members of the university community or for major benefactors—Shatner is neither.[203]

Queer McGill (formerly Gay McGill)[204] has supported lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender students since 1972.[205]

Many large organizations, including NGOs, have a local presence on campus. The International Relations Students Association of McGill (IRSAM) publishes the world's only all-inclusive international relations research journal, the McGill International Review[206] and currently has consultative status with the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[207] Since 1990, IRSAM has hosted an annual Model United Nations, McMUN, for university students and since 1993 it has hosted an annual Model United Nations, SSUNS, for high school students.[208] Other humanitarian groups represented at McGill include UNICEF, Oxfam, End Poverty Now, Right to Play, and Free the Children.[209]

Student media

McGill has a number of student-run publications. The McGill Daily, first published in 1911, was previously published twice weekly,[210] but shifted to a once-a-week publication schedule in September 2013 due to tightened budgets.[211] The Délit français is the Daily's French-language counterpart. The combined circulation of both papers is over 28,000.[210] The McGill Tribune currently publishes once a week, circulating approximately 11,000 copies across campus. The Bull & Bear, operating under the Management Undergraduate Society, publishes 1,000 copies each month.[212] CKUT (90.3 FM) is the campus radio station. TVMcGill is the University TV station, broadcasting on closed-circuit television and over the internet.[213]

The McGill University Faculty of Law is home to three student-run academic journals, including the world-renowned McGill Law Journal, founded in 1952.[214]

Opening of the Student Union building, 1906

Greek life

The Greek system at McGill is made up of eleven fraternities and five sororities, including fraternities Alpha Delta Phi,[215] Alpha Epsilon Pi,[216] Alpha Sigma Phi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Delta Lambda Phi, Kappa Alpha Society,[217] Phi Delta Theta,[218] Phi Kappa Pi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Chi and Zeta Psi, and sororities Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Alpha Theta and Kappa Kappa Gamma. Phi Kappa Pi, Canada's only national fraternity, was founded at McGill and the University of Toronto in 1913 and continues to be active. The Greek letter organizations at McGill are governed by the Inter-Greek Letter Council, the school's second-largest student group. Over 500 students or approximately 2% of the student population are in sororities and fraternities at McGill, on par with most Canadian schools but below the average for American universities.[219]

Athletics

McGill's Molson Stadium

McGill is represented in U Sports by the McGill Redbirds (men's) and the McGill Martlets (women's). Following a major restructuring of the varsity programme for the fall semester of 2010, McGill is currently home to 28 varsity teams. McGill is known for its strong Baseball, hockey and lacrosse programs.[220][221] McGill's unique mascot, Marty the Martlet, was introduced during the 2005 Homecoming game.[222]

The downtown McGill campus sport and exercise facilities include: the McGill Sports Centre (which includes the Tomlinson Fieldhouse and the Windsor Varsity Clinic),[223] Molson Stadium, Memorial Pool, Tomlinson Hall, McConnell Arena, Forbes Field, many outdoor tennis courts and other extra-curricular arenas and faculties.[224] The Macdonald Campus facilities, include an arena, a gymnasium, a pool, tennis courts, fitness centres and hundreds of acres of green space for regular use.[225] The university's largest sporting venue, Molson Stadium, was constructed in 1914. Following an expansion project completed in 2010, it now seats just over 25,000,[226] and is the current home field of the Montreal Alouettes.[227]

Athletic history

A hockey match at McGill in 1901

In 1868, the first recorded game of rugby in North America occurred in Montreal, between British army officers and McGill students,[228][229] giving McGill the oldest university-affiliated rugby club in North America. Other McGill-originated sports evolved out of rugby rules: football, hockey, and basketball. The first game of North American football was played between McGill and Harvard on May 14, 1874,[230] leading to the spread of American football throughout the Ivy League.[231]

On March 3, 1875, the first organized indoor hockey game was played at Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink between two nine-player teams, including James Creighton and several McGill University students. The McGill University Hockey Club, the first organized hockey club, was founded in 1877[232] and played its first game on January 31, 1877.[233] Very soon thereafter, those McGill students wrote the first hockey rule book. A McGill team was one of four that competed in the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada, founded in 1886. AHAC teams competed for the first Stanley Cup in 1893; the AHAC became one of predecessor organizations of the National Hockey League.[234] McGill alumnus James Naismith invented basketball in early December 1891.[235] Norwegian Herman "Jackrabbit" Smith-Johannsen (later the coach of Canada's 1932 Olympic team) popularized cross-country skiing in North America from McGill's Gault Estate in Mont St. Hilaire.

There has been a McGill alumnus or alumna competing at every Olympic Games since 1908.[236][237][238] Swimmer George Hodgson won two gold medals at the 1912 Summer Olympics, ice hockey goaltender Kim St-Pierre won gold medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics and at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Other 2006 gold medalists are Jennifer Heil (women's freestyle mogul) and goaltender Charline Labonté (women's ice hockey).

McGill Hockey Team, 1904

In 1996, the McGill Sports Hall of Fame was established to honour its best student athletes. Notable members of the Hall of Fame include James Naismith and Sydney Pierce.

A 2005 hazing scandal forced the cancellation of the final two games in the McGill Redmen football season.[239][240]

In 2006, McGill's Senate approved a proposed anti-hazing policy to define forbidden initiation practices.[241]

In 2018, after a slew of protests—both online and on campus—an online vote revealed that 78.8 per cent of the McGill student population were in favour of changing the varsity teams' "Redmen" name, with 21 per cent against.[242] The university's nickname emerged in the 1920s, and is thought to refer to the school's signature colour and Celtic roots. In the 1950s, both men's and women's teams came to be nicknamed the "Indians" and "Squaws", and some teams later adopted a logo of an Indigenous man wearing a headdress in the 1980s and '90s. In December 2018, McGill University released a working group report that revealed deep divisions between students and alumni who defend the nearly century-old name and those who feel it is derogatory to Indigenous students. In January 2019, it was announced that the principal Suzanne Fortier will decide whether or not to change the name by the end of the 2019 academic term.[243]

McGill announces new name for men's varsity sports teams

An announcement on 12 April 2019 confirmed that the Redmen name for its men's varsity sports teams was dropped, effective immediately. No new name was planned; the groups would be known as the McGill teams. However, on 17 November 2020, McGill University revealed that the varsity men's sports teams would now be known as the "Redbirds". The name carries historical links to several McGill sports clubs, teams, and events.[244] The former name would remain in the McGill Sports Hall of Fame and on items such as existing plaques, trophies and championship photos. [245]

Fight song

The McGill University song book, compiled by a committee of graduates and undergraduates, was published in Montreal by W.F. Brown, circa 1896.[246]

Rivalries

McGill maintains an academic and athletic rivalry with Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Competition between rowing athletes at the two schools has inspired an annual boat race between the two universities in the spring of each year since 1997, inspired by the famous Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race.[247] The football rivalry, which started in 1884, ended after Canadian university athletic divisions were re-organized in 2000; the Ontario-Quebec Intercollegiate Football Conference was divided into Ontario University Athletics and Quebec Student Sports Federation.[248] The rivalry returned in 2002 when it transferred to the annual home-and-home hockey games between the two institutions. Queen's students refer to these matches as "Kill McGill" games, and usually show up in Montreal in atypically large numbers to cheer on the Queen's Golden Gaels hockey team.[249] In 2007, McGill students arrived in bus-loads to cheer on the McGill Redmen, occupying a third of Queen's Jock Harty Arena.[250]

The school also competes in the annual "Old Four (IV)" soccer tournament, with Queen's University, the University of Toronto and the University of Western Ontario.[251]

McGill and Harvard are also athletic rivals, as demonstrated by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in Montreal and Cambridge.[252]

• 
  The Queen's-McGill Challenge Blade
• 
  The Lorne Gales Trophy

Historical links

• University of Glasgow: The original benefactor of McGill College, James McGill, studied here in the 1750s.[253] McGill and the University of Glasgow renewed their partnership in 2015 with the signing of an agreement to develop joint PhD programmes, a Glasgow-McGill Exchange Scholarship and joint research appointments.[254]
• University of Edinburgh: McGill's first (and, for several years, its only) faculty, Medicine, was founded by four physicians/surgeons who had trained in Edinburgh.[255] McGill's ceremonial mace is a gift from the University of Edinburgh presented to McGill in 2014.[256]

Notable people

Justin Trudeau, the current and 23rd prime minister of Canada.

William Shatner, known for his portrayal of Captain James T. Kirk in the Star Trek franchise.

McGill counts among its alumni and faculty 12 Nobel laureates[20] and 145 Rhodes Scholars,[21] both the most of any university in Canada,[20] as well as five astronauts,[257] the current prime minister and two former prime ministers of Canada, the current Governor General of Canada, 15 justices of the Canadian Supreme Court,[258] at least eight foreign leaders,[22] 28 foreign ambassadors, over eight dozen members of the Canadian Parliament, United States Congress, British Parliament, and other national legislatures,[22] at least 10 billionaires,[note 1][22] six Academy Award winners,[note 2] 3 Grammy Award winners,[note 3] four Pulitzer Prize winners,[23][24] two Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients,[note 6] and at least 5 Emmy Award winners.[note 4]

In education, McGill alumni have played pivotal roles in the founding of several institutions of higher education. These include the first President of the University of British Columbia Frank Wesbrook,[259] co-founder of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine William Osler,[260] and the first President of the University of Alberta Henry Marshall Tory.[261] More recent academic leaders include President of Princeton University Harold Tafler Shapiro,[262] President of Stanford University Marc Trevor Tessier-Lavigne,[263] and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge Stephen Toope.[264]

In the arts, McGill students include four Pulitzer Prize winners,[23][24] Templeton and Berggruen Prize winner Charles Taylor,[265] essayist and novelist John Ralston Saul, and Emmy Award winning actor William Shatner. Six Academy Award winners studied at McGill.[note 2] Musical alumni include poet and singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen,[266] composer and six-time Grammy award winner Burt Bacharach, and Win Butler and Régine Chassagne of the Grammy Award winning group Arcade Fire.[267]

In the sciences, McGill graduates and faculty have received a total of 12 Nobel Prizes in disciplines ranging from Physiology, Medicine, Economics, Chemistry and Physics. McGill has also produced five astronauts out of 14 total selected in the CSA's history.[268] Other prominent science alumni include the inventor of the artificial cell Thomas Chang,[269] inventor of the internet search engine Alan Emtage,[270] and Turing Award winner Yoshua Bengio.[271]

In law and politics, McGill alumni include three Prime Ministers of Canada (John Abbott,[272] Wilfrid Laurier[273] and Justin Trudeau[274]), one Governor General of Canada (Julie Payette[275]), and 14 justices of the Supreme Court of Canada. Foreign leaders who have graduated from McGill include President of Costa Rica Daniel Oduber Quirós,[276] President of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga,[277] Prime Minister of Egypt Ahmed Nazif.[278] John Peters Humphrey, law professor and director of the United Nations Division on Human Rights, wrote with Eleanor Roosevelt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[279]

In sport, McGill students and alumni include 121 Olympians who have won 35 Olympic medals.[25] Other notable sporting alumni include the inventor of basketball James Naismith,[26] the first medical doctor to win a Super Bowl Laurent Duvernay-Tardif,[280] and Triple Gold Club member Mike Babcock.[281]

See also

• List of McGill University people
• McGill University School of Architecture
• Schulich School of Music
• Academic dress of McGill University
• Canadian government scientific research organizations
• Canadian industrial research and development organizations
• Canadian university scientific research organizations
• Cundill Prize in History, awarded by McGill
• History Trek, developed by McGill researchers
• List of Canadian universities by endowment
• List of oldest universities in continuous operation
• Maude Abbott Medical Museum
• McGill University School of Information Studies
• Montreal Laboratory (for nuclear research, World War II)
• Osler Library of the History of Medicine
• McGill University Department of Social Studies of Medicine
• U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities
• Montreal experiments

Notes

1. The list includes, but not limited to, Mortimer Zuckerman, John MacBain, Aldo Bensadoun, Charles Bronfman, Edgar Bronfman Sr., Jean Coutu, Paul Desmarais Jr., Kuok Khoon Hong, Seymour Schulich, and George Garvin Brown IV.
2. McGill alumni who have received Academy Awards include Torill Kove, Edward Saxon, Jake Eberts, John Weldon, Beverly Shaffer, and Burt Bacharach.
3. McGill alumni who have received Grammy Awards include Estelí Gomez, Leonard Cohen and Burt Bacharach.
4. McGill alumni who have received Emmy Awards include Hume Cronyn, Alex Herschlag, Simcha Jacobovici, Kevin Mambo, and William Shatner.
5. Major universities or colleges founded by McGill or its alumni include the University of British Columbia,[29] the University of Victoria,[30] the University of Alberta,[31] the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario,[32] the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,[33][34] and Dawson College, among others.[35]
6. These are McGill alumni Zbigniew Brzezinski and Edgar Bronfman Sr.

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280. "Dr. Laurent Duvernay-Tardif adds Super Bowl champion to his resumé". Retrieved 11 March 2020.
281. "Education alumnus Mike Babcock (BEd (Phys Ed) 1986) to receive Order of Hockey in Canada honour". Faculty of Education. Retrieved 2020-10-18.

Further reading

• Axelrod, Paul. "McGill University on the Landscape of Canadian Higher Education: Historical Reflections." Higher Education Perspectives 1 (1996–97).
• Coleman, Brian. "McGill, British Columbia." McGill Journal of Education 6, no. 2 (Autumn 1976).
• Collard, Andrew. The McGill You Knew: An Anthology of Memories, 1920–1960. Toronto: Longman Canada, 1975.
• Frost, Stanley B. The History of McGill in Relation to the Social, Economic and Cultural Aspects of Montreal and Quebec (Montreal: McGill University. 1979).
• Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning. Vol I. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press 1980) ISBN 978-0-7735-0353-3
• Frost, Stanley B. McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning. Vol II.(Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press 1984) ISBN 978-0-7735-0422-6
• Gillett, Margaret. We Walked Very Warily: A History of Women at McGill. Montreal: Eden Press, 1981.
• Hanaway, Joseph; Richard L. Cruess; James Darragh (1996). McGill Medicine: Vol. 1 1829–1885 and Vol. 2 1885–1936. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2958-6.
• Markell, H. Keith The Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, 1948–1978 (Montreal: Faculty of Religious Studies, 1979)
• McGill Science Undergraduate Research Journal
• Young, Brian J. The Making and Unmaking of a University Museum: The McCord, 1921–1996 McGill-Queen's University Press 2000. ISBN 978-0-7735-2049-3

External links

• Official website
• Pictures and Info on McGill buildings
• McGill Yearbooks