Dallas Independent School District

The Dallas Independent School District (Dallas ISD or DISD) is a school district based in Dallas, Texas (USA). It operates schools in much of Dallas County and is the second-largest school district in Texas and the seventeenth-largest in the United States. It is also known as Dallas Public Schools (DPS).[8]

Dallas Independent School District
Address
9400 North Central Expressway
Dallas
, (Dallas County), Texas, 75231
United States
District information
TypePublic
GradesPre-K – 12th grade
EstablishedJuly 21, 1884 (1884-07-21)[1]
PresidentJustin Henry[2]
Vice-presidentDan Micciche[2]
SuperintendentMichael Hinojosa[3]
Deputy Superintendent(s)Scott Layne[4]
(Deputy of Operations)
School board9 members
Director of educationIvonne Durant[4]
(Chief Academic Officer)
Governing agencyTexas Education Agency
SchoolsTotal 230 (2018-19)[5]
  • Elementary 147
  • Middle 35
  • High 38
  • Multi-level 10
Budget$1,862,797,009 (2018-19)[6]
Students and staff
Students155,119 (2018-19)[5]
Teachers10,353 (2018-19)[5]
Staff11,869 (2018-19)[5]
Student–teacher ratio15.02∶1 (2017-18)[7]
Athletic conferenceUIL
Other information
Websitewww.dallasisd.org
DISD Human Development Office

As of 2017, the school district was rated "as having met the standard" by the Texas Education Agency.[9]

History

The Dallas public school district in its current form was first established in Dallas in 1884,[10] although there is evidence that public schools had existed for Dallas prior to that date.[11] Mayor W. L. Cabell ordered just one month after the June 16, 1884, district founding that "all former Ordinances in relation to the city public school are hereby repealed," and the district's 1884–85 superintendent, a Mr. Boles, had enrollment figures for each year from 1880 through his own tenure;[12] furthermore, the Dallas Directory of 1873 expressed regret that "there are no public schools in Dallas," while the 1875 Directory said that "the schools are near perfection."[13] The 1884 organizational meeting coincides with changes in statewide education law establishing a system of school districts, each to be assigned its own number, with the ability to levy taxes and raise funds as well as to determine the length of school terms and other educational decisions; the state superintendent of schools, Benjamin M. Baker, also praised the new law's abandonment of tying teachers' salaries to the number of pupils attending, a practice he called "a relic of barbarism."[14]

At the time of the 1884 organization, six schools already were operating; four schools were designated for whites and two for "colored/black",[15] as school segregation was the legal policy at the time. Booker T. Washington High School is one of these original schools, beginning as "Colored School No. 2" in 1884 and adopting its later name in 1902.[16]

Dallas ISD has absorbed many smaller school districts throughout its history. Vickery Independent School District was annexed into Dallas ISD (adding Vickery Meadows) in 1948. Pleasant Grove ISD was annexed in 1954 (adding Pleasant Grove), and Pleasant Grove High School was replaced by Samuell High School in the same year. Seagoville ISD of Seagoville was annexed into Dallas ISD in 1965.

Other schools and school districts annexed by Dallas ISD include:

The school system expanded from offering 11 grades to a modern 12-year program as of 1941. Initially, the change was resisted by families who felt the additional year would be too expensive, though others promoted the addition of a further year of athletics and some anticipated an ability for gifted students to finish the 12-year program in as little as 10.5 years, although that hope did not prove a reality.[19] The period from 1946 to 1966 construction of schools, with 97 of the district's school buildings erected during this period, at a peak of 17 schools in 1956 alone.[20]

School desegregation was a gradual process that did not begin for nearly six years after the United States Supreme Court made its May 17, 1954, Brown v. Board of Education decision, nullifying the previous doctrine of "separate but equal" public facilities. The Dallas school board commissioned studies over the next several months, deciding in August 1956, that desegregation was premature and that the segregated system would stay in place for 1956–57.[21] Texas passed legislation in 1957 requiring that districts not integrate their schools unless district residents voted to approve the change; an August 1960, election for this purpose ended with voters rejecting desegregation. Meanwhile, a lawsuit was filed by the district against the state superintendent on August 13, 1958, with the goal of a resolution of conflicts between federal and state courts on the subject of integration.[21]

In 1960 the district initially adopted a plan to desegregate grade by grade, starting with the 1961 first-grade class, and proceed year by year until desegregation had been achieved; the plan was amended only weeks later to provide for movement of students at parent request. The year 1965 brought substantial changes to this process, as on September 1, 1965, the elementary schools were ordered desegregated, initially to be followed by the junior high schools in 1966 and the senior high schools in 1967; however, the Fifth Circuit United States Court issued an order on September 7 that led to amending the ruling so that all twelve grades must be desegregated as of September 1, 1965.[21] A book on the history of DISD published the following year by the school district made the statement, "Desegregation of the Dallas Schools was accomplished in the course of ten short years with a minimum of commotion and stress ... [due to] the patient and sympathetic understanding ... and the flinty determination of the School Board ... to serve the public in their lawfully constituted duty."[22] In September 1967 Dallas ISD states that its schools were desegregated.[23] During another desegregation suit in the 1970s, a judge suggested that students from different schools could interact via television instead of forcing desegregation busing in the district. The judge liked the plan, while the parties filing suit did not.[24]

After the forced busing desegregation, in the 1970s many White American students and families withdrew from district schools en masse.[25]

In 1996 DISD announced that it would en masse rezone many areas to different schools. DISD officials said that the rezoning, which would affect over 40 campuses, would be the largest such rezoning since at least the 1950s.[26]

In the summer of 2005, the Texas Education Agency (TEA) ordered the Wilmer-Hutchins Independent School District closed for the 2005–2006 school year due to financial stress and reported mismanagement. After negotiations, Dallas ISD agreed to accept the students for the 2005–2006 school year. The Wilmer-Hutchins ISD district was absorbed into Dallas ISD in summer 2006.

Dallas ISD opened 11 new campuses in the fall of 2006.[27] The district incorporated the WHISD territory via "Plan K," adopted on November 30, 2006.[28]

From 2005 to 2007, several northwest Dallas area public schools under Dallas ISD jurisdiction became infamous due to the outbreak of a Dallas-area recreational drug, a version of heroin mixed with Tylenol PM, called "cheese," which led to several deaths of Dallas-area youths. Dallas ISD issued drug dog searches to schools in order to combat the problem.[29]

Dallas ISD was reported in April 2008 to have the 7th highest dropout rate of any urban school district in the US.[30]

In 2009 state representative Yvonne Davis proposed a bill which would force the state to divide any school district that meets several parameters. The parameters include the district having more than 150,000 students, the district residing in a county with more than two million residents, and the resident county being adjacent to at least one other county with more than one million residents. The bill does not name any particular school district, but the parameters of the bill may only apply to Dallas ISD.[31]

Circa 2012 the district was shutting down some schools in central Dallas which had enrollment declines, while it was building new schools in outlying areas of the district, which had population increases. That year five schools were opening,[32] with most of them in Southeast Dallas and Seagoville. The district planned to close eleven schools in the same year; the income levels in the neighborhoods hosting the closing schools tended to be very low and student populations had consistently declined.[33] Of the nine board members, the vote was six to two in favor of closing with one abstention.[34]

By 2016 the district was expanding the use of two-way bilingual programs, with 24 schools of 51 two-way bilingual programs beginning that year.[35]

Effective July 1, 2018, four elementary schools originally named for confederate generals were renamed:[36][37]

Superintendents

A partial list of past DISD superintendents[38][39][40]

  • Michael Hinojosa, Oct 2015 to present
  • Mike Miles, July 1, 2012 to June 25, 2015[39]
  • Alan King (interim) - June 2011 to July 2012
  • Michael Hinojosa, May 12, 2005 to June 30, 2011
  • Larry Groppel (interim) - September 2004 to May 2005
  • Mike Moses, January 1, 2001 to August 31, 2004
  • Robert Payton (interim) - July to December 2000
  • Waldemar "Bill" Rojas, August 1, 1999 to July 5, 2000
  • James H. Hughey, acting from September 24, 1997; appointed superintendent May 1998 to August 1999[40]
  • Yvonne Gonzalez, January 9, 1997 to September 17, 1997
  • Chad Woolery, December 1, 1993 to August 5, 1996
  • Marvin Edwards - June 1988 to April 1993
  • Otto M. Fridia (interim) - November 1987 to May 1988
  • Linus Wright - August 1978 to October 1987
  • Nolan Estes - 1968 to 1978
  • Warren Travis White - 1946 to 1968

The first superintendent of the Dallas school system was W. A. Boles, elected in August 1884.[40]

General information

Its headquarters is 9400 N. Central Expressway in North Dallas.[41]

The previous headquarters, 3700 Ross, is an Art Deco building that was built in the 1950s.[42]

In April 2016, trustees approved a plan to purchase the 9400 NCX office building on Central Expressway in North Dallas. This was done to consolidate various school district offices which had been scattered around the city previously.[43] In the process, school trustees voted in February 2017 to sell various surplus properties; among them, the district's Ross Avenue headquarters complex.[44][45] Permits were filed by the buyer of the longtime headquarters building, in April 2017, to tear down the complex; this was a cause of concern for local preservationists.[46] In December 2017 Leon Capital Group, the new owner of 3700 Ross, stated it wanted to preserve a part of the building.[42]

Location and area

Dallas ISD covers 312.6 square miles (809.6 km2) of land (map) and most of the city of Dallas. The district also serves Cockrell Hill, most of Seagoville and Addison, Wilmer, most of Hutchins, and portions of the following cities:[47][48]

In addition, Dallas ISD covers unincorporated areas of Dallas County, including some other surrounding areas Ferris addresses.

School uniforms

Dallas ISD implemented mandatory school uniforms for all elementary and middle school students (through 8th grade) on most campuses starting in the 2005–2006 school year.[49]

Elementary and middle school campuses which do not follow the Dallas ISD uniform policy continue to use their own mandatory uniform codes, which were adopted prior to the 2005–2006 school year.

Uniforms are optional at the high school level as in schools decide whether to adopt uniform policies; eight traditional high schools and three alternative high schools have adopted them.

The Texas Education Agency specified that the parents and/or guardians of students zoned to a school with uniforms may apply for a waiver to opt out of the uniform policy so their children do not have to wear the uniform; parents must specify "bona fide" reasons, such as religious reasons or philosophical objections.[50]

Relations with other agencies

Angela Shah of The Dallas Morning News said in 2004, "Even as many big cities move aggressively to bolster public education, City Hall's relationship with Dallas' largest school district remains informal at best."[51]

LGBT relations
See also: LGBT culture in Dallas–Fort Worth

Jose Plata, an openly gay DISD board member, and Pat Stone, the president of the Dallas Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG), advocated for adding LGBT students to the anti-discrimination ordinance. In 1996 the DISD board of education voted to add LGBT individuals to the ordinance, and by 1997 the district had created a pamphlet for LGBT students.[52]

Some high school campuses in DISD house Gay–straight alliance organizations.

Athletic facilities

Athletic facilities controlled by DISD include P.C. Cobb Athletic Complex in the Fair Park Arena, Forester Athletic Complex in southeast Dallas, Franklin Stadium in North Dallas (north of NorthPark Center), Jesse Owens Memorial Complex (southeast of Interstate 20) including the John Kincaide Stadium, Alfred J. Loos Athletic Complex in Addison, Pleasant Grove Stadium in southeast Dallas, Seagoville Stadium in Seagoville, Sprague Athletic Complex in southwest Dallas, and Wilmer-Hutchins Eagle Stadium in Hutchins.[53]

Student makeup

As of 2015 some of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the central city area are actually in the Highland Park Independent School District (HPISD), not DISD. The student body of DISD has a higher percentage of Hispanics, a slightly lower percentage of non-Hispanic Whites, and a higher percentage of low income students compared to the Houston Independent School District (HISD), which includes some of the wealthiest neighborhoods in central Houston.[54] In 2010 DISD had a higher number of black students in its boundaries attending charter schools compared to HISD, even though HISD had more black students living in its boundaries.[55]

Dallas ISD Enrollment Data 2017–2018[56]
Grade Number of
students		 Percent
Early childhood education & Pre-kindergarten 12,679 8%
Elementary School (K-5) 72,284 46%
Middle School (6-8) 31,759 20%
High School (9-12) 40,110 26%
Dallas ISD Ethnicity Data 2017–2018[56]
Ethnicity Number of
students		 Percent
Hispanic 109,228 69.6%
African American 35,340 23.5%
White 8,402 5.4%
American Indian or Alaska Native 91 0.3%
Native Hawaiian/Other or Pacific Islander 96 0.1%
Asian 2,139 1.4%
Two or More Races 1,136 0.7%

Demographic history

In 1968 DISD had 159,527 students, with 52% of them being Anglo whites.[57] In 1970 the district had 94,383 Anglo white students.[58] In 1973, half of DISD's students were White. As time passed, the White population decreased due to private schools and white flight.[59] In the fall of 1978 there were 132,061 students, with 34% of them being white.[57] By 1979 there were 42,030 Anglo White students.[58]

In the 1980s and 1990s the DISD student body was majority black. In 2000 almost 161,000 students were enrolled, with 52% being Hispanic, 38% being black, and 9% being white. That year 73% of the students were on free or reduced-price lunches, meaning they were classified as being from socioeconomically poor families.[55] As of 2003, DISD was 58% Hispanic, 34% African American, 6% White, and 2% Asian and Native American. As of that year, 190 DISD schools were 90% or more combined black and Hispanic, 37 schools were 90% or more Hispanic, and 24 schools were 90% or more black.[59] White flight continued into the 2000s and 2010s, as there was a 55% decrease in the white student population from 1997 to 2015. In 2008 the Anglo White student population bottomed at 7,207, and the decline stopped afterward.[58] In 2010 157,000 students were in DISD schools, with 68% being Hispanic, 26% being black, and 5% being white. From 2000 to 2010 the number of Hispanic students had increased by 23,000, an increase by 7%; while the number of black students had declined by 19,000, a 31% decrease. That year, 87% of DISD students were on free or reduced-price lunches.[55] Eric Nicholson of the Dallas Observer wrote that by 2016 the number of Anglo whites was "actually increasing slightly — very slightly — over the past couple of years."[58]

In 2009 the State of Texas defined "college readiness," or readiness to undergo university studies, of high school graduates by scores on the ACT and SAT and in the 11th grade Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) tests. Holly K. Hacker of The Dallas Morning News said that DISD schools "showed extreme highs and lows in college readiness."[60] Regarding the selective DISD magnet schools, Hacker said that they "prepare virtually all graduates for college."[60] Throughout the DFW metroplex, the highest college readiness rates were found in the School of Science & Engineering and the School for the Talented & Gifted. Hacker said "[t]hough they serve some students with lower incomes, the campuses have a huge advantage because they accept only those with high test scores."[60]

By 2016 the growth in the number of low income students, previously significant, had stopped.[58]

Demographics by racial group

As of 2003, some schools in DISD still had significant numbers of White American students. Usually they were up to 15-20% of a school's given population. Many schools with significant White populations were in the East Dallas and North Dallas areas and mostly white sections of Oak Cliff, such as Kessler Park. Elementary schools that had significant White populations included Nathan Adams, Hexter, Lakewood, Mockingbird (formerly Stonewall Jackson) Elementary, Pershing, W.B. Travis Vanguard & Academy, Preston Hollow, and Harry Withers. Middle schools with significant White populations included Franklin, and Long middle schools. High schools with significant White populations included Hillcrest, W.T. White, and Woodrow Wilson.[59] Seagoville High School and its feeder schools also had white populations. Circa 2016 the white population consistently made up 5% of the DISD student body. In 2016 Nicholson wrote that "By the end, DISD's Anglo exodus could be rationalized as a response not to racial mixing but to concentrated poverty, flagging test scores and an inept administration perennially mired in scandal."[58]

From 2000 to 2010 the number of black students decreased by 20,000. In 2010 that was the lowest in the post-1965 history of DISD. One reason for the decline in the percentage of black students is the move of black people to suburbs; they did so due to a perception that public schools there have a higher quality than those in DISD, as well as general desires for higher quality housing and lower crime environments. Another reason was the growth in charter schools which take students who would otherwise attend DISD schools; in 2010 5,900 black students attending charter schools in the area lived in the DISD boundaries. Other reasons for the decline in the percentage of black students included a perception that DISD has moved its focus away from black students and towards Hispanic students, and the fact that many Hispanics have moved into traditionally black neighborhoods.[55]

Schools

The district has high schools, middle schools, elementary schools, and multi-level schools.[61]

School photographs

See also

References
  1. "History of the Board of Trustees" (PDF). July 19, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  2. "Board of Trustees". Dallas Independent School District. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  3. "Superintendent". Dallas Independent School District. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  4. "Superintendent Leadership Team". Dallas Independent School District. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  5. "2018.2019 Facts Sheet". Dallas Independent School District. February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  6. "Dallas ISD 2018-2019 Proposed Budget" (PDF). Dallas Independent School District. May 24, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  7. "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Dallas Isd". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  8. Earlier versions of the website for DISD used this name: "Home". Dallas Independent School District. April 14, 1997. Archived from the original on April 14, 1997. Retrieved November 16, 2019. // For the acronym see "Welcome from Ms. Hughes". Walnut Hill Elementary School. February 22, 1998. Archived from the original on February 22, 1998. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  9. "Snapshot 2017". tea.texas.gov. Texas Education Agency. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  10. McElhaney, Jackie; Michael V. Hazel. "Dallas, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  11. Walter J. E. Schiebel, Ed.D. (1966) Education in Dallas: Ninety-two years of history 1874–1966. Dallas: Dallas Independent School District.
  12. Scheibel, page 1; a table indicates that 1880 had 1,218 students enrolled; 1881, 1,351 students; 1882, 1,453 students; 1883, 1,760 students; 1884, 2,537 students; and 1885, 3,204 students.
  13. Scheibel, page 1.
  14. Schiebel, page 3.
  15. Schiebel, page 10.
  16. Schiebel, pages 11–12.
  17. Schiebel, pages 253–256.
  18. Schiebel, page 56.
  19. Schiebel, page 130.
  20. Schiebel, pages 132-133.
  21. Schiebel, page 160.
  22. Schiebel, page 159.
  23. http://library.law.smu.edu/disd/background.shtm Archived January 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  24. Parks, Scott. "Integration plan went down tubes Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." The Dallas Morning News. November 17, 2002. Retrieved on September 8, 2009.
  25. Meyers, Jessica (October 10, 2011). "Plano students trickling out of district into private schools". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved March 12, 2019 – via DallasNews.com.
  26. Bleiberg, Larry. "School-boundary proposals faulted; DISD seeking the most changes in attendance zones since '50s." The Dallas Morning News. Monday February 5, 1996. 13A. Retrieved on September 6, 2011.
  27. Fischer, Kent (August 14, 2006). "New year, new energy for DISD". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2007 – via DallasNews.com.
  28. "Plan K" (PDF). Dallas Independent School District. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
  29. Hobbs, Tawnell D.; Sergio Chapa (December 19, 2007). "'Cheese' heroin arrests falling in Dallas school district". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  30. Stutz, Terrence and Tawnell D. Hobbs, Grad rate formula to be uniform:Spellings issues order; dropout rate report puts DISD 7th worst, Dallas Morning News, April 2, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2009
  31. Hobbs, Tawnell (March 16, 2009). "Is it time to split DISD? A state rep. thinks so". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009 – via DallasNews.com.
  32. Haag, Matthew (February 5, 2012). "Meet the five new Dallas ISD schools to open later this year". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  33. "Dallas ISD's plans to close 11 schools as it's building new ones raise questions". The Dallas Morning News. February 5, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  34. Howard, Greg (January 27, 2012). "Dallas ISD Trustees Closed 11 Schools Last Night, and It Got Ugly Before It Got Done". Dallas Observer. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  35. Azpurua, Ana E. (August 23, 2016). "Dallas schools double up in expanding dual-language program". The Dallas Morning News. Al Día. Retrieved October 22, 2019. - Spanish version: "¿Cuáles escuelas en Dallas ISD ofrecen educación bilingüe ‘two-way’?"
  36. Zoga, Diana (December 14, 2017). "Dallas School Board Approves New Names for Three Schools Currently Named After Confederate Generals". KXAS-TV (NBC DFW). Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  37. Smith, Corbett (June 13, 2018). "See ya, Stonewall: Dallas ISD begins to remove Confederate leaders' names from 4 schools". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved March 11, 2019 – via DallasNews.com.
  38. Chavez, Stella (September 13, 2013). "Short Timers: A Roll Call Of Dallas School Superintendents". keranews.org. KERA News. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  39. "DISD superintendents in the modern era". The Dallas Morning News. June 24, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2019. at Pressreader.com, covers Warren T. White until Mike Miles and includes interim superintendents.
  40. Chávez, Stella M. (September 6, 2013). "Recent Dallas Schools Superintendents Haven't Stayed Long On The Job". KERA. Retrieved October 22, 2019. - Has detailed dates of superintendents from Chad Wollery to Mike Miles, but does not include people who only served as interim superintendents.
  41. Home. Dallas Independent School District. Retrieved on December 16, 2017. "9400 N. Central Expressway Dallas, TX 75231"
  42. "The former Dallas ISD building may be preserved in new apartment development". Lakewood Advocate. December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  43. Carol Toler, "Dallas ISD to purchase 9400 NCX at Central and Walnut Hill", The Advocate (Lake Highlands edition), May 2, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  44. Gene Davis, "Approved sale of 10 surplus Dallas ISD properties to generate $18 million in revenue", The Hub (DallasISD.org), February 24.2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  45. Ken Kalthoff, "Dallas ISD Headquarters, 29 Other School Properties Up for Sale", KXAS, November 7, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  46. Emily Charrier, "Demo permit filed for the old Dallas ISD headquarters on Ross Avenue", The Advocate (Lakewood-East Dallas edition), April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  47. "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Dallas County, TX" ( Archived June 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on June 18, 2015.
  48. "Demographic Studies." Dallas Independent School District. Retrieved on June 8, 2016.
  49. Dallas ISD: Uniforms
  50. "DOCKET NO. 008-R5-901 Archived October 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine." Texas Education Agency. Accessed October 13, 2008.
  51. Shah, Angela. "SCHOOLS As goes the schools, so goes the city. Good schools translate into a better-educated workforce, more desirable jobs, more stable neighborhoods, higher property values. So other cities are working hard – outside the classroom – to bolster their schools. Dallas needs remedial work." The Dallas Morning News. April 18, 2004. Retrieved on November 26, 2011.
  52. Fowler, Jimmy. "School's out." Dallas Observer. November 13, 1997. p. 2 ( Archived February 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved on September 22, 2014.
  53. "Athletic Facilities." Dallas Independent School District. Retrieved on February 24, 2012.
  54. Isensee, Laura and Stella Chavez. "Dallas Vs. Houston: How The Two Biggest School Districts In Texas Match Up" (). Houston Public Media. September 1, 2015. Retrieved on January 2, 2016.
  55. Hacker, Holly K.; Hobbs, Tawnell D. (June 9, 2010). "'Black flight' changing the makeup of Dallas schools". The Dallas Morning News. A. H. Belo Corporation. Retrieved March 11, 2019 – via DallasNews.com.
  56. "2017-2018 Student Enrollment for Dallas ISD". tea.texas.gov. Texas Education Agency. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  57. Lyons, Gene. "This is Woodrow Wilson: A School that Works." Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications, January 1979. Volume 7, No. 1. ISSN 0148-7736. START: p. 69. CITED: p. 69.
  58. Nicholson, Eric (May 3, 2016). "In Dallas, White Flight Never Ends". Dallas Observer. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  59. Hadnot, Ira J. "Public schools resegregating, research finds Busing, court orders haven't reversed trend especially in South; policy changes urged." The Dallas Morning News. Sunday January 19, 2003. 23A. Retrieved on October 11, 2011.
  60. Hacker, Holly K. (September 3, 2011). "Analysis shows true Texas high school performance, stripping away socioeconomic factors". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved February 10, 2012 – via DallasNews.com.
  61. "Dallas ISD Facts Sheet". dallasisd.org. Retrieved March 10, 2019.

Further reading
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