Chuuk Lagoon

Chuuk Lagoon, previously Truk Atoll, is an atoll in the central Pacific. About 1,800 kilometres (1,100 miles) north-east of New Guinea, it is located mid-ocean at 7 degrees North latitude and is part of Chuuk State within the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). A protective reef, 225 kilometres (140 mi) around, encloses a natural harbour 79 by 50 kilometres (49 by 31 miles), with an area of 2,130 square kilometres (820 square miles).[1] It has a land area of 93.07 square kilometres (35.93 square miles), with a population of 36,158 people[2] and a maximal height of 443 m (1,453 ft). Weno city on Moen Island functions as the atoll's capital and also as the state capital and is the largest city in the FSM with its 13,700 people.

Chuuk Lagoon
Atoll
Flag
Coordinates: 7°25′N 151°47′E
Country Federated States of Micronesia
StateChuuk State
CapitalWeno
Government
 • GovernorJohnson Elimo (since 2011)
Area
 • Total93.07 km2 (35.93 sq mi)
Elevation
443 m (1,453 ft)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total36,158
 • Density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Map of Chuuk Islands
Chuuk islands

"Truck atoll" was the Empire of Japan's main naval base in the South Pacific theatre during World War II. It was the site of a major U.S. attack during Operation Hailstone in February 1944, and Operation Inmate, a small assault conducted by British and Canadian forces during June, 1945.

Name

Chuuk means mountain in the Chuukese language. The lagoon was known mainly as Truk (a mispronunciation of Ruk), until 1990. Other names included Hogoleu, Torres, Ugulat, and Lugulus.

Geography

Chuuk Lagoon is part of the larger Caroline Islands group. The area consists of eleven major islands (corresponding to the eleven municipalities of Truk lagoon, which are Tol, Udot, Fala-Beguets, Romanum, and Eot of Faichuk group, and Weno, Fefen, Dublon, Uman, Param, and Tsis of Namoneas group) and forty-six smaller ones within the lagoon, plus forty-one on the fringing coral reef, and is known today as the Chuuk islands, part of the Federated States of Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean.

Table of main islands

This is the following list of islands, villages and population following the 2010 census:

IslandCapitalOther CitiesArea (km2)Population
Chuuk Atoll93.0736158
Faichuk41.811305
FanapangesNepitiwPeniamwan, Wichuk, Seisein, Sapotiw1.62672
PaataSapaataChukufefin, Nukaf, Epin, Pokochou, Etlemar, Onas Point4.41107
PolleNepanonongChukaram, Neton, Malaio, Unikappi, Sapou, Miari, Neirenom9.31496
RamanumWinisiChorong, Nepor Point0.856865
TolFosonChukienu, Wichukuno, Wonip, Nechocho, Munien, Faro, Winifei, Foupo, Foup10.34579
UdotFanomoTunuk, Wonip, Ounechen, Monowe, Chukisenuk, Mwanitiw, Penia4.51680
OneiNamboOnnap, Fanato, Nepos, Peniata, Sapitiw, Anakun, Tolokas, Ras10638
Northern NamoneasWenoNeiwe, Mwan, Nepukos, Iras, Mechitiw, Tunuk, Peniesene, Penia, Wichap20.7614620
FonoFanipMesor0.342388
PiisNukanSapatiw0.32360
WenoWenoNeiwe, Mwan, Nepukos, Iras, Mechitiw, Tunuk, Peniesene, Penia, Wichap19.113854
Southern Namoneas30.4210233
FefanMessaSapota, Aun, Sapore, Upwein, Fason, Wininis, Pieis, Ununo, Fongen, Onongoch, Feini, Mwen, Saporanong, Manukun, Meseiku, Kukuwu, Sopuo12.153471
TonowasNemuanonPwene, Chun, Nechap, Tonof, Pata, wonpiepi, Meseran, Fankachau, Sapou, Roro, Penior, Nukanap, Penienuk, Saponong, Supun, Nukan8.943294
Uman IslandNepononongSapou, Nepon, Sapotiw, Sapota, Nesarau, Sanuk, Mochon, Nukan, Manukun3.862540

Climate
Climate data for Chuuk Islands
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 30
(86)		 30
(86)		 30
(86)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 31
(87)		 30
(86)		 31
(87)
Average low °C (°F) 25
(77)		 25
(77)		 25
(77)		 25
(77)		 25
(77)		 24
(76)		 24
(76)		 24
(75)		 24
(76)		 24
(76)		 24
(76)		 25
(77)		 24
(76)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 230
(8.9)		 170
(6.7)		 220
(8.8)		 310
(12.3)		 360
(14.3)		 300
(12)		 350
(13.7)		 350
(13.9)		 320
(12.6)		 350
(13.6)		 290
(11.3)		 310
(12.1)		 3,560
(140.3)
Source: Weatherbase [3]

History
Native Micronesian of Japanese Truk Island, circa 1930s.
Native Micronesian teaching assistant (left) and constables (middle and right) of Japanese Truk Island, circa 1930. Truk became a possession of the Empire of Japan under a mandate from the League of Nations following Germany's defeat in World War I.[4]

Prehistory

It is not known when the islands of Chuuk were first settled, but archaeological evidence indicates that islands of Feefen and Wééné Islands had human settlements in the first and second century BC. Later evidence indicates that widespread human settlements appeared in Chuuk during the 14th century AD.[5]

Colonialism

The first recorded sighting by Europeans was made by Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra on board of the ship Florida during August or September 1528.[6] They were later visited by Spaniard Alonso de Arellano on 15 January 1565 on board of galleon patache San Lucas.[7]

As part of the Caroline Islands, Truk was claimed by the Spanish Empire, which made an effort to control the islands in the late 19th century. Chuuk lagoon was then inhabited by several tribes that engaged in intermittent warfare, as well as a small population of foreign traders and missionaries. Spanish control over the islands was nominal. The Spaniards stopped to raise a flag over Chuuk in 1886, and returned in 1895 as part of an attempt to assert control and negotiate peace between warring Chuukese tribes. No permanent Spanish settlement was ever established, and tribal violence continued until the German colonial era.[8]

The Caroline Islands were sold to the German Empire in 1899, after Spain withdrew from the Pacific in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War.

During the First World War, The Japanese Navy was tasked with pursuing and destroying the German East Asiatic Squadron[9] and protection of the shipping lanes for Allied commerce in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[10] During the course of this operation, the Japanese Navy seized the German possessions in the Marianas, Carolines, Marshall Islands and Palau groups by October 1914.[11] Chuuk then became a possession of the Empire of Japan under a mandate from the League of Nations following Germany's defeat in World War I.[12][11][13][14]

World War II
Japanese battleships Yamato and Musashi in anchorage off Truk Islands in 1943

During World War II, Truk Lagoon was the Empire of Japan's main base in the South Pacific theatre. Truk was a heavily fortified base for Japanese operations against Allied forces in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, serving as the forward anchorage for the Japanese Imperial Fleet.

Truk Lagoon was considered the most formidable of all Japanese strongholds in the Pacific. On the various islands, the Japanese Civil Engineering Department and Naval Construction Department had built roads, trenches, bunkers and caves. Five airstrips, seaplane bases, a torpedo boat station, submarine repair shops, a communications center and a radar station were constructed during the war. Protecting these various facilities were coastal defense guns and mortar emplacements. The Japanese garrison consisted of 27,856 IJN men, under the command of Vice Admiral Masami Kobayashi, then Vice Admiral Chuichi Hara, and 16,737 IJA men, under the command of Major General Kanenobu Ishuin.[15] Due to its heavy fortifications, both natural and manmade, the base at Truk was known to Allied forces as "the Gibraltar of the Pacific".[16][17]

A significant portion of the Japanese fleet was based at Truk, with its administrative center on Tonoas (south of Weno). At anchor in the lagoon, were the Imperial Japanese Navy's battleships, aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, tankers, cargo ships, tugboats, gunboats, minesweepers, landing craft, and submarines. In particular; Yamato and Musashi were stationed at Truk for months around 1943, unable to participate in battle. Some have described Truk as Japan's equivalent of the Americans' Pearl Harbor.[17]

In 1944, Truk's capacity as a naval base was destroyed through naval air attack. Forewarned by intelligence a week before the US raid, the Japanese had withdrawn their larger warships (heavy cruisers and aircraft carriers) to Palau. Once the American forces captured the Marshall Islands, they used them as a base from which to launch an early morning attack on February 17, 1944 against Truk Lagoon. Operation Hailstone lasted for three days, as American carrier-based planes sank twelve smaller Japanese warships (light cruisers, destroyers, and auxiliaries) and thirty-two merchant ships, while destroying 275 aircraft, mainly on the ground. The consequences of the attack made "Truk lagoon the biggest graveyard of ships in the world".[18][19]

The attacks for the most part ended Truk as a major threat to Allied operations in the central Pacific. The Japanese garrison on Eniwetok was denied any realistic hope of reinforcement and support during the invasion that began on February 18, 1944, greatly assisting U.S. forces in their conquest of that island. Truk was isolated by Allied (primarily U.S.) forces, as they continued their advance towards Japan, by invading other Pacific islands, such as Guam, Saipan, Palau, and Iwo Jima. It was attacked again from 12 to 16 June 1945 by part of the British Pacific Fleet during Operation Inmate. Cut off, the Japanese forces on Truk and other central Pacific islands ran low on food and faced starvation before Japan surrendered in August 1945.[20]

Recreational diving
A view of Chuuk
Chuuk Atoll

In 1969, William A. Brown and French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau and his team explored Truk Lagoon. Following Cousteau's 1971 television documentary about the lagoon and its ghostly remains, the atoll became a scuba diving lure, drawing wreck diving enthusiasts from around the world to see its numerous, virtually intact sunken ships. The shipwrecks and remains are sometimes referred to as the "Ghost Fleet of Truk Lagoon". Scattered mainly around the Dublon, Eten, Fefan and Uman islands within the Truk group, a number of the shipwrecks lie in crystal clear waters less than fifteen metres (49 ft) below the surface. In waters devoid of normal ocean currents, divers can easily swim across decks littered with gas masks and depth charges and below deck can be found evidence of human remains. In the massive ships' holds are the remnants of fighter aircraft, tanks, bulldozers, railroad cars, motorcycles, torpedoes, mines, bombs, boxes of munitions, radios, plus thousands of other weapons, spare parts, and other artifacts. Of special interest is the wreck of the submarine I-169 Shinohara which was lost when diving to avoid the bombing. The submarine had participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

The coral encrusted wrecks attract a diverse array of marine life, including manta rays, turtles, sharks and corals. In 2007, 266 species of reef fish were recorded by an Earthwatch team and in 2006 the rare coral Acropora pichoni was identified.[21]

On 12 April 2011, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) program Foreign Correspondent screened a report on Chuuk Lagoon likening the effect of the impending massive release of tens of thousands of tonnes of oil from the rusting Japanese warships into the coral reef to that of the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska.[22] However, given the poor state of the Japanese war effort in 1944, many of the ships may have had relatively small amounts of fuel in their bunkers. Environmental protection organizations are surveying the wrecks while also consulting with Japanese researchers to try to determine how much oil is likely to be in the hulks, particularly in three sunken oil tankers.[23][24]

The ships are classified as a Japanese war grave, requiring Japanese government involvement in the eventual clean-up.

Economy and infrastructure
Chuuk International Airport

Most of the roads and transportation systems are poor or in disrepair; an extensive infrastructural redevelopment plan has begun. It consists of a five-phase project to completely reconstruct the existing sewer, water and storm drainage systems as well as pour 10" concrete roadways in the majority of the villages of Weno. Final contractual bidding was complete in late 2008 and construction began in June 2009. Completion of Phase 1, which extends from the Chuuk International Airport through downtown into Mwan Village and encompassing the roadways to the financial center, hospital, governmental center and projected site of the College of Micronesia is slated for completion by 2012. Surveying for Phase 2, which extends from Mwan Village to Wiichap is underway.

The cost for a taxi ranges between a dollar ($1) to two dollars ($2) depending on the distance traveled. Presently, a drive from the airport to the Blue Lagoon resort and dive shop could take up to 35 minutes to complete, although the distance is less than 5 miles. Chuuk International Airport (IATA airport code TKK) is on the administrative island of Moen. It is served by United Airlines, formerly Continental Micronesia, locally known as Air Mike.

The government of the state operates a radio station. Interisland communication is often accomplished using citizens' band radio. Telephone services are limited on Chuuk, though a cellular network is established within some islands of the lagoon and in the near future on the outer islands. High speed Internet access via ADSL has been made available on a monthly subscription basis on the Island of Moen from May 2010.

Tourism, especially scuba diving among the many wrecks of Truk Lagoon, is the island's main industry with live-aboard dives amongst the most popular ways to see the hundreds of wrecks located in the shallow waters of the lagoon. Copra, dried coconut meat, is the only cash crop and output is relatively insignificant. Most of the inhabitants of outlying islands engage in subsistence activity only.

  • Mitsubishi "Betty" bomber
  • Bow gun of the Fujikawa Maru
  • 1940's truck in the hold of the Hoki Maru
  • 2-man tank on the deck of the Nippo Maru
  • Light artillery piece on the deck of the Nippo Maru
  • Divers next to the mast of the Unkai Maru
  • Diver photographing 14-inch artillery shells in the Yamagiri Maru
  • Diver and soft corals next to the mast of the Hoki Maru

See also

Notes
  1. 1989 Census p. 1
  2. 2010 Census p ii
  3. "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Chuuk Islands, Federated States of Micronesia". Weatherbase. 2011. Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
  4. "League of Nations chronology" (PDF). United Nations.
  5. Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1 January 2002). Under Heaven's Brow: Pre-Christian Religious Tradition in Chuuk. American Philosophical Society. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-87169-246-7.
  6. Coello, Francisco (1885). "Conflicto hispano-alemán". Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid. Madrid. 19: 234, 266.
  7. Coello, Francisco (1885). "Conflicto hispano-alemán". Boletín de Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid. Madrid. 19: 241, 242, 289.
  8. Hezel, Francis X. (1995). Strangers in Their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8248-2804-2.
  9. Dan E. Bailey (2001). WWII Wrecks of the Truk Lagoon.
  10. Stephenson, Charles (2017). The Siege of Tsingtau: The German-Japanese War 1914. Pen and Sword. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-1-52670-295-1.
  11. Ponsonby-Fane 1962, p. 348.
  12. Mizokami, Kyle (27 July 2014). "Japan's baptism of fire: World War I put country on a collision course with West". The Japan Times.
  13. Myers & Peattie 1984, p. 200.
  14. "League of Nations chronology" (PDF). United Nations.
  15. Takizawa, Akira; Alsleben, Allan (1999–2000). "Japanese garrisons on the by-passed Pacific Islands 1944–1945". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 2016-01-06.
  16. Costello, John (1982). The Pacific War, 1941–1945. New York: Quill. ISBN 978-0-688-01620-3.
  17. "Truk Lagoon and the Lost Japanese Ghost Fleet – The Adventure Couple". Live-adventurously.com. 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
  18. Video: Castle Films Yanks Smash Truk (1944). Castle Films. 1944. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  19. Trumbull, Robert (April 30, 1972). "The 'Graveyard' Lure of Truk Lagoon". New York Times.
  20. Stewart, 1986
  21. Scientists Find Oil Leak Threatening Chuuk Lagoon Newswise, Retrieved on August 28, 2008.
  22. "Chuuk Islands – The Blue and the Black – Foreign Correspondent". ABC. 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
  23. "Paradise island threatened by wrecked WWII oil tanker – environment – 02 September 2008". New Scientist. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
  24. "Rainforest Conservation | Volunteer For Animals | Earthwatch News". Earthwatch.org. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2013-11-21.

References
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