Cyclone Amara

Intense Tropical Cyclone Amara was a tropical cyclone that brought stormy conditions to Rodrigues in December 2013. Amara was the first named storm in the southwest Indian Ocean during the later half of 2013, and developed from a disturbance within the monsoon trough on December 14. The following day, the system attained tropical depression status. Despite its ill-defined organization, the depression was able to continue strengthening, reaching moderate tropical storm status on December 16 as it tracked southwest. Situated in a favorable atmospheric environment, a period of rapid intensification ensued after Amara reached tropical cyclone status on December 18. After fluctuating in strength, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg) on December 21,[nb 1] making it an intense tropical cyclone based on the intensity scale utilized by Météo-France. Shortly after, wind shear increased as Amara tracked southeast, resulting in a weakening phase. The shearing effects caused the cyclone to rapidly decay, and by December 23, Amara degenerated into a remnant low.

Intense Tropical Cyclone Amara
Intense tropical cyclone (SWIO scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone Amara on December 21, along with Réunion and Mauritius
FormedDecember 14, 2013
DissipatedDecember 28, 2013
(Remnant low after December 27)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
1-minute sustained: 240 km/h (150 mph)
Gusts: 285 km/h (180 mph)
Lowest pressure935 hPa (mbar); 27.61 inHg
FatalitiesNone
DamageNone
Areas affectedRodrigues
Part of the 2013–14 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Amara was initially expected to track directly over the island of Rodrigues, prompting widespread precautionary measures and resulting in the issuance of a Class 4 warning – denoting a warning of highest urgency – by the Mauritius Meteorological Services. Though the tropical cyclone eventually passed to the east of the island, Amara was close enough to Rodrigues to severely affect the island. Strong winds, peaking at a measured 152 km/h (94 mph) in Pointe Canon, resulted in widespread infrastructural damage, including the tearing of metal sheeting and uprooting of trees. Widespread power outages cut power to 12,000 homes and shut off communications to and from the island. Heavy rains produced by Amara also triggered flooding in some locations and caused soil erosion.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

The origin of Amara can be traced back to an area of low pressure embedded within a monsoon trough southeast of Diego Garcia on December 13, 2013. Computer models suggested that surrounding atmospheric conditions would later become more conducive for tropical cyclogenesis.[1] Over the course of the day, the localized area of circulation remained sheared, though convection remained persistent.[2] Despite the hindering atmospheric environment, the system organized faster than anticipated, and was classified as a tropical disturbance by Météo-France at 1200 UTC on December 14.[3] Shortly after development, the disturbance underwent a reformation phase and consequently a new center of circulation developed, allowing the system to reach tropical depression status early on December 15.[4] Nonetheless, the storm's overall structure remained ill-defined due to the presence of wind shear and multiple mesovortices.[5]

At 1330 UTC on December 16, the Mauritius Meteorological Services designated the system as a moderate tropical storm, thus assigning it the name Amara. At the time the storm had a minimum barometric pressure estimated at 995 mbar (hPa; 29.39 inHg).[6] During the subsequent hours, the storm began to slowly track west-southwest under the periphery of a nearby subtropical ridge. Amara's circulation center consolidated and rainbands became more tightly wrapped around the center, at which time the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began to monitor the system.[7] Late on December 17, Amara began to develop an eye, observable via microwave imagery.[8] Based on the antecedent developments, Météo-France upgraded the system to severe tropical storm intensity at 0000 UTC the following day.[9] Nine hours later, the JTWC upgraded Amara to tropical cyclone intensity,[10] with Météo-France following suit three hours later.[11] Situated in a location with low vertical wind shear and outspread outflow, Amara was forecast to continue strengthening, though at the same time the cyclone was expected to move very slowly due to its interaction with weak steering currents in between two subtropical ridges.[10] Rapid intensification ensued throughout the latter hours of December 18, coinciding with the development of a ragged eye feature within the tropical cyclone on infrared imagery.[12] Météo-France upgraded Amara to intense tropical cyclone status at 0000 UTC on December 19. By this time the storm's central pressure had fallen to 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg).[13] Shortly after, however, Amara's once well-defined outflow pattern became suppressed, resulting in a slight weakening and a downgrade from intense tropical cyclone status just twelve hours later.[14][15]

This weakening phase was brief, and shortly thereafter Amara was reclassified as an intense tropical cyclone on December 21.[16] At 0600 UTC that day, Amara reached its peak intensity as an intense tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and a minimum pressure of 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg).[17] Following peak intensity, an approaching upper-level, mid-latitude trough increased wind shear and forced the storm towards the southeast, resulting in the cyclone weakening.[18] By 0600 UTC the next day, Météo-France determined that Amara had weakened below intense tropical cyclone status.[19] The strong wind shear continued to take its toll on the cyclone, stripping away and exposing Amara's low-level circulation center away from the rest of its associated convection.[20] At 1200 UTC on December 22, Amara weakened to severe tropical storm intensity,[21] and was later downgraded further to tropical depression intensity the following day. Amara's downgrade to such an intensity marked the cessation of Météo-France's tropical cyclone bulletins.[22] The remnant vortex associated with Amara continued to persist over the next few days and curved westward, though it lacked persistent convection.[23] The remnant circulation gradually became increasingly diffused and was last noted by Météo-France at 1200 UTC on December 28.[24]

Preparations and impact
ISS view of Tropical Cyclone Amara on December 20.

Due to Amara's projected path near Rodrigues, the Mauritius Meteorological Services issued a "Class 1" warning for the island early on December 19, following the cyclone's upgrade to intense tropical cyclone intensity.[25] Hours later, the meteorological service upgraded their warning to a "Class 2."[26] Based on forecasts that continued to indicate that Amara would track directly over Rodrigues, the Mauritius Meteorological Services issued a "Class 3 warning" in the morning hours of December 20,[27] describing Amara as a "real threat for Rodrigues."[28] This resulted in a complete suspension of flights to and from the island.[29] These cancellations were attributable to Air Mauritius, which was the only air carrier for Rodrigues.[30] Fishing boats were rerouted back to the island and refugee centers readied their resources in preparation for the tropical cyclone.[31] Large scale precautionary measures took place in Port Mathurin.[32] On December 21, Mauritius Meteorological Services issued their highest applicable cyclone warning, a "Class 4 warning," for Rodrigues.[33]

Rodrigues began to experience the effects of Amara on December 20, when strong gusts caused by the tropical cyclone swept across the island. These initial winds uprooted trees and toppled utility poles, resulting in power outages.[34] At the height of power outages, over 12,000 households were without power, primarily in Port Sud-Est, Mount Lubin, and Rivière-Cocos.[29] By the afternoon of December 22, only 20% of homes had access to electricity.[35] Some of the fallen trees rendered roads impassable.[36] Heavy rains caused some creeks to overflow their banks, and riffles became impassable.[37] The rainfall also caused extensive soil erosion.[38] Amara also triggered a strong storm surge, resulting in coastal flooding.[39] Despite the heavy rainfall, total precipitation amounts remained relatively low, peaking at 78 mm (3.07 in) in Citronelle.[40] On December 21, a wind gust of 152 km/h (94 mph) was reported in the locality of Pointe Canon, which was the highest wind measurement recorded in associated with Amara.[33] Another station at Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport reported a similarly strong wind gust clocked at 135 km/h (84 mph).[41] The strong winds tore metal sheets off of buildings and cut telecommunications between Rodrigues and the rest of the world.[42] Despite the widespread precautionary measures taken beforehand,[32] Port Mathurin suffered marginal impacts.[39] Following the storm, local police groups and the Special Mobile Force were mobilized in order to assist in relief efforts.[36] Technicians from the Mauritius Central Electricity Board were dispatched to resolve power issues.[35]

See also

Notes
  1. All measurements of maximum sustained wind are measured or estimated over a period of ten minutes unless otherwise noted.

References
  1. "Bulletin For Cyclonic Activity And Significant Tropical Weather In The Southwest Indian Ocean – December 13, 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France. December 13, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  2. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 14, 2013). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory For The Indian Ocean – December 14, 0700 UTC". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 14, 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  3. Météo-France (December 14, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance 2 Warning Number 001/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 15, 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  4. Météo-France (December 15, 2013). "Tropical Depression 2 Warning Number 003/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 15, 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  5. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 15, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert – December 15, 1500 UTC". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 17, 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  6. Météo-France (December 16, 2013). "Moderate Tropical Storm 2 (Amara) Warning Number 009/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 17, 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  7. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 16, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Amara) Warning NR 001". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 17, 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  8. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 17, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Amara) Warning NR 003". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 18, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  9. Météo-France (December 18, 2013). "Severe Tropical Storm 2 (Amara) Warning Number 014/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 18, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  10. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 18, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Amara) Warning NR 004". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 19, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  11. Météo-France (December 18, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 2 (Amara) Warning Number 016/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 19, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  12. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 18, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Amara) Warning NR 005". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 19, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  13. Météo-France (December 18, 2013). "Intense Tropical Cyclone 2 (Amara) Warning Number 018/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 19, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  14. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 18, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Amara) Warning NR 006". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  15. Météo-France (December 19, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 2 (Amara) Warning Number 019/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  16. Météo-France (December 21, 2013). "Intense Tropical Cyclone 2 (Amara) Warning Number 024/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 21, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  17. Météo-France (December 21, 2013). "Intense Tropical Cyclone 2 (Amara) Warning Number 027/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 21, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  18. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 21, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Amara) Warning NR 011". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 22, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  19. Météo-France (December 22, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 2 (Amara) Warning Number 031/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 22, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  20. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 22, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Amara) Warning NR 012". Honolulu, Hawaii: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 23, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  21. Météo-France (December 22, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 2 (Amara) Warning Number 032/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 23, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  22. Météo-France (December 22, 2013). "Tropical Depression 2 (Ex-Amara) Warning Number 036/2". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (TXT) on December 24, 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  23. "Bulletin For Cyclonic Activity And Significant Tropical Weather In The Southwest Indian Ocean – December 25, 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France. December 25, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  24. "Bulletin For Cyclonic Activity And Significant Tropical Weather In The Southwest Indian Ocean – December 28, 1200 UTC" (PDF). Météo-France. December 28, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  25. "Amara devient cyclone tropical intense" (in French). Clicanoo.re. December 19, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  26. "Rodrigues placée en alerte cyclonique de classe 2" (in French). Zinfos974. December 19, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  27. "Un deuxième système repéré au large de la Réunion, niveau 3 de l'arlerte déclenché à Rodrigues" (in French). Clicanoo.re. December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  28. "Amara : Rodrigues en alerte cyclonique de classe 3" (in French). Zinfos974. December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  29. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (December 23, 2013). Southern Africa: Weekly Report (17 to 23 December 2013) (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  30. "Maurice : l'intense cyclone tropical Amara se rapproche de Rodrigues". Port Louis. Xinhua. December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  31. "Maurice : possible alerte I ce vendredi" (in French). Le Matinal. December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  32. "Amara continue de se rapprocher de Rodrigues" (in French). Imaz Press Réunion. December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  33. "Rodrigues en alerte maximale" (in French). Clicanoo.re. December 21, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  34. "Cyclone tropical intense Amara: des premiers dégâts à Rodrigues" (in French). Imaz Press Réunion. December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  35. "L'île de Rodrigues dévastée par Amara" (in French). Antenne Reunion Télévision. December 23, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  36. "Amara gâche les fêtes" (in French). 5Plus Dimanche. December 22, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  37. "Amara: un passage au plus de près de Rodrigues ce samedi matin" (in French). Imaz Press Réunion. December 20, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  38. "Rodrigues : Le passage du cyclone Amara provoque "des dégâts considérables"" (in French). Zinfos974. December 21, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  39. Catastrophes Naturelles. "Rodrigues touchée par le cyclone Amara" (in French). National Commission for Computing and Liberties. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  40. "Rodrigues panse ses plaies" (in French). Imaz Press Réunion. December 23, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  41. "Amara s'éloigne de Rodrigues et de La Réunion" (in French). Imaz Press Réunion. December 21, 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  42. Hoair, Gilbert (December 21, 2013). "Rodrigues sous le cyclone tropical intense Amara" (in French). France Télévisions. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
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