Cross of Iron

Cross of Iron (German: Steiner – Das Eiserne Kreuz, lit. "Steiner – The Iron Cross") is a 1977 war film directed by Sam Peckinpah, featuring James Coburn, Maximilian Schell, James Mason and David Warner. Set in late 1943 on the Eastern Front in World War II, the film focuses on the class conflict between a newly arrived, aristocratic Prussian officer who covets winning the Iron Cross and a cynical, battle-hardened infantry NCO.

This article is about the 1977 film. For other uses, see Cross of Iron (disambiguation).

Cross of Iron
Directed bySam Peckinpah
Produced byAlex Winitsky
Arlene Sellers
Wolf C. Hartwig
Screenplay byJulius Epstein
James Hamilton
Walter Kelley
Based onThe Willing Flesh
by Willi Heinrich
StarringJames Coburn
Maximilian Schell
James Mason
David Warner
Senta Berger
Music byErnest Gold
CinematographyJohn Coquillon
Edited byMichael Ellis
Tony Lawson
Uncredited:
Murray Jordan
Herbert Taschner
Production
company
Distributed byEMI Films (UK)
Constantin Film (West Germany)
AVCO Embassy Pictures (US)
Release date
  • 28 January 1977 (1977-01-28) (Germany)
  • 8 March 1977 (1977-03-08) (UK)
  • 11 May 1977 (1977-05-11) (US)
Running time
133 minutes
CountryUnited Kingdom
West Germany
LanguageEnglish
Budget$6,000,000

An international co-production between British and West German financiers, the film's exteriors were shot on location in Yugoslavia.

Plot

The movie opens with a German children's song, "Hänschen klein", mixed with black-and-white footage of prewar and war scenes. It then segues to colour and a German platoon raid on a Russian forward outpost led by Sergeant Rolf Steiner, during which his men capture a Russian boy-soldier.

An aristocratic Prussian officer, Captain Stransky, arrives as the new commander of Steiner's infantry battalion, which is stationed in the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman Peninsula. Stransky proudly tells the regimental commander, Colonel Brandt, and his adjutant, Captain Kiesel, that he applied for transfer from occupied France to front line duty in Russia so that he can win the Iron Cross.

When Stransky meets Steiner for the first time, he orders Steiner to shoot the boy prisoner in strict observance of a standing order. When Steiner refuses, Stransky prepares to shoot the boy himself, but at the last moment, Corporal Schnurrbart saves the boy by volunteering to do it and taking him out of Stransky's sight. Later, Stransky informs Steiner that he has been promoted to senior sergeant, and is puzzled by Steiner's nonchalant response. Stransky also discerns that his adjutant, Lieutenant Triebig, is a closet homosexual.

While waiting for an anticipated attack, Steiner releases the young Russian, only to see the boy killed by advancing Soviet troops. As Stransky cowers in his bunker, Lieutenant Meyer, the respected leader of Steiner's platoon, is killed while leading a successful counterattack. Steiner is wounded in the same battle trying to rescue a German soldier and is sent to a military hospital to recover. There, he is haunted by the faces of the dead men and the boy (in a dream sequence prior to waking from a coma), and has a romantic liaison with his nurse Eva.

After he has recovered, Steiner is offered a home leave, but decides instead to return to his men. When he arrives, Steiner is informed that Stransky has claimed that he, not Meyer, led the successful counterattack, and has been nominated for the Iron Cross. Stransky named as witnesses Triebig (blackmailing him with his homosexuality), and Steiner. Stransky tries to persuade Steiner to corroborate his claim by promising to look after him after the war. Brandt questions Steiner in the hope that he will expose Stransky's lies, but Steiner only states that he hates all officers, even those as "enlightened" as Brandt and Kiesel, and requests a few days to ponder his answer.

When his battalion is ordered to retreat, Stransky does not notify Steiner's platoon and leaves them behind. Making their way back through now-enemy territory, the men capture an all-female Russian detachment. While Steiner is busy, Zoll, a despised Nazi Party member, takes one of the women into the barn to rape her. She bites his genitals and he kills her. Meanwhile, young Dietz, left to guard the rest of the women alone, is distracted and killed as well. Disgusted, Steiner locks Zoll up with the vengeful Russian women, taking their uniforms to use as a disguise.

As the men near the German lines, they radio ahead to avoid friendly fire. Stransky suggests to Triebig that Steiner and his men be 'mistaken' for Russians. Triebig orders his men to shoot the incoming Germans; only Steiner, Krüger and Anselm survive. Triebig denies responsibility, but Steiner kills him and makes Krüger the 'platoon leader', telling him to look after Anselm. Steiner then goes hunting for Stransky.

The Soviets launch a major assault. Brandt orders Kiesel to evacuate, telling him that men like him will be needed to rebuild Germany after the war. Brandt then rallies the fleeing troops for a counterattack.

Steiner locates Stransky. But instead of killing him, he hands him a weapon, and offers to show him "where the iron crosses grow". Stransky accepts Steiner's "challenge", and they head off together for the battle. The film closes with Stransky trying to figure out how to reload his MP40, while being shot at by an adolescent Russian soldier who resembles the boy-soldier released by Steiner. When Stransky asks Steiner for help, Steiner begins to laugh. His laughter continues through the credits, which features "Hänschen klein" again and segues to black-and-white images of civilian victims from World War II and later conflicts.

Cast

Production

Pre-production

Cross of Iron was a joint Anglo-German production between EMI Films and ITC Entertainment of London and Rapid Films GmbH from Munich.[1] Although the German producer, Wolf C. Hartwig had secured a budget of $4 million dollars, only a fraction of it was available as pre-production started. This created delays on location because local services and film crews demanded payment before commencing work.[2]

Writing

Screenplay credits are given to Julius Epstein, James Hamilton and Walter Kelley. Their source material was the 1956 novel The Willing Flesh by Willi Heinrich, a fictional work that was loosely based on the true story of Johann Schwerdfeger (1914-2015).[3] The real-life Wehrmacht NCO was a highly-decorated combat veteran who fought through both the Battle of the Caucasus and Kuban pocket.[2]

Filming

Filming, which began on March 29, 1976,[2] was shot on location at Trieste in Italy and Yugoslavia. Scenes were filmed around Obrov in Slovenia, and Zagreb and Savudrija in Croatia. Interiors were completed at Pinewood Studios in England.[2]

The film is noted for featuring historically accurate weaponry and equipment such as Soviet T-34/85 tanks (which were obtained from the arsenal of the Yugoslav People's Army, and kept especially for cinematic purposes), Russian PPSh-41s and German MG 42s and MP40s. According to star James Coburn, the Yugoslav government had promised that all the military equipment would be ready for the start of filming, but Hartwig's lack of budget meant that considerable delays occurred when half the equipment was missing just as the production was about to begin.[2]

Peckinpah's alcoholism was also affecting the filming schedule because every day he was consuming 180° proof Slivovitz (Šljivovica). However every two to three weeks Peckinpah would go on a binge resulting in lost shooting days while he was allowed to regain his cognitive abilities.[2]

Due to the various productions delays, the film had cost overruns of £2 million. With no more money, Hartwig and his co-producer Alex Winitsky tried to halt the production on July 6, 1976 (the 89th day of shooting) before the final scene had been filmed. The original ending was expected to take three days to film in an abandoned rail yard and special effects teams had already spent several days wiring pyrotechnics for the shoot. However, with the costs now at $6 million there was no more money.[4] Coburn was so annoyed at this, he had Hartwig and Winitsky thrown off the set before making Peckinpah film a quick improvised ending for the film.[2]

Post production

Peckinpah spent five weeks going through the rushes to create a final cut. Working continuously four to five hours a day overseeing the editing, he started snorting cocaine along with his drinking.[4] He relied heavily on his experience with his 1969 Western The Wild Bunch to create the film's pace (the slow motion during violent scenes) and its visual style.[5]

Reception

Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it "Mr. Peckinpah's least interesting, least personal film in years ... I can't believe that the director ever had his heart in this project, which, from the beginning, looks to have been prepared for the benefit of the people who set off explosives. However, the battle footage is so peculiarly cut into the narrative that you often don't know who is doing what to whom."[6] Variety stated, "'Cross of Iron' is Sam Peckinpah's idea of an antiwar tract but which more than anything else affirms the director's prowess as an action filmmaker of graphic mayhem ... the Wolf C. Hartwig production is well but conventionally cast, technically impressive, but ultimately violence-fixated to its putative philosophic cost."[7] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 0.5 stars out of 4 and wrote, "There are plenty of questions to be asked about 'Cross of Iron,' Sam Peckinpah's latest bloodbath picture. Questions such as, 'Why was this film made?' ... The audience at the downtown Oriental Theater appeared to be most interested in the film when a German soldier slapped a Russian nurse and she bit him while being raped. It's that kind of a movie."[8] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Everything Peckinpah and his writers have to say about war in 'Cross of Iron' has been better expressed by others and Peckinpah himself. Since 'Cross of Iron' is too familiar to engage us intellectually, it becomes a wearying, numbing spectacle of carnage that tends to inure us to the violence it so graphically depicts."[9] Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "a peculiarly pointless, expendable new action film," adding, "If Peckinpah had something specific in mind when he began this project, an international co-production shot in Yugoslavia, he has lost the train of thought somewhere along the line."[10]

In the opinion of Filmcritic.com, "Peckinpah indulges in endless combat scenes (this was his only war movie), which try the patience of viewers who came for the real story."[11] Fans of the film include Quentin Tarantino, who used it as inspiration for Inglourious Basterds.

Orson Welles, when he saw the film, cabled Peckinpah, praising the latter's film as "the best war film he had seen about the ordinary enlisted man since All Quiet on the Western Front." Iain Johnstone, reviewing the film's release on Blu-ray in June 2011, praised the film, saying Cross of Iron bears all the hallmarks of a real classic, which ranks with Peckinpah's finest work. As a poignant reminder of the sheer brutal obscenity of war, it has rarely been equalled."

At the time of its release, the film did poorly at the box-office in the US and received mixed reviews, its bleak, anti-war tone unable to get noticed amidst the hype of the release of the mega-popular Star Wars in the same year. However, it performed very well in Germany, earning the best box-office takings of any film released there since The Sound of Music, and audiences and critics across Europe responded well to the film.

Mike Mayo wrote in his book ''War Movies: Classic Conflict on Film that Cross of Iron, Sam Peckinpah's only war film, "is a forgotten masterpiece that has never really managed to overcome its troubled and expensive production."[12] Jay Hyams wrote in War Movies that while Peckinpah had directed "many films about battles between groups of armed men...this was the first in which both sides wear uniforms."[13]

The film currently holds a score of 75% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 16 reviews.[14]

Coburn, who was aged c.48 during filming, said the film was one of his favourites of those he had been in.[15]

Unofficial sequel

The film Breakthrough, which was mostly financed by West German producers, was released in 1979. It was made by Anglo-American director Andrew McLaglen who, like Peckinpah, was known for Westerns. Several changes were made to the sequel, for instance the action was moved from Russia to the Western Front and Richard Burton replaced Coburn as Sgt Steiner. Breakthrough was panned by critics, who criticised it for a confusing plot, poor dialogue, aged cast and undistinguished acting.[16] The film involved Steiner saving the life of an American officer (Robert Mitchum) and a conspiracy to assassinate Adolf Hitler.[17]

Re-release

To coincide with its release on Blu-ray, a new print of Cross of Iron was screened at selected cinemas in Britain in June 2011.

References
  1. "imdb.com article". imdb.com article. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  2. Niemi, Robert (2018). 100 Great War Movies: The Real History Behind the Films. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. ISBN 9781440833861.
  3. deutschesoldaten.com article Archived 12 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Weddle, David (2016). If They Move . . . Kill 'Em!: The Life and Times of Sam Peckinpah. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. p. 56. ISBN 9780802190086.
  5. Dancyger, Ken (2013). The Technique of Film and Video Editing: History, Theory, and Practice (4, revised ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 144. ISBN 9781136052811.
  6. Canby, Vincent (May 12, 1977). "Screen: Peckinpah's Gory 'Cross of Iron'". The New York Times. 70.
  7. "Film Reviews: Cross Of Iron". Variety. February 9, 1977. 22.
  8. Siskel, Gene (June 1, 1977). "Cross of Iron". Chicago Tribune. Section 2, p. 6.
  9. Thomas, Kevin (May 20, 1977). "An Ordeal of Carnage". Los Angeles Times. Part IV, p. 18.
  10. Arnold, Gary (May 21, 1977). "A Muddled 'Cross of Iron'". The Washington Post. C9.
  11. Christopher Null (25 February 2003). "Cross of Iron". Filmcritic.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012.
  12. Mayo, Mike. War Movies: Classic Conflict on Film (Visible Ink Press, 1999) ISBN 1-57859-089-2, p. 222
  13. Hyams, Jay. War Movies (W.H. Smith Publishers, Inc., 1984) ISBN 0-8317-9304-X p.192
  14. "Cross of Iron". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  15. https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-james-coburn-20021119-story.html
  16. "Review:BREAKTHROUGH (1979) aka SERGEANT STEINER". Angelfire.com. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  17. Hyam, Ibid, p.193
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