Corporatization

Corporatization is the process of transforming state assets, government agencies, or municipal organizations into corporations.[1][2][3][4] It refers to a restructuring of government and public organizations into their administration.[2] The result of corporatization is the creation of state-owned corporations (or corporations at other government levels, such as municipally owned corporations) where the government retains a majority ownership of the corporation's stock.[1][5]

This article is about transforming publicly owned or municipal organizations into business corporations. For the economic and social ideology with a similar name, see Corporatism.
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In contrast, the term may also refer to the construction of state corporatism, where state-owned corporations are created and delegated public joint-stock, publicly listed companies, in order to introduce corporate and business management techniques to social tasks resembling corporate nationalism as an alternative to privatization.[citation needed] Corporatization can also refer to non-corporate entities like universities or hospitals becoming corporations, or taking up management structures or other features and behaviors employed by corporations.[citation needed]

History

The move towards neoliberal economic reform and New Public Management public service reform in the 1980s led to privatization of public functions in many countries.[6] Corporatization was seen as a half-way house on the road to privatization.[1] These state-owned enterprises are organized in the same manner as private corporations, with the difference that the company's shares remain in the ownership of the state and are not traded on the stock market.[5] Corporatization is today often seen as an end in itself in order to introduce autonomy in organizations, hoping that this brings efficiency gains.[7]

Some argue that the trend towards corporatization has sped up due to the financial crisis,[4] although there is evidence that there has been a trend towards corporatization since at least the start of the century.[3]

Reasons and effects

Corporatization can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery (with mixed successes), as a step towards (partial) privatization, or to alleviate fiscal stress.

(Potentially) improving efficiency

A key purpose of corporatization is externalization.[1] The effect of corporatization has been to convert state departments (or municipal services) into public companies and interpose commercial boards of directors between the shareholding ministers / city council and the management of the enterprises.[5] Such externalization creates legal and managerial autonomy from politicians, which could potentially increase efficiency, as it safeguards the firm from political exploitation. However, corporatization can also fail to bring efficiency (or cause inefficiency), because this autonomy reduces the government's ability to monitor its management. Whether corporatization is beneficial may depend on the nature of the service that is corporatized, where autonomy may be less beneficial for more politicized and complex services.[7]

Step towards privatization or hybridization

Although corporatization is to be distinguished from privatization (the former involves publicly owned corporations, the latter privately owned ones), once a service has been corporatised it is often relatively easy to privatise or part-privatise it, for example by selling some or all of the company's shares via the stock market.[5] In some cases (e.g. the Netherlands in regard to water supply) there are laws to prevent this.[citation needed] Corporatization also can be a step towards the creation of hybrid forms of organization, such as institutional public-private partnerships or inter-municipal service organizations.[7]

Alleviate fiscal stress

Corporatization is also a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as corporations can become standalone organizations that do not count towards municipalities' budgets.[1][3][4][8][9]

Prevalence

Corporatization of state enterprises and collectively owned enterprises was a major component of the economic restructuring program of formerly communist nations, most notably the People's Republic of China.[10] China's contemporary socialist market economy is based on a corporatized state sector where state companies are owned by the central government but managed in a semi-autonomous fashion.[10] Corporatization has also been used in New Zealand and most states of Australia in the reform of their electricity markets, as well as in many other countries and industries (e.g. Dutch water supply companies).

Major areas

National level

On a national scale, major areas of services which have been corporatized in the past include:[citation needed]

  • National railroads, the initial impetus to corporatization of functions that had belonged to national and local governing bodies began in the sphere of national railroad construction in the mid-19th century.
  • Corporatized highways, for example toll roads.
  • Corporatized electricity
  • Telecommunications

Local level

On a local scale, major areas of services which have been corporatized include:[7][11]

  • Corporatized water, for example, the Dutch water supply companies are publicly owned corporations (mostly by municipalities, but also by regional governments). For involvement of private corporations in water supply, see water industry and water privatization.
  • Bus services
  • Refuse collection
  • Housing development
  • State employment services
  • Theaters and cultural institutions

See also Municipally owned corporation.

Further reading

See also

Examples:

References
  1. Grossi, Giuseppe, and Christoph Reichard (2008) (2008). "Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy". Public Management Review. 10 (5): 597–617. doi:10.1080/14719030802264275. S2CID 153354582.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. Investopedia. "Corporatization". Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  3. Voorn, Bart, Sandra Van Thiel, and Marieke van Genugten (2018) (2018). "Debate: Corporatization as more than a recent crisis-driven development". Public Money & Management. 38 (7): 481–482. doi:10.1080/09540962.2018.1527533. S2CID 158097385.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Ferry, Laurence, Rhys Andrews, Chris Skelcher, and Piotr Wegorowski (2018) (2018). "New development: Corporatization of local authorities in England in the wake of austerity 2010–2016" (PDF). Public Money & Management. 38 (6): 477–480. doi:10.1080/09540962.2018.1486629. S2CID 158266874.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Marra, Alessandro (2007). "Internal regulation by mixed enterprises: the case of the Italian water sector". Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics.
  6. Hood, Christopher (1995). "The "New Public Management" in the 1980s: variations on a theme". Accounting, Organizations and Society. S2CID 1747210. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. Voorn, Bart, Marieke L. Van Genugten, and Sandra Van Thiel (2017) (2017). "The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review" (PDF). Local Government Studies. 43 (5): 820–841. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360. hdl:2066/176125. S2CID 157153401.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Citroni, Giulio, Andrea Lippi, and Stefania Profeti (2013) (2013). "Remapping the state: inter-municipal cooperation through corporatization and public-private governance structures". Local Government Studies. 39 (2): 208–234. doi:10.1080/03003930.2012.707615. S2CID 153868382.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Antonio Tavares (2017) (2017). "Ten years after: revisiting the determinants of the adoption of municipal corporations for local service delivery". Local Government Studies. 43 (5): 697–706. doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1356723. S2CID 157982356.
  10. World Bank. "Reform of China's State-owned Enterprises A Progress Report of Oxford Analytica". Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  11. Voorn, Bart, Marieke van Genugten, and Sandra van Thiel (2018). "Background, Autonomy, Steering, and Corporate Governance: Determinants of the Effectiveness of (Governance of) Municipal Corporations". Lausanne: EGPA.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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