Climate of Iceland

The climate of Iceland is subpolar oceanic (Köppen climate classification Cfc)[1] near the southern coastal area and tundra (Köppen ET) inland in the highlands. The island lies in the path of the North Atlantic Current, which makes its climate more temperate than would be expected for its latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. This effect is aided by the Irminger Current, which also helps to moderate the island's temperature.[2] The weather in Iceland is notoriously variable.[3]

Köppen climate classification types of Iceland
Cars stuck in snow

The aurora borealis is often visible at night during the winter. The midnight sun can be experienced in summer on the island of Grímsey off the north coast; the remainder of the country, since it lies just south of the polar circle, experiences a twilight period during which the sun sets briefly, but still has around two weeks of continuous daylight during the summer.

Seasons

Winter

The Icelandic winter is relatively mild for its latitude, owing to maritime influence and proximity to the warm currents of the North Atlantic Gyre. The southerly lowlands of the island average around 0 °C (32 °F) in winter, while the north averages around −10 °C (14 °F). The lowest temperatures in the northern part of the island range from around −25 to −30 °C (−13 to −22 °F). The lowest temperature on record is −39.7 °C (−39.5 °F).[4]

Summer

The average July temperature in the southern part of the island is 10–13 °C (50–55 °F). Warm summer days can reach 20–25 °C (68–77 °F).[4] The highest temperature recorded was 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) in the Eastern fjords in 1939. Annual average sunshine hours in Reykjavík are around 1300, which is similar to towns in Scotland and Ireland.[5]

Climate data for Reykjavík, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1949–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3)		 10.2
(50.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 17.1
(62.8)		 20.6
(69.1)		 22.4
(72.3)		 25.7
(78.3)		 24.8
(76.6)		 18.5
(65.3)		 15.7
(60.3)		 12.6
(54.7)		 12.0
(53.6)		 25.7
(78.3)
Average high °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5)		 2.8
(37.0)		 3.4
(38.1)		 6.1
(43.0)		 9.7
(49.5)		 12.4
(54.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 13.6
(56.5)		 10.9
(51.6)		 7.0
(44.6)		 4.2
(39.6)		 3.1
(37.6)		 7.5
(45.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)		 0.1
(32.2)		 0.6
(33.1)		 3.0
(37.4)		 6.6
(43.9)		 9.5
(49.1)		 11.2
(52.2)		 10.7
(51.3)		 8.0
(46.4)		 4.4
(39.9)		 1.9
(35.4)		 0.6
(33.1)		 4.7
(40.5)
Average low °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 0.5
(32.9)		 3.8
(38.8)		 7.0
(44.6)		 8.8
(47.8)		 8.4
(47.1)		 5.7
(42.3)		 2.2
(36.0)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 2.3
(36.1)
Record low °C (°F) −19.7
(−3.5)		 −17.6
(0.3)		 −16.4
(2.5)		 −16.4
(2.5)		 −7.7
(18.1)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 1.4
(34.5)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −10.6
(12.9)		 −15.1
(4.8)		 −16.8
(1.8)		 −19.7
(−3.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 83.0
(3.27)		 85.9
(3.38)		 81.4
(3.20)		 56.0
(2.20)		 52.8
(2.08)		 43.8
(1.72)		 52.3
(2.06)		 67.3
(2.65)		 73.5
(2.89)		 74.4
(2.93)		 78.8
(3.10)		 94.1
(3.70)		 843.3
(33.20)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.3 12.5 14.4 12.2 9.8 10.7 10.0 11.7 12.4 14.5 12.5 13.9 148.3
Average relative humidity (%) 78.1 77.1 76.2 74.4 74.9 77.9 80.3 81.6 79.0 78.0 77.7 77.7 77.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 20 60 109 164 201 174 168 155 120 93 41 22 1,326
Source: Icelandic Met Office (precipitation days 1961–1990)[6][7][8]
Climate data for Akureyri, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1949–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5)		 14.5
(58.1)		 15.2
(59.4)		 21.5
(70.7)		 24.6
(76.3)		 29.4
(84.9)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.7
(81.9)		 23.6
(74.5)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.5
(63.5)		 15.1
(59.2)		 29.4
(84.9)
Average high °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4)		 2.1
(35.8)		 2.8
(37.0)		 5.7
(42.3)		 10.0
(50.0)		 13.5
(56.3)		 15.0
(59.0)		 14.6
(58.3)		 11.0
(51.8)		 6.0
(42.8)		 3.3
(37.9)		 2.4
(36.3)		 7.4
(45.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 2.0
(35.6)		 5.9
(42.6)		 9.4
(48.9)		 11.1
(52.0)		 10.7
(51.3)		 7.3
(45.1)		 3.0
(37.4)		 0.3
(32.5)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 3.8
(38.8)
Average low °C (°F) −4.3
(24.3)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 2.9
(37.2)		 6.4
(43.5)		 8.4
(47.1)		 7.8
(46.0)		 4.7
(40.5)		 0.6
(33.1)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 1.0
(33.8)
Record low °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9)		 −21.2
(−6.2)		 −23.0
(−9.4)		 −18.2
(−0.8)		 −10.4
(13.3)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 −13.6
(7.5)		 −18.5
(−1.3)		 −20.6
(−5.1)		 −23.0
(−9.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60.7
(2.39)		 50.6
(1.99)		 49.7
(1.96)		 28.5
(1.12)		 22.2
(0.87)		 20.7
(0.81)		 32.1
(1.26)		 41.5
(1.63)		 46.8
(1.84)		 72.2
(2.84)		 58.8
(2.31)		 57.0
(2.24)		 540.7
(21.29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.1 8.3 9.8 6.2 4.8 6.4 7.3 7.1 7.9 11.0 10.9 11.3 102.5
Average relative humidity (%) 79.4 79.3 78.9 75.7 73.4 73.2 77.8 78.3 77.4 81.2 80.8 79.5 77.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 6.7 34.0 74.2 121.6 165.3 189.9 150.9 132.8 85.4 46.1 14.8 0.2 1,028.6
Source: Icelandic Met Office (precipitation days 1961–1990)[9][10][11]

Winds and storms

Iceland, especially inland and during winter, is frequently subject to abrupt and dramatic changes in weather that can sharply reduce visibility, as well as rapidly increasing wind speed and precipitation, and shift temperature.

Generally, wind speeds tend to be higher in the highlands, but topographical features can aggravate winds and cause strong gusts in lowland areas. Wind speed in the lowlands reaches 18 m/s (40 mph) on 10–20 days per year, but on upwards of 50 days per year in places in the highlands.[4] The strongest measured 10-minute sustained wind speed is 62.5 m/s (140 mph) and the strongest gust 74.2 m/s (166 mph).[12] Heavy dust storms can be generated by strong glacial winds, and can be very strong. Up to 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11.0 short tons) of material can be in motion per transect per hour. These storms are very frequent in the early summer in the arid highland areas north of the Vatnajökull glacier.[13]

Thunderstorms are extremely rare for any specific location in Iceland, with fewer than five storms per year in the southern part of the island. They are most common in early or late summer. They can be caused by warm air masses coming up from Europe, or deep lows from the southwest in wintertime. Lightning can usually be observed in connection with ash plumes erupting from the island's volcanoes.[14] Vortices, sometimes on the scale of tornadoes, also occur with volcanic eruptions. Landspouts and waterspouts are occasionally observed. Classic mesocyclone derived tornadoes (i.e. forming from supercells) are very rare, but have been observed. Any of these do occasionally cause damage, although the sparse population further reduces the probability of detection and the hazard.[15][16]

Atmospheric pressure

There is a persistent area of low pressure near Iceland known as the Icelandic Low, found between Iceland and Greenland. This area affects the amount of air brought into the Arctic to the east, and the amount coming out of the Arctic to the west.[17] It is part of a greater pressure system known as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).[18]

See also

References
  1. "Koppen climate classification | climatology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  2. "Climate in Iceland". notendur.hi.is. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  3. weatheronline.co.uk. "Climate of the World: Iceland | weatheronline.co.uk". www.weatheronline.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  4. "The dynamic climate of Iceland". University of Iceland.
  5. "Sunrise and sunset times in Reykjavik". www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  6. "Monthly Averages for Reykjavík". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  7. "Annual Averages for Reykjavík". Icelandic Met Office. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  8. "Reykjavík 1961-1990 Averages". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  9. "Monthly Averages for Akureyri". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  10. "Annual Averages for Akureyri". Icelandic Met Office. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  11. "Akureyri 1961–1990 Averages". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  12. "Icelandic weather records". Icelandic Met Office (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  13. "Seasons and Climate | Iceland Travel | Weather in Iceland". Iceland Travel. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  14. "Iceland —". www.noonsite.com. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  15. Antonescu, Bogdan; D. M. Schultz; F. Lomas (2016). "Tornadoes in Europe: Synthesis of the Observational Datasets". Mon. Wea. Rev. 144 (7): 2445–2480. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0298.1.
  16. "Tornadoes leave South Iceland farm in ruins". Iceland Monitor. Reykjavík: Morgunblaðið. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  17. Hanna, Edward; Jónsson, Trausti; Box, Jason E. (2004-08-01). "An analysis of Icelandic climate since the nineteenth century". International Journal of Climatology. 24 (10): 1193–1210. doi:10.1002/joc.1051. ISSN 1097-0088.
  18. "Climate Prediction Center - Teleconnections: North Atlantic Oscillation". www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
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