Congestive hepatopathy

Congestive hepatopathy, is liver dysfunction due to venous congestion, usually due to congestive heart failure. The gross pathological appearance of a liver affected by chronic passive congestion is "speckled" like a grated nutmeg kernel; the dark spots represent the dilated and congested hepatic venules and small hepatic veins. The paler areas are unaffected surrounding liver tissue. When severe and longstanding, hepatic congestion can lead to fibrosis; if congestion is due to right heart failure, it is called cardiac cirrhosis.[1]

Congestive hepatopathy
Other namesNutmeg liver and Chronic passive congestion of the liver
Micrograph of congestive hepatopathy demonstrating perisinusoidal fibrosis and centrilobular (zone III) sinusoidal dilation. Liver biopsy. Trichrome stain.
SpecialtyGastroenterology, hepatology 

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms depend largely upon the primary lesions giving rise to the condition. In addition to the heart or lung symptoms, there will be a sense of fullness and tenderness in the right hypochondriac region. Gastrointestinal catarrh is usually present, and vomiting of blood may occur. There is usually more or less jaundice. Owing to portal obstruction, ascites occurs, followed later by generalised oedema. The stools are light or clay-colored, and the urine is colored by bile. On palpation, the liver is found enlarged and tender, sometimes extending several inches below the costal margin of the ribs.

Pathophysiology
CT appearance of liver in congestive hepatopathy, sometimes referred to as a nutmeg liver. Due to congestion, contrast does not flow through the liver in a normal manner. Axial and coronal images in the portal venous phase.

Increased pressure in the sublobular branches of the hepatic veins causes an engorgement of venous blood, and is most frequently due to chronic cardiac lesions, especially those affecting the right heart (e.g., right-sided heart failure), the blood being dammed back in the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins. Central regions of the hepatic lobules are red–brown and stand out against the non-congested, tan-coloured liver. Centrilobular necrosis occurs.

Macroscopically, the liver has a pale and spotty appearance in affected areas, as stasis of the blood causes pericentral hepatocytes (liver cells surrounding the central venule of the liver) to become deoxygenated compared to the relatively better-oxygenated periportal hepatocytes adjacent to the hepatic arterioles. This retardation of the blood also occurs in lung lesions, such as chronic interstitial pneumonia, pleural effusions, and intrathoracic tumors.

Diagnosis

It is diagnosed with laboratory testing, including liver function tests, and radiology imaging, including ultrasounds.[2] [3]

Treatment

Treatment is directed largely to removing the cause, or, where that is impossible, to modifying effects of the heart failure.[4] Thus, therapy aimed at improving right heart function will also improve congestive hepatopathy. True nutmeg liver is usually secondary to left-sided heart failure causing congestive right heart failure, so treatment options are limited.

See also

References
  1. Giallourakis CC, Rosenberg PM, Friedman LS (2002). "The liver in heart failure". Clin Liver Dis. 6 (4): 947–67, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/S1089-3261(02)00056-9. PMID 12516201.
  2. Alvarez, Alicia M.; Mukherjee, Debabrata (2011). "Liver Abnormalities in Cardiac Diseases and Heart Failure". The International Journal of Angiology. 20 (3): 135–142. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1284434. PMC 3331650. PMID 22942628.
  3. Morales A, Hirsch M, Schneider D, González G. Congestive hepatopathy: the role of the radiologist in the diagnosis. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2020.19673
  4. "Congestive Hepatopathy - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
Classification
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