Climate of Lisbon

Lisbon and its metropolitan area feature a mild subtropical or a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa),[2] with short and mild winters and warm to hot summers. According to Troll-Paffen climate classification, Lisbon has a warm-temperate subtropical climate (Warmgemäßigt-subtropisches Zonenklima).[3] According to Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Lisbon has a subtropical climate.[4]

Lisbon
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
100
 
 
15
8
 
 
85
 
 
16
9
 
 
53
 
 
19
11
 
 
68
 
 
20
12
 
 
54
 
 
22
14
 
 
16
 
 
26
17
 
 
4.2
 
 
28
18
 
 
6.2
 
 
28
19
 
 
33
 
 
27
18
 
 
101
 
 
23
15
 
 
128
 
 
18
12
 
 
127
 
 
15
9
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[1]

Classifications
Lisbon Climate according to major climate systems
Climatic scheme Initials Description
Köppen system[5] Csa hot-summer Mediterranean climate
Trewartha system[6] Cs Subtropical dry summer
Alisov system[7] N/A Subtropical climate
Strahler system[8] N/A Mediterranean climate
Thornthwaite system[9]
C2 B'2
 Moist subhumid Mesothermal
Neef system[10] N/A

Temperature

Normals

Lisbon has mild to warm, moderate temperatures, winters are very mild for its latitude, influence of the Portugal Current, a weak current by-product of the Gulf Stream, average highs during this season vary between 15 and 16 °C (59 and 61 °F). Lisbon has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city, ranging between 8 and 10 °C (46 and 50 °F). Summers are warm to hot, though due to the upwelling phenomena in the western coasts of its metropolitan area, maxima in summer has dramatic fluctuations depending on the location. Regions east of the Tagus Estuary usually average around 30 °C (86 °F) maxima in July and August, while western areas close to the coast, such as Cascais or Sintra, will usually average around 23–25 °C (73–77 °F) maxima, reaching as far as 21 °C (70 °F) in Cabo da Roca. Costa da Caparica does not have such strong upwelling conditions and is usually hotter in the summer than the aforementioned coasts. Summer nights are often independent on the location, averaging a comfortable 18–19 °C (64–66 °F).[11]

Climate data for Lisbon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6)		 16.2
(61.2)		 18.8
(65.8)		 19.8
(67.6)		 22.1
(71.8)		 25.7
(78.3)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28.3
(82.9)		 26.5
(79.7)		 22.5
(72.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 15.3
(59.5)		 21.3
(70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 12.7
(54.9)		 14.9
(58.8)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.0
(64.4)		 21.2
(70.2)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.5
(74.3)		 22.1
(71.8)		 18.8
(65.8)		 15.0
(59.0)		 12.4
(54.3)		 17.4
(63.4)
Average low °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)		 9.1
(48.4)		 11.0
(51.8)		 11.9
(53.4)		 13.9
(57.0)		 16.6
(61.9)		 18.2
(64.8)		 18.6
(65.5)		 17.6
(63.7)		 15.1
(59.2)		 11.8
(53.2)		 9.4
(48.9)		 13.5
(56.2)
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[1]

Extremes

Lisbon's location on the westernmost side of continental Europe makes it much less vulnerable to both heatwaves and coldwaves, though outbrakes of the Saharan Air Layer can sometimes push the temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) as it happened as part of the 2018 European heat wave, skies were a shade of white due to the extreme concentrations of airborne dust particles. Temperatures in two of Lisbon's stations reached an all-time high of 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 August of that same year. The third station (Tapada da Ajuda) recorded 43.3 °C (109.9 °F).[12][13] The coldest temperatures ever recorded in the city were −1.5 °C (29.3 °F) on 15 January 1985[14] and −1.2 °C (29.8 °F) on 11 February 1956.[15]

In a normal year, the recorded maxima can go anywere from 12–19 °C (54–66 °F) in the winter and 23–35 °C (73–95 °F) in the summer, and the minima from 3–14 °C (37–57 °F) in the winter and 16–24 °C (61–75 °F) in the summer. Temperatures behond these are usually considered irregular and limited to exceptional years. Lisbon is on the USDA hardiness zone 10b.[16]

Climate data for Lisbon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.1
(75.4)		 26.8
(80.2)		 30.4
(86.7)		 33.2
(91.8)		 37.8
(100.0)		 42.0
(107.6)		 40.6
(105.1)		 44.0
(111.2)		 41.4
(106.5)		 34.6
(94.3)		 28.3
(82.9)		 25.2
(77.4)		 44.0
(111.2)
Record low °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 0.0
(32.0)		 2.5
(36.5)		 5.0
(41.0)		 8.0
(46.4)		 10.2
(50.4)		 11.0
(51.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 6.0
(42.8)		 3.4
(38.1)		 0.5
(32.9)		 −1.5
(29.3)
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[1]

Precipitation

Lisbon can be described both as a moist and a dry city depending on the season of the year. Precipitation is most common in Autumn and Winter which is therefore the greenest time of the year. Summers in Lisbon tend to be very dry due to the Azores high though exeptions happen and low-pressure areas can come into play bringing more than average rains but still avoiding a wet summer (>30 mm (1.2 in). Foggy mornings are also common in the summer, especially in coastal areas and can bring drizzle which can sometimes be observed early in the day in wet roads and calçada near shady areas.

Lisbon has on average 112 precipitation days a year of which around 30% is drizzle (below 1 mm (0.039 in)). The driest months, July and August, have on average two days of precipitation (4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) of which 50% is drizzle), and the wettest months, November and December, have on average 12-15 days of precipitation and around 127 mm (5.0 in).[17] December is the rainiest month of which half the days receive some form of precipitation. The average annual precipitation is 774 mm (30.5 in).[1]

Climate data for Lisbon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average precipitation mm (inches) 99.9
(3.93)		 84.9
(3.34)		 53.2
(2.09)		 68.1
(2.68)		 53.6
(2.11)		 15.9
(0.63)		 4.2
(0.17)		 6.2
(0.24)		 32.9
(1.30)		 100.8
(3.97)		 127.6
(5.02)		 126.7
(4.99)		 774
(30.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1mm) 13.0 13.0 10.0 13.0 9.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 11.0 12.0 15.0 112.0
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia,[1] Hong Kong Observatory[17] for data of avg. precipitation days

Humidity

In the same way precipitation varies greatly from month to month, the average relative humidity also experiences considerable seasonal changes. Lisbon has very humid winters, averaging 78-80% humidity. This humidity also ads to its mildness but can also result in muggy conditions in the most humid winter days, especially in closed spaces with no air filtration. The air in the summer is otherwise dry, 60 to 65%, and is particularly variable, often going below 40% during the day and 70% at night.[11][18]

Climate data for Lisbon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average relative humidity (%) 80 78 71 69 66 66 63 61 67 72 77 79 71
Source: NOAA[18]

Sunshine

Lisbon is a sunny city, in fact, it is the sunniest capital city in mainland Europe and one of the sunniest overall places in southern Europe, with more than 2,800 yearly sunshine hours despite the relatively high yearly precipitation.[17] Sunshine and precipitation stack up oppositely with the dullest month being also the rainiest month (December) which as around 140-150 total hours. Despite July having the most sun hours, August is on average the sunniest month with around 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.

In the Lisbon area, sunshine hours reach their maximum value near Cascais, where stronger winds often dissipate the winter clouds, and the western Setúbal Peninsula, and their lowest in the Sintra Mountains and parts of the northwest District.[19]

Climate data for Lisbon, 1961-1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.6 156.6 207.7 234.0 291.4 303.0 353.4 344.1 261.0 213.9 156.0 142.6 2,806.3
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[17]
Climate data for Lisbon, 1990-2019
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158.6 174.7 216.0 248.0 296.8 322.2 349.7 339.9 259.8 196.4 163.1 149.7 2,874.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.1 6.2 7.0 8.3 9.6 10.7 11.3 11.0 8.7 6.3 5.4 4.8 7.9
Percent possible sunshine 52 57 58 63 67 73 77 81 70 57 54 51 63
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 3 2 5
Source 1: German Meteorological Service[20][21]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[22]

Daylight

Due to its southern positon in Europe, Lisbon has a rather optimal number of hours of daylight. Winter days are not as short as in the northern part of the continent and summers have at least 9 hours of nighttime. The average duration of daylight in the wintertime is 10.3 hours[23] (for comparison: London[24] or Moscow[25] or Warsaw[26] have about 8 hours).

Average hours of daylight[23][27]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
hours of light 9.8 10.7 11.9 13.2 14.2 14.8 14.5 13.6 12.4 11.1 10 9.5
hours of Twilight/Night 14.2 13.3 12.1 10.8 9.8 9.2 9.5 10.4 11.6 12.9 14 14.5

Wind

Lisbon is generally still, though it can become quite windy in occasional Atlantic storms, acompanied by rain. The average wind speed depends largely on the area. Tapada da Ajuda has almost no sign of wind, other areas such as Gago Coutinho, near the airport, get double that wind speed. The District of Lisbon, especially the west, is one of Portugal's windiest zones. Cabo da Roca has registered wind gusts of up to 169 km/h (105 mph).[28]

Average wind speed (km/h) 1971-2000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Instituto Geofísico[29] 12.2 13.2 13.0 13.6 13.7 13.9 13.9 12.1 11.8 11.7 13.0 13.0 13.0
Tapada da Ajuda[30] 5.7 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.1 5.8 5.4 6.1 6.1
Gago Coutinho[31] 11.7 12.6 13.2 14.2 13.9 14.5 15.3 14.6 12.6 11.8 11.1 11.7 13.1

Sea temperature

As with the rest of Portugal, ocean temperatures are extremely moderate and cool year-round, only varying 5 °C (41 °F) between the coldest and warmest month. The coolest months are February and March (around 15–15.5 °C (59.0–59.9 °F)) while the warmest are from August through October (around 19–20 °C (66–68 °F)). The average annual sea surface temperature is around 17.5 °C (63.5 °F).[32][33]

Average sea temperature, according to surf-forecast.com:[32]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
15.5 °C (59.9 °F) 15.0 °C (59.0 °F) 15.0 °C (59.0 °F) 16.0 °C (60.8 °F) 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) 17.6 °C (63.7 °F)
Average sea temperature, according to seatemperature.org:[33]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
15.8 °C (60.4 °F) 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) 17.4 °C (63.3 °F) 18.6 °C (65.5 °F) 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) 17.6 °C (63.7 °F)

Climatic data
Climate data for Lisbon (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: 77 m or 253 ft, 1981-2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)		 24.8
(76.6)		 29.4
(84.9)		 32.2
(90.0)		 35.0
(95.0)		 41.5
(106.7)		 40.6
(105.1)		 44.0
(111.2)		 37.3
(99.1)		 32.6
(90.7)		 25.3
(77.5)		 25.1
(77.2)		 44.0
(111.2)
Average high °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6)		 16.2
(61.2)		 18.8
(65.8)		 19.8
(67.6)		 22.1
(71.8)		 25.7
(78.3)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28.3
(82.9)		 26.5
(79.7)		 22.5
(72.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 15.3
(59.5)		 21.3
(70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 12.7
(54.9)		 14.9
(58.8)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.0
(64.4)		 21.2
(70.2)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.5
(74.3)		 22.1
(71.8)		 18.8
(65.8)		 15.0
(59.0)		 12.4
(54.3)		 17.4
(63.4)
Average low °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)		 9.1
(48.4)		 11.0
(51.8)		 11.9
(53.4)		 13.9
(57.0)		 16.6
(61.9)		 18.2
(64.8)		 18.6
(65.5)		 17.6
(63.7)		 15.1
(59.2)		 11.8
(53.2)		 9.4
(48.9)		 13.5
(56.2)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 0.2
(32.4)		 5.5
(41.9)		 6.8
(44.2)		 10.3
(50.5)		 13.1
(55.6)		 13.8
(56.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 8.0
(46.4)		 3.9
(39.0)		 2.1
(35.8)		 −1.2
(29.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 99.9
(3.93)		 84.9
(3.34)		 53.2
(2.09)		 68.1
(2.68)		 53.6
(2.11)		 15.9
(0.63)		 4.2
(0.17)		 6.2
(0.24)		 32.9
(1.30)		 100.8
(3.97)		 127.6
(5.02)		 126.7
(4.99)		 774
(30.5)
Source: IPMA[1]
Climate data for Lisbon (Instituto Geofísico), elevation: 77 m or 253 ft, 1971-2000 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1)		 24.8
(76.6)		 28.3
(82.9)		 29.4
(84.9)		 35.0
(95.0)		 41.5
(106.7)		 40.6
(105.1)		 37.9
(100.2)		 37.1
(98.8)		 32.6
(90.7)		 25.0
(77.0)		 25.1
(77.2)		 41.5
(106.7)
Average high °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.2
(64.8)		 19.2
(66.6)		 21.4
(70.5)		 24.8
(76.6)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.8
(82.0)		 26.2
(79.2)		 22.1
(71.8)		 18.0
(64.4)		 15.2
(59.4)		 20.9
(69.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.3
(52.3)		 12.6
(54.7)		 14.3
(57.7)		 15.3
(59.5)		 17.3
(63.1)		 20.3
(68.5)		 22.7
(72.9)		 22.9
(73.2)		 21.7
(71.1)		 18.4
(65.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 12.4
(54.3)		 17.0
(62.6)
Average low °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)		 9.2
(48.6)		 10.4
(50.7)		 11.5
(52.7)		 13.3
(55.9)		 15.9
(60.6)		 17.9
(64.2)		 18.1
(64.6)		 17.3
(63.1)		 14.6
(58.3)		 11.5
(52.7)		 9.5
(49.1)		 13.1
(55.6)
Record low °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7)		 1.2
(34.2)		 2.9
(37.2)		 5.5
(41.9)		 6.9
(44.4)		 10.3
(50.5)		 13.1
(55.6)		 13.8
(56.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 8.0
(46.4)		 3.9
(39.0)		 2.4
(36.3)		 0.4
(32.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 96.8
(3.81)		 90.2
(3.55)		 51.2
(2.02)		 64.7
(2.55)		 55.6
(2.19)		 17.2
(0.68)		 6.1
(0.24)		 6.8
(0.27)		 28.5
(1.12)		 79.8
(3.14)		 107.1
(4.22)		 121.8
(4.80)		 725.8
(28.59)
Source: IPMA[34]
Climate data for Lisbon (Tapada da Ajuda), elevation: 37 m or 121 ft, 1971-2000 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.1
(68.2)		 24.5
(76.1)		 29.0
(84.2)		 29.5
(85.1)		 35.6
(96.1)		 41.0
(105.8)		 41.2
(106.2)		 38.0
(100.4)		 37.5
(99.5)		 33.0
(91.4)		 25.5
(77.9)		 23.1
(73.6)		 41.2
(106.2)
Average high °C (°F) 14.6
(58.3)		 15.8
(60.4)		 18.0
(64.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 21.3
(70.3)		 24.9
(76.8)		 27.6
(81.7)		 28.0
(82.4)		 26.2
(79.2)		 22.2
(72.0)		 18.2
(64.8)		 15.5
(59.9)		 20.9
(69.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8)		 12.1
(53.8)		 13.5
(56.3)		 14.4
(57.9)		 16.5
(61.7)		 19.6
(67.3)		 22.0
(71.6)		 22.3
(72.1)		 20.9
(69.6)		 17.8
(64.0)		 14.5
(58.1)		 12.2
(54.0)		 16.4
(61.5)
Average low °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1)		 8.3
(46.9)		 9.0
(48.2)		 9.9
(49.8)		 11.8
(53.2)		 14.4
(57.9)		 16.3
(61.3)		 16.6
(61.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 13.5
(56.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 8.9
(48.0)		 11.9
(53.4)
Record low °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3)		 0.5
(32.9)		 0.0
(32.0)		 2.5
(36.5)		 5.0
(41.0)		 8.0
(46.4)		 10.2
(50.4)		 11.0
(51.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 6.0
(42.8)		 3.4
(38.1)		 0.5
(32.9)		 −1.5
(29.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 90.7
(3.57)		 85.4
(3.36)		 47.4
(1.87)		 59.9
(2.36)		 50.9
(2.00)		 16.9
(0.67)		 5.5
(0.22)		 5.6
(0.22)		 28.3
(1.11)		 76.2
(3.00)		 100.3
(3.95)		 113.3
(4.46)		 680.4
(26.79)
Source: IPMA[35]

See also

Climate in other places in Iberian Peninsula:

References
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  2. "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification". Archived from the original on 2010-09-06.
  3. Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification Archived October 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  4. Die Klimatypen der Erde - Pädagogische Hochschule in Heidelberg
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  7. Cmapm, Kliimavöötmed svg: Urmasderivative work (2011-06-16), Русский: Климатические пояса Земли по Б. П. Алисову., retrieved 27 June 2020
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  12. "August 2018 bulletin" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  13. "G.Coutinho and Tapada weather stations meassure the Lisbon highest temperature record". 5 August 2018.
  14. "Ficha Climatológica Lisboa/Tapada da Ajuda" (PDF). Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  15. "Climate Records". Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  16. "Hardiness zones of Portugal" (PDF). Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Lisboa. pages 60-62.
  17. "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal" (1961-1990) Archived 2019-01-29 at the Wayback Machine - Hong Kong Observatory
  18. "Monthly Averages for Lisbon, Portugal (1961–1990)". NOAA. Retrieved 2020-10-20.
  19. "Solar prospecting tool for fast and reliable project pre-feasibility". SolarGis. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  20. "Monthly Averages for Lisbon". DwD.
  21. "Monthly Averages for Lisbon". DwD.
  22. "Lisbon, Portugal - Monthly weather forecast and climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
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  24. http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/united-kingdom/london.php
  25. http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/russia-europe/moscow.php
  26. http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/poland/warsaw.php
  27. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. "IPMA estima ventos entre 180 e 190km/hora durante a tempestade Leslie". Observador. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  29. "Lisboa Geofísico 1971-2000" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  30. "Lisboa Tapada da Ajuda 1971-2000" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  31. "Lisboa Gago Coutinho 1971-2000" (PDF). IPMA. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  32. "Carcavelos Water Temperature and Wetsuit Guide (Lisboa, Portugal)". surf-forecast.com. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
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