Desmoncus

Desmoncus
	1863 Illustration from; Naturalist on the River Amazons
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Subfamily:	Arecoideae
Tribe:	Cocoseae
Genus:	Desmoncus; Mart.
Synonyms[1]
	Atitara Barrère ex Kuntze 1891, illegitimate homonym, not Marcgr. ex Juss. 1816; Desmonchus Desf., spelling variation;

Desmoncus is a genus of mostly climbing, spiny palms native to the Neotropics. The genus extends from Mexico in the north to Brazil and Bolivia in the south, with two species present in the southeastern Caribbean (Trinidad and the Windward Islands).[1][2][3]

Description

Desmoncus is best known as a genus of climbing palms. Twenty-three of the 24 species recognised by Andrew Henderson in his revision of the genus are climbers; only one, D. stans is free-standing.[3]^:7–16 Almost all Neotropical climbing palms belong to Desmoncus—the one exception being Chamaedorea elatior.[3]^:3

Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius's drawing of Desmoncus polyacanthos shows the features of the leaf (sheath, petiole, rachis, leaflets, and cirrus) and the inflorescence with its associated bract.

Most Desmoncus species climb using grappling hook-like structures called acanthophylls.

Desmoncus leaves are pinnately compound and are made up of a leaf sheath, petioles, rachis, and individual leaflets. The ends of the leaves are modified into a climbing structure called a cirrus. Instead of leaflets, the cirrus usually has grappling hook-like structures called acanthophylls; in some species the cirrus is less well developed and is almost absent in D. stans, the non-climbing species.[3]^:8–10

All parts of the leaves, including the leaflets themselves, are covered with spines. Most species have straight spines that are over 1 centimetre (0.4 in) long, but a few species have curved spines that are less than 1 cm long.[3]^:8–10

Taxonomy

	Acrocomia

	Desmoncus

Aiphanes

	Astrocaryum

	Bactris

Simplified diagram of the relationship between members of the subtribe Bactridinae, based on plastid and nuclear DNA phylogeny.[4]

Desmoncus orthacanthos

Bactris gasipaes

Aiphanes aculeata*

	Acrocomia crispa

	Acrocomia aculeata

Relationship between members of the subtribe Bactridinae, based on plastid DNA phylogeny.[5] *Aiphanes aculeata is a botanical synonym of A. horrida.

John Dransfield and colleagues put Desmoncus in the subfamily Arecoideae, the tribe Cocoseae and the subtribe Bactridinae, together with Aiphanes, Acrocomia, Astrocaryum and Bactris.[6]

The genus was described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1824. The first species described was D. polyacanthos.[3]^:16 Martius later described six additional species that he placed in the genus. In this 1881 Flora Brasiliensis, Carl Georg Oscar Drude recognised 17 species. João Barbosa Rodrigues recognised 28 species in his 1903 work Setum Palmarum Brasiliensis.[3]^:3–4

Max Burret published a revision of the entire genus in 1934. Burret described nine new species and ended up recognising a total of 41 species. In the 1940s, Liberty Hyde Bailey added 14 additional species to the genus Desmoncus. Jan Wessels Boer rejected the species concept used by Bailey, Barbosa Rodrigues, and Burret as being too narrow and ended up recognising only seven species[3]^:3–4 In his 2011 revision of the genus, Andrew Henderson recognised 24 species.[3]

Distribution

Desmoncus ranges from Mexico in the north to Bolivia and Brazil in the south. Most species occur at lower elevations, but some species range as high as 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level. The species are mostly found in lowland tropical rainforest. Twelve species occur in Colombia, the most species-rich country, while 10 are found in Brazil.[3]^:7

Species

Desmoncus chinantlensis Liebm. ex Mart. – southern Mexico and Central America (Veracruz to Nicaragua)
Desmoncus cirrhifer A.H.Gentry & Zardini – Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
Desmoncus costaricensis (Kuntze) Burret – Costa Rica
Desmoncus giganteus A.J.Hend. – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, western Brazil
Desmoncus horridus Splitg. ex Mart. – Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Desmoncus interjectus A.J.Hend. – Colombia
Desmoncus kunarius de Nevers ex A.J.Hend. – Panama
Desmoncus latisectus Burret – Bolivia
Desmoncus leptoclonos Drude – Paraguay, Brazil
Desmoncus loretanus A.J.Hend. – Loreto region of Peru
Desmoncus madrensis A.J.Hend. – Peru
Desmoncus mitis Mart. – Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia
Desmoncus moorei A.J.Hend. – Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Desmoncus myriacanthos Dugand. – Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
Desmoncus obovoideus A.J.Hend. – Panama
Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart. – eastern Brazil
Desmoncus osensis A.J.Hend. – Costa Rica
Desmoncus parvulus L.H.Bailey – Venezuela, Colombia, northwestern Brazil, the Guianas
Desmoncus polyacanthos Mart. – Trinidad, Windward Islands, Venezuela, the Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Desmoncus prunifer Poepp. ex Mart. – Loreto region of Peru
Desmoncus pumilus Trail. – Colombia, northwestern Brazil
Desmoncus setosus Mart. – Colombia, northwestern Brazil
Desmoncus stans Grayum & Nevers – Costa Rica
Desmoncus vacivus L.H.Bailey – Colombia, northwestern Brazil, Peru

References

Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius: The Book of Palms/Das Buch der Palmen/Le livre des palmiers, introduced by the editor H. Walter Lack, Taschen Verlag, Köln, Germany 2010 ISBN 978-3-8365-1779-9

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1–223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Henderson, Andrew (2011-12-14). "A revision of Desmoncus (Arecaceae)". Phytotaxa. 35 (1): 1–88. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.35.1.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
Eiserhardt, Wolf L.; Jean-Christophe Pintaud; Conny Asmussen-Lange; William J. Hahn; Rodrigo Bernal; Henrik Balslev; Finn Borchsenius (2011). "Phylogeny and divergence times of Bactridinae (Arecaceae, Palmae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences". Taxon. 60 (2): 485–498. doi:10.1002/tax.602016.
Asmussen, Conny B.; John Dransfield; Vinnie Deickmann; Anders S. Barfod; Jean-Christophe Pintaud; William J. Baker (2006). "A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): evidence from plastid DNA phylogeny". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00521.x.
Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl; Conny B. Asmussen; William J. Baker; Madeline M. Harley; Carl E. Lewis (2005). "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 60 (4): 559–69. JSTOR 25070242.

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[WCSP-1] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[2] Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2005). World Checklist of Palms: 1–223. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

[Henderson-3] Henderson, Andrew (2011-12-14). "A revision of Desmoncus (Arecaceae)". Phytotaxa. 35 (1): 1–88. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.35.1.1. ISSN 1179-3163.

[Eiserhardt2011-4] Eiserhardt, Wolf L.; Jean-Christophe Pintaud; Conny Asmussen-Lange; William J. Hahn; Rodrigo Bernal; Henrik Balslev; Finn Borchsenius (2011). "Phylogeny and divergence times of Bactridinae (Arecaceae, Palmae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences". Taxon. 60 (2): 485–498. doi:10.1002/tax.602016.

[Asmussen-5] Asmussen, Conny B.; John Dransfield; Vinnie Deickmann; Anders S. Barfod; Jean-Christophe Pintaud; William J. Baker (2006). "A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): evidence from plastid DNA phylogeny". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00521.x.

[Dransfield2005-6] Dransfield, John; Natalie W. Uhl; Conny B. Asmussen; William J. Baker; Madeline M. Harley; Carl E. Lewis (2005). "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 60 (4): 559–69. JSTOR 25070242.