Clark Atlanta University

Clark Atlanta University (CAU or Clark Atlanta) is a private Methodist historically black research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Clark Atlanta University is the first HBCU in the Southern United States. Founded September 19, 1865, as Atlanta University; consolidated with Clark College (1869) to form Clark Atlanta University in 1988. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[8]

Clark Atlanta University

Motto	"I'll Find a Way or Make One" (Atlanta University); "Culture for Service" (Clark College)[1]
Type	Private historically black[2] research university
Established	September 19, 1865
Religious affiliation	United Methodist Church
Academic affiliation	Space-grant
Endowment	$71.4 million (2018)[3]
President	George T. French Jr.[4]
Students	3,920 (Fall 2019)[5]
Location	Atlanta , Georgia , United States
Campus	Urban, 126 acres (0.5 km^2)
Newspaper	The CAU Panther
Colors	Red, Black, Gray [6]
Athletics	NCAA Division II[7]
Nickname	Panthers[7]
Sporting affiliations	Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference[7]
Mascot	Panther
Website	www.cau.edu

History

Exactly three months after the end of the Civil War, Atlanta University - now Clark Atlanta University - was founded on September 19, 1865, as the first HBCU in the Southern United States. Atlanta University was the nation's first graduate institution to award degrees to African Americans in the Nation and the first to award bachelor's degrees to African Americans in the South; Clark College (1869) was the nation's first four-year liberal arts college to serve African-American students. The two consolidated in 1988 to form Clark Atlanta University.

CAU's history at a glance

1865	Atlanta University founded
1869	Clark University founded
1929	Atlanta University Center established
1940	Clark University renamed Clark College
1988	Atlanta University & Clark College consolidated, renamed Clark Atlanta University.

Atlanta University

In the city of Atlanta, while the Civil War was well underway, two literate African American ex-enslaves, James Tate, and Grandison B. Daniels in 1862 established the first school in Atlanta for African American children on the corner of Courtland and Jenkins Streets in a old church building of Friendship Baptist Church the original home of First Baptist Church. Ex-enslaves Tate and Daniels along with 25 enslave's founded Friendship Baptist Church, the first black Baptist autonomous congregation. They began holding classes in a old church building built in 1848. The building was badly damaged during the Siege of Atlanta in 1864. The school would later become Atlanta University in September 1865. When white missionary Reverend Frederick Ayer, along with his wife, arrived in Atlanta in November 1865 under the auspices of the American Missionary Association, the AMA church purchased a boxcar for $310 in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and sent it to Friendship by the Ninth Street Baptist Church of Cincinnati, Ohio. The modest space of the boxcar served two purposes: a new teaching space for Atlanta University and a meeting space for the Friendship Church congregation. Tate and Daniels readily transferred their responsibilities to Ayer who was better prepared to lead the educational effort in 1865.[9][10][11]

Atlanta University was founded on September 19, 1865,[12] by two former enslaves, James Tate and Grandison Daniels.[13] Two years later, Edmund Asa Ware of the American Missionary Association was appointed the first president;[14][15] and Atlanta University was chartered in 1867 with the assistance from Oliver Otis Howard of the Freedmen's Bureau. He also appointed William J. White as educational agent of the Freedmen's Bureau on January 12, 1867. William J. White was the half-brother of founder James Tate and was the co-founder of the Augusta Institute in 1867, which would become Morehouse College. He served as trustee of Atlanta University in 1869. Atlanta University - now Clark Atlanta University is the first HBCU in the Southern United States; and the nation's oldest graduate institution serving a predominantly African-American student body. It is the first HBCU to the founded, chartered and to conferee its first bachelor's degree in the South. Atlanta University chartered October 17, 1867;[16] offered first instruction at postsecondary level 1869; first graduating class 1873, (normal school for future teachers including women); and awarded its first six bachelor's degrees June 1876.[17] Atlanta University was the first to accept women; and the first HBCU to have a women's dormitory, North Hall built in 1869. One woman earned a bachelor's degree from Atlanta University between 1876 and 1895. Seven women received bachelor's degrees from Atlanta University between 1895 - 1900.[18] Atlanta University awarded bachelor's degrees 53 years (1876-1929) before exclusively offering graduate degrees.[19][20]

A 1912 catalog shows that Atlanta University had three divisions—the college and the normal school, each with a preparatory division.  Enrollment that year was 403-40 college students, 62 normal students, 115 high school students in the college prep program and 183 high school students in the normal program.  At that time half of the Atlanta University alumni were employed in teaching. A group of small Black colleges in Atlanta-Atlanta, Morehouse, Spelman, Clark, Morris Brown and Gammon - each guarding its independence but each dependent on Northern philanthropy.  By the end of World War I, the Northern philanthropists were demanding mergers to improve educational quality. 1929 saw the creation of the Atlanta University Affiliation in which Atlanta University took on a new role as the graduate school, with Morehouse and Spelman as undergraduate colleges.  Before World War II, the Affiliation  came to include other Black colleges in Atlanta. By 1988, Atlanta University merged with Clark College, becoming Clark Atlanta University July 1, 1988.

North Hall - now Gaines Hall (Morris Brown College) Atlanta University began on West Mitchell, about a mile from downtown Atlanta. Built in 1869 by architect William Parkins, North Hall - now Gaines Hall marked the first female dormitory on the campus of a co-ed school in the United States. Gaines Hall stood as Atlanta University's initial original building. A year later South Hall opened for boys. Wings were added to each in 1871 and 1880.  In 1882 Stone Hall opened as the main building, containing the chapel, lecture halls, recitation rooms, laboratories and administrative offices. By 1905 four more permanent buildings had been added, including a Carnegie Library. North Hall is the middle building flanked by South Hall (left) and North Hall. South Hall was later demolished by Morris Brown College. A fire in mid-August 2015 threatened to raze the building completely. In October 2017, a court ruling returned the property to Clark Atlanta University. Stanley Pritchett, Morris Brown's former president, shows a photo of Atlanta University students taken on what is now Morris Brown's campus.[21]

Stone Hall - now Fountain Hall (Morris Brown College) Erected in 1882 on the crest of Diamond Hill on the Morris Brown College campus, Fountain Hall is one of the earlier structures for the original site of Atlanta University. Historically, Fountain Hall is significant to the city, state, and nation for its role in providing higher education to blacks in this country. It was for this reason that Fountain Hall was made a National Historic Landmark in 1975. Architecturally, this building is important as a work of G. L. Norrman. This Atlanta architect was active during the late nineteenth and very early twentieth centuries, but few of his works have survived. The three-story, red brick structure is also an excellent example of the High Victorian style, its clock tower a rare sight in Atlanta. Over its 138yrs. history, Fountain Hall has served as the location for administrative offices, as well as a number of other university activities, contributing greatly to the cultural fabric of the city through the education of its citizens.

From its construction in 1882 until 1929, Fountain Hall primarily functioned as the administration building for Atlanta University, though it contained a chapel, library, recitation rooms, and laboratories during various times in its history. It served in a similar capacity for Morris Brown College for many years. Currently, the structure contains offices, a chapel, art studios, and a gallery. Fountain Hall has been a gathering place and focus of activity in the education process of many of the mostly black Americans attending the university and college since its construction. Because of the building's location, Fountain Hall can be seen from some distance and has long served as an impressive and identifying landmark for the historic Atlanta University Center.

In the early 1930s, Morris Brown College was in financial trouble and was forced to give up its property at Houston and Boulevard. Since its affiliation with Spelman and Morehouse, Atlanta University was no longer using several of its original buildings. So In 1932, Bishop W. A. Fountain, former college president and then Chairman of the Board of Trustees, and his son, W. A. Fountain, Jr., President of Morris Brown, negotiated for the college to become part of the university system and lease some of the vacant buildings on the old campus. It was after this, that Stone Hall became known as Fountain Hall, named for Bishop William A. Fountain. In the 1929, the college deeded the buildings, establishing a permanent home for Morris Brown College.[22]

The Atlanta University campus was moved to its present site, and the modern organization of the Atlanta University Center emerged, with Clark College, Morris Brown College, and the Interdenominational Theological Center joining the affiliation later. The story of the Atlanta University over the next twenty years from 1930 includes many significant developments. Graduate Schools of Library Science, Education, and Business Administration were established in 1941, 1944, and 1946, respectively. The Atlanta School of Social Work, long associated with the university, gave up its charter in 1947 to become an integral part of the university. In 1957, the controlling Boards of the six institutions (Atlanta University; Clark, Morehouse, Morris Brown and Spelman Colleges; and Gammon Theological Seminary) ratified new Articles of Affiliation. The new contract created the Atlanta University Center. The influence of Atlanta University has been extended through professional journals and organizations, including Phylon, and through the work of Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois, a member of the center.

The significance of Atlanta University Center rests in the quality of its leaders, its faculty, and its graduates. Edmund Asa Ware was Atlanta University's spiritual and intellectual father. His dedication to academic excellence and rejection of racial inferiority influenced other black colleges and American education in general. John Hope, former Morehouse president and Atlanta University's first black president, is noted in every history of American education during the first half of this century. Atlanta University's most famous faculty member (1897-1910) was W. E. B. DuBois, who began the Atlanta Studies on Negro Sociology and later became the director of publications for the N.A.A.C.P.

Clark College

Clark College was founded in 1869 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, which later became the United Methodist Church as the nation's first four-year liberal arts college to serve the primarily African-American student population. Clark University was chartered and incorporated in 1877; first offered instruction at the postsecondary level in 1879; awarded its first degree (baccalaureate) in 1880 and became Clark College in 1940.[23] It was named for Bishop Davis Wasgatt Clark, who was the first President of the Freedman's Aid Society and became Bishop in 1864. A sparsely furnished room in Clark Chapel, a Methodist Episcopal church in Atlanta's Summerhill section, housed the first Clark College class. In 1871, the school relocated to a new site on the newly purchased Whitehall and McDaniel Street property. In 1877, the School was chartered as Clark University.

An early benefactor, Bishop Gilbert Haven, visualized Clark as the "university" of all the Methodist schools founded for the education of freedmen. After the school changed locations several times, Bishop Haven, who succeeded Bishop Clark, was instrumental in acquiring 450 acres (1.8 km²) in South Atlanta, where in 1880 the school conferred its first degree. In 1883, Clark established a theology department named for Dr. Elijah H. Gammon. In 1888 the Gammon School of Theology became an independent theological seminary and is currently part of the Interdenominational Theological Center. Clark College merged with Atlanta University July 1, 1988 to form Clark Atlanta University.

Philanthropy

In 2020, MacKenzie Scott donated $15 million to Clark Atlanta University. Her donation is the largest single gift in the history of the institution.[24]

Campus

Bust of W.E.B. DuBois by Ayokunle Odeleye at Clark Atlanta University

Clark Atlanta University's main campus houses 37 buildings (including an art museum) on 126 acres (0.5 km²) and is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from downtown Atlanta.

Residential facilities

• Pfeiffer Hall
• Holmes Hall
• Merner Hall
• Beckwith Hall
• Heritage Commons
• CAU Suites East / West
• Residential Apartments – now called "James P. Brawley Hall" when the original James P. Brawley Hall was demolished in 2007

All undergraduate students with under 58 credits hours are required to live on campus.[25]

Academics

University rankings
National
U.S. News & World Report[26]	293–381
Washington Monthly[27]	161[28]

Clark Atlanta offers undergraduate and graduate degrees through the following schools:

• School of Arts & Science
• School of Business
• School of Education
• School of Social Work

Clark Atlanta is the most comprehensive institution in the Atlanta University Center offering over 40 degrees at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels.

The Isabella T. Jenkins Honors Program is a selective academic program established to provide a close-knit and uniquely stimulating community for high-achieving undergraduates at Clark Atlanta.[29]

Clark Atlanta is annually ranked on the list of The Washington Monthly "Best Colleges and Universities" and consistently ranked a top 20 HBCU by US News & World Report (No. 13).[30]

Clark Atlanta's social work graduate program consistently ranks among the 100 best in the nation by US News & World Report.[31]

Clark Atlanta's Center for Functional Nanoscale Measures (CFNM) has produced more black Ph.D.s in Nanoscale Science than any HBCU in the nation.[32]

Student life

Student body

Annually between 30 and 40% of students are Georgia residents, while the remaining come from outside Georgia.[33] Approximately 25% of students are male and 75% are female.[33] In 2018, 89% of students identified as African-American/Black, 7% identified as Other/Unknown, and 4% identified as International.[34]

CAU Experience

All new undergraduate students are required to attend "CAU Experience", which is five days of events orchestrated to help them get better acquainted with the legacy, traditions, culture, and community of Clark Atlanta University. The preeminent scheduled event is the formal induction ceremony where new undergraduate students are officially inducted as CAU Panthers. "CAU Experience" is mostly led by enthusiastic and trained student leaders known as "OGs" which is an abbreviation for Orientation Guides.[35]

Athletics

Clark Atlanta University, known athletically as the Panthers, competes within the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Division II. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Marching band

The university's marching band is known as the Mighty Marching Panther Band. "Essence" is the dance-line featured with the marching band. The band was featured in the 2002 movie Drumline.

National fraternities and sororities

All nine of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations have chapters established at Clark Atlanta University. Other Greek letter organizations registered on campus include Sigma Alpha Iota, Gamma Sigma Sigma, Kappa Kappa Psi, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Tau Beta Sigma and Gamma Phi Delta.

National Pan-Hellenic Council

About two percent of undergraduate men and three percent of undergraduate women are active in CAU's National Pan-Hellenic Council.[36]

Organization	Chapter	Founded	Status	Notes
Alpha Phi Alpha	Alpha Phi (ΑΦ)	January 28, 1927	Active	Five-Time International Chapter of the Year
Alpha Kappa Alpha	Alpha Pi (ΑΠ)	May 21, 1930	Active	First undergraduate chapter chartered in South Atlantic Region
Kappa Alpha Psi	Gamma Kappa (ΓΚ)	November 23, 1948	Inactive	The chapter is under an involuntary "cease and desist" order
Omega Psi Phi	Beta Psi (ΒΨ)	December 22, 1923	Active	First fraternity chartered on the campus of Clark College
Delta Sigma Theta	Sigma (Σ)	May 6, 1931	Active	First and oldest chapter in the South
Phi Beta Sigma	Psi (Ψ)	December 27, 1935	Active
Zeta Phi Beta	Psi (Ψ)	January 17, 1931	Active
Sigma Gamma Rho	Phi (Φ)	1937	Active
Iota Phi Theta	Epsilon Beta (ΕΒ)	2000	Active

The CAU Panther

The CAU Panther is the student newspaper.

CAU-TV

CAU-TV is a public access channel licensed by Comcast to the university.

WSTU

WSTU is the CAU student-run internet radio station.

WCLK

CAU operates WCLK (91.9 FM), Atlanta's only jazz radio station and one of the longest running in the world.

Notable alumni

This is a list of notable alumni which includes graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Atlanta University, Clark College, Clark University, and/or Clark Atlanta University. It does not include other notable persons who may have attended Clark Atlanta University as cross-registered students (credit as an alumnus is not given to Clark Atlanta University, which has spurred controversy over the school's cross-registration policies).

Name	Class year	Notability	Reference(s)
Ralph Abernathy	1951	Civil rights activist	[37]
Marvin S. Arrington, Sr.	1963	Politician and jurist	[38]
Clarence Cooper	1964	Federal judge	[39]
Brenda S. Banks		Archivist, Deputy Director of the Georgia Department of Archives and History and founder of Banks Archives Consultants	[40]
Ajamu Baraka		Human Rights Activist & 2016 Green Party Vice Presidential Nominee	[41]
Bryan Barber	1996	Director of the 2006 film Idlewild	[42]
Hamilton Bohannon		songwriter and record producer, who was one of the leading figures in 1970s disco music
Joseph Bouie, Jr.		member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 97 in Orleans Parish since 2014; retired faculty member and administrator at Southern University at New Orleans, received Ph.D. from Clark Atlanta	[43]
Aki Collins	1997	Assistant coach with the Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team	[44]
Kenya Barris	1996	Creator and executive producer of ABC's Black-ish	[45]
Marva Collins	1957	Educator; founder and director of the Westside Preparatory School in Chicago, Illinois	[1]
Dewey W. Knight, Jr.	1957	first Black department director and the only black Deputy County Manager in Miami-Dade County	[1]
Mary Frances Early	1957	First African-American graduate of the University of Georgia and its College of Education was renamed in her honor in 2020	[46][47]
Wayman Carver		Composer; first person to use extensive use of the flute in jazz
N'Dea Davenport		Lead Singer of The Brand New Heavies	[48]
Bryan-Michael Cox		Prolific record producer and songwriter	[49]
Amanda Davis		News anchor at CBS 46 in Atlanta, Georgia	[50]
Pearl Cleage		Author	[51]
Pinky Cole	2009	Restaurateur	[52]
DJ Drama	2000	Music producer
Henry O. Flipper		First black graduate of West Point	[53]
C. Hartley Grattan	1923	Economist, historian	[54]
Grace Towns Hamilton	1927	First African American woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly	[55]
William Leo Hansberry	1921	Noted lecturer and scholar	[56]
James A. Hefner	1962	Economist
Fletcher Henderson	1920	Pianist, band leader and composer	[57]
New Jack		Professional wrestler
Alexander Jefferson	1942	Retired US Air Force Lieutenant Colonel and a member of the Tuskegee Airmen	[58]
Robert R. Jennings		President of Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University
Henry C. "Hank" Johnson	1976	U.S. Congressman, Georgia 4th District	[59]
James Weldon Johnson	1904	Noted author, educator, lawyer, diplomat, songwriter and civil rights activist. Writer of the poem Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing, widely known as the "Negro National Anthem".	[51]
Otis Johnson	1969	Mayor of Savannah, Georgia	[60]
Bomani Jones	2001	Sportswriter, Co-Host of Highly Questionable
Kenny Leon	1978	Tony Award winning Broadway and film director. Former artistic director of Atlanta's Alliance Theatre	[51]
Lucy Craft Laney		Educator, opened the first school for black children in Augusta, Georgia in the late 19th century
Curtis Johnson	2008	former NFL linebacker
Walt Landers		former NFL player
Greg McCrary		former NFL tight end
Emmanuel Lewis	1997	Actor
Barbara Lewis King	1957	Founder of the Hillside Chapel and Truth Center and played an important role in the African American church and community	[61]
Martha S. Lewis		Government official in New York City and state	[62]
Evelyn G. Lowery		American civil rights activist and leader; marched in the historic Selma to Montgomery March
Mason "Mase" Durrell Bethea		Rapper
Mary Jackson McCrorey		educator, mission worker	[63]
Isaiah DeQuincey Newman		state field director, South Carolina NAACP, first African American elected to the South Carolina Senate after Reconstruction
Major Owens		Librarian, U.S. Congressman (New York)
Dinah Watts Pace	1883	Educator	[64]
Harry Pace	1903	African-American recording pioneer, founder of Black Swan Records, Insurance executive	[65]
Duke Pearson		Jazz pianist and composer, producer for Blue Note Records
Eva Pigford		Model/actress; winner of America's Next Top Model Cycle 3
Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne	1881	Black suffragist, civil rights activist, and an Atlanta socialite.	[66]
Rachel E. Pruden-Herndon		Municipal court judge and attorney; first African-American woman admitted to the Georgia Bar	[67]
Nnegest Likke		Movie director and screenwriter
Lamont Robinson	2004	Illinois House 5th district State Representative	[68]
Jacque Reid	1995	Journalist
Pernessa C. Seele		Immunologist and the CEO and founder of Balm in Gilead, Inc.	[69]
Amy Sherald	1997	African-American artist that completed the official portrait of First Lady Michelle Obama	[70]
C. Lamont Smith		Sports agent, the founder and president of All Pro Sports and Entertainment
Morris Stroud	1969	Former professional football player
Bazoline Estelle Usher	1906, 1937	Educator, Georgia Woman of Achievement	[71]
Bobby Wilson	2004	Singer better known by his stage name Bobby V
Phuthuma Nhleko		CEO of the MTN Group
Jo Ann Robinson	1948	Civil rights activist
Walshy Fire		DJ, producer and member of Major Lazer
Horace T. Ward		Judge and first black student to legally challenge segregation in higher education in the Deep South	[51]
Walter Francis White	1916	NAACP leader
Hosea Williams		Civil rights activist	[72]
Madaline A. Williams		First black woman elected to the New Jersey state legislature	[73]
Louis Tompkins Wright		First black surgeon to head the Department of Surgery at Harlem Hospital in New York City	[51]
Richard R. Wright	1876	First black Paymaster in the U.S. Army and first president of Savannah State University Valedictorian at Atlanta University's first commencement ceremony in 1876.	[74]
Ella Gaines Yates		First African-American director of the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System

Rich

Notable faculty

Name	Department	Notability	Reference
Alfred Msezane		Physics Professor	[75]
Ariel Serena Hedges Bowen		Music Professor
Enos Luther Brookes	Chemistry	Head of Science Dept.	[76]
Carlton E. Brown	Administration	President Clark Atlanta University
Wayman Carver	Music	Jazz flute and saxophone player, Music Professor (1942-1967)	[77]
Donda West	English	The mother of rapper Kanye West.
W.E.B. Du Bois	Sociology	Scholar, author, and civil rights activist	[78]
Mary Frances Early	Music	The first African American graduate of the University of Georgia	[79]
Robert D. Bullard	Sociology	Ware Professor of Sociology, Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center, and regarded by many as the "father of environmental justice."	[80]
John Hope			[81]
Virginia Lacy Jones		One of the first African-Americans to earn a PhD in the Library Sciences
Whitman Mayo		Drama Professor
Ira De Augustine Reid	Sociology	Professor and Chair of the Sociology Department; founding director of the People's College; editor of the journal Phylon: The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture
Henry Ossawa Tanner		The first African American painter to gain international acclaim.	[82]
J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr.		Mathematician and nuclear scientist
Whitney M. Young Jr.		Dean of Social Work, prior to becoming Executive Director of National Urban League
Shelby F. Lewis	Political science	twice Interim Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences	[83]

See also

• Panther Stadium
• UNCF
• List of historically black colleges of the United States

References

1. "Clark Atlanta University". Retrieved 2008-02-25.
2. "List of HBCUs – White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". August 16, 2007. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
3. "Ranking". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
4. "Clark Atlanta University Welcomes Its New Leader". Clark Atlanta University (Press release). 1 September 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
5. https://www.cau.edu/opar/2017-2019-Fall-Enrollment-Report_Census-9302019.pdf
6. "Logo Information". Clark Atlanta University. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
7. "Men's Basketball Facts". Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
8. "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center for Postsecondary Education. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
9. Ga Tech. "Booker T. Washington High School: Education Flagship for the People".
10. Bacote, Clarence A (1969). "The Story of Atlanta University: A Century of Service, 1865-1965".
11. Tech, Georgia (2020). "Friendship Baptist Church: A Commitment for the Ages".
12. Carrillo, Karen Juanita (2012). African American History Day by Day - A Reference Guide To Events. ISBN 9781598843613.
13. Selcer, Richard S. (2006). Civil War America, 1850 To 1875. ISBN 9781438107974.
14. Selcer, Richard F. (2006). Civil War 1850-1875. ISBN 9781438107974.
15. Tech, Georgia (2020). "Booker T. Washington High School: Education Flagship for the People".
16. DeBoer, Clara Merritt (2016). His Truth Is Marching On - African Americans Who Taught the Freedom for the American Missionary Association, 1861-1877. ISBN 9781315408323.
17. Elmore, Charles J. (2005). "Savannah State University - Education & History".
18. Wilson, Francille Rusan (2006). The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientist and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890-1950. ISBN 9780813925509.
19. Sullivan, Dr. Louis Wade (2014). Breaking Ground - My Life In Medicine. ISBN 9780820346632.
20. Haber, Elizabeth (November 20, 2018). "Oakland Remembers World Was I. James Edward Tate, Jr".
21. Wheatley, Thomas (2017). "Morris Brown College used to enroll 2,500 students. Today, there are 40".
22. City of Atlanta. "Fountain Hall".
23. Gruyter, Walter de (1992). American Universities and Colleges - Fourteenth Edition. ISBN 9783110850482.
24. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/clark-atlanta-university-announces-15-million-gift-largest-individual-gift-in-university-history-301193420.html
25. "Clark Atlanta University". Cau.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
26. "2021 Best National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
27. "2020 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
28. "2014 National Universities Rankings". Washington Monthly. n.d. Archived from the original on 2014-08-28. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
29. "Clark Atlanta University". Cau.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
30. "Historically Black Colleges and Universities Ranking". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
31. "Ranking". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
32. "Clark Atlanta University". Cau.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
33. https://www.cau.edu/about/index.html
34. https://www.cau.edu/opar/institutional-research/Fact-Book-FINAL-2014-2018.pdf
35. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-06. Retrieved 2017-02-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
36. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/clark-atlanta-university-1551/student-life
37. Kirkland, W. Michael (April 27, 2004). "Ralph Abernathy (1926–1990)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. OCLC 54400935. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
38. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2008-07-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
39. "History and Traditions - Emory University". Emoryhistory.emory.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
40. "Brenda Banks obituary". Legacy.com.
41. "Meet Ajamu Baraka: Green VP Candidate Aims to Continue the Legacy of W.E.B. Du Bois & Malcolm X". Democracynow.com.
42. Bryan Barber at IMDb
43. "Joseph Bouie, Jr". House.louisiana.gov. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
44. "Aki Collins". Marquette University Athletics. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
45. "Kenya Barris". HBCUDigest. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
46. https://www.onlineathens.com/photogallery/GA/20200225/PHOTOGALLERY/225009992/PH/1
47. "Mary Frances Early". Fox Television Stations, Inc. Retrieved May 15, 2005.
48. "N'Dea Davenport: Brand New Heavies Vocalist Talks Reunion". Theburtonwire.com. 2016-08-12.
49. "Amanda Davis". February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
50. "Amanda Davis". February 13, 2008. Archived from the original on April 27, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
51. Clowney, Earle D. (August 24, 2004). "Clark Atlanta University". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. OCLC 54400935. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
52. Hill-Bond, Ann (10 January 2019). "Pinky Cole's 'Slutty Vegan' is vegan food meat eaters can love". Retrieved 20 February 2020.
53. "Second Lieutenant Hennry O. Flipper: First Black Graduate of West Point". U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
54. "In Memoriam – C. Hartley Grattan". University of Texas. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
55. Graham, Lawrence Otis (1999). Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class. Harper Perennial. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-06-098438-0.
56. "Leo Hansberry, Founder of Ethiopian Research Council at Tadias Magazine". Tadias.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
57. Hill, Ian (December 20, 2005). "Fletcher Henderson (1897–1952)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. OCLC 54400935. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
58. "Alexander Jefferson Biography". Thehistorymakers.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
59. "Congressman Hank Johnson Georgia's Fourth Congressional District". Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
60. "Biography – Who is Dr. Otis S. Johnson?". Archived from the original on 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
61. Bishop Barbara L. King, founding pastor of Hillside International Truth Center, dies at 90 - Atlanta Journal Constitution, found by searching https://www.ajc.com/news/bishop-barbara-l-king-founding-pastor-of-hillside-international-truth-center-dies-at-90/W55VU6ZOUJHMJO6X2G4AUKF7FM/ Accessed October 16, 2020
62. Lewis, Martha S., Obituary, Albany Times Union, found by searching Legacy.com Obituary web site. Accessed April 15, 2008.
63. Audrey Thomas McCluskey, A Forgotten Sisterhood: Pioneering Black Women Educators and Activists in the Jim Crow South (Rowman & Littlefield 2014): 43-44. ISBN 9781442211407
64. "Died". The Crisis. New York, New York: The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. 40 (5): 19. May 1933. ISSN 1559-1573. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
65. Harry Pace
66. Smith, Jessie Carney (1992). "Cora Catherine Calhoun Horne (1865–1932)". Notable Black American Women. 2. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research. pp. 302–304. ISBN 978-0-8103-9177-2.
67. Winslow Adams, Myron, ed. (1918). General Catalogue of Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia: 1867-1918. Atlanta University Press. p. 16. Retrieved 22 February 2020 – via Google Books.
68. "Illinois Primary Election Results". The New York Times. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
69. "Pernessa C. Seele". Time.com. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
70. "The life — and near-death — of Michelle Obama portrait artist Amy Sherald". Washington.com.
71. Lewis, David Levering (1994). W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868-1919: Biography of a Race. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-1-4668-4151-2. OCLC 872607522. Retrieved August 18, 2018 – via Google Books.
72. Clark Atlanta University from the New Georgia Encyclopedia Online (March 24, 2006). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
73. "Mrs. Madaline A. Williams Dies". The New York Times. December 15, 1968. p. 86. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
74. "New Georgia Encyclopedia". Georgiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
75. "Alfred Msezane". Thehistorymakers.com. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
76. "E. Luther Brookes". Retrieved 2 February 2019.
77. "Collection: Wayman A. Carver papers | Archives Research Center". Findingaids.auctr.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
78. Derrick P. Alridge: W. E. B. Du Bois in Georgia from the New Georgia Encyclopedia Online (January 8, 2010). Retrieved on 2011-07-21.
79. "University of Georgia To Honor First Black Graduate".
80. Dicum, Gregory (2006-03-15). "Meet Robert Bullard, the father of environmental justice". Grist.org. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
81. Kruse, Kevin M. (2005). White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 30.
82. "Henry Ossawa Tanner". Archived from the original on January 10, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
83. "Institute for the Study of Minority Issues". Old Dominion University Libraries. 1990. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

Further reading

• Atlanta University Publications: a series, which began in 1896, of studies on problems affecting black people in the United States, edited by W. E. B. Du Bois.

External links

• Official website