Christopher of Antioch
Christopher (Arabic: خريسطوفورس, Kharīsṭūfūrus) was Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antioch from 960 to 967.[1][2] A native of Baghdad who was originally named ʻĪsá, he moved to Syria under the rule of Sayf al-Dawla, the Hamdanid emir of Aleppo, and took a job as secretary to a subordinate emir in Shaizar. He intervened in Church controversies in Antioch and its Christian residents selected him as the new patriarch upon the death of Agapius I.
As patriarch, Christopher undertook educational and charitable efforts to help his Christian subjects, including negotiations with Sayf al-Dawla for tax reduction. When a rebellion broke out in Antioch in 965, led by Rashiq al-Nasimi, Christopher took the side of the emir and withdrew to the monastery of Simeon Stylites in order to avoid interaction with the rebels. After the rebellion was finally suppressed, this made the patriarch a favorite at the court of Sayf al-Dawla, but created enemies within Antioch.
When Sayf al-Dawla died in early 967, Christopher's enemies took advantage of the momentary power vacuum and plotted against him. Although he was warned of this danger by a Muslim friend named Ibn Abī ʻAmr, Christopher chose to remain in Antioch. Accusing the patriarch of conspiring against Antioch with Sayf al-Dawla's allies and with the Byzantines, the plotters convinced a group of visiting soldiers from Khorasan to kill him on the night of May 23, 967. His head was cut off and his body was thrown into the Orontes River. Shortly thereafter, a group of local Christians found the body in the river and took it in secret to a local monastery, where Christopher began to be venerated as a martyr.
In late 969, the armies of Emperor Nikephoros II conquered Antioch, and the new patriarch of Antioch (Theodorus II) brought Christopher's body into the city for public veneration.
Christopher of Antioch | |
|---|---|
| Patriarch of Antioch | |
| Church | Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch |
| See | Antioch |
| Installed | 960 |
| Term ended | May 23, 967 |
| Predecessor | Agapius I |
| Successor | Eustratius |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | ʻĪsá |
| Born | Baghdad |
| Died | May 23, 967 Antioch |
Legacy
For centuries, Christopher was venerated as a saint by the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch on either May 21 or May 22, as shown by liturgical manuscripts in both Syriac and Arabic that include calendars of saints.[3] However, with the growing dominance of the Byzantine Rite in early modern Syria, his veneration fell into disuse.
Sources
By far the most detailed source for Christopher's life is the Life of Christopher by Ibrahim ibn Yuhanna, a Byzantine bureaucrat who knew Christopher as a child in Antioch.[4] This text was originally written in both Greek and Arabic, but only the Arabic version survives. It was edited and translated into French by Habib Zayat in 1952.[1] Significant portions of his story are also included in the history of Yahya of Antioch,[5] and brief notices—centered on Christopher's death—appear in the Byzantine histories of Leo the Deacon and John Skylitzes.
References
- Zayat, Habib (1952). "Vie du patriarche melkite d'Antioche Christophore (†967) par le protospathaire Ibrahim b. Yuhanna: Document inédit du Xe siècle". Proche-Orient chrétien. 2: 11–38, 333–366.
- Bīṭār, Tūmā (1995). Al-Qiddīsūn al-mansiyyūn fī al-turāth al-Anṭākī. Duma, Lebanon: ‘Ā’ilat al-Thālūth al-Quddūs. pp. 373–387.
- Sauget, Joseph-Marie (1969). Premières recherches sur l'origine et les caractéristiques des synaxaires melkites (XIe-XVIIe siècles). Brussels: Société des Bollandistes. pp. 380–383.
- Lamoreaux, John. "Qiṣṣa sīrat al-baṭriyark ʿalā Anṭākiyya al-shahīd Kharīsṭūfūrus wa-shahādatihi bihā, allafahā Ibrāhīm ibn Yuḥannā [sc. Yūḥannā] al-ibrūṭusbāthār al-Malakī bihā yūnāniyyan thumma naqalahā ayḍan ʿarabiyyan". Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500. Brill. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- Anṭākī, Yaḥyā b. Sa‘īd b. Yaḥyā (1924). "Histoire de Yahya-Ibn-Sa'ïd d'Antioche, continuateur de Sa'ïd-Ibn-Bitriq". Patrologia Orientalis. 18 (5): 778, 798, 806–810.