Dexamethasone suppression test

The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is used to assess adrenal gland function by measuring how cortisol levels change in response to oral doses or an injection of dexamethasone.[1] It is typically used to diagnose Cushing's syndrome.

Dexamethasone suppression test
Purposeassess adrenal gland function
proopiomelanocortin derivatives
POMC
     
γ-MSH ACTH β-lipotropin
         
  α-MSH CLIP γ-lipotropin β-endorphin
       
    β-MSH  

The DST was historically used for diagnosing depression, but by 1988 it was considered to be "at best, severely limited in its clinical ability" for this purpose.[2]

Physiology

Dexamethasone is an exogenous steroid that provides negative feedback to the pituitary gland to suppress the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Specifically, dexamethasone binds to glucocorticoid receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, which lie outside the blood-brain barrier, resulting in regulatory modulation.[3]

Test Procedures

There are several types of DST procedures:[4]

  1. Overnight DST - An oral dose of dexamethasone is given between 11pm and midnight, and the cortisol level is measured at 8 - 9am the next morning
  2. Two-day DST - This involves giving an oral dose of dexamethasone at six-hourly intervals for 2 days, with the cortisol level measured 6 hours after the final dose was given
  3. Intravenous DST
  4. Dexamethasone-CRT test

Interpretation

Low-dose and high-dose variations of the test exist.[5] The test is given at low (usually 1–2 mg) and high (8 mg) doses of dexamethasone, and the levels of cortisol are measured to obtain the results.[6]

A low dose of dexamethasone suppresses cortisol in individuals with no pathology in endogenous cortisol production. A high dose of dexamethasone exerts negative feedback on pituitary neoplastic ACTH-producing cells (Cushing's disease), but not on ectopic ACTH-producing cells or adrenal adenoma (Cushing's syndrome).

Dose

A normal result is a decrease in cortisol levels upon administration of low-dose dexamethasone. Results indicative of Cushing's disease involve no change in cortisol on low-dose dexamethasone, but inhibition of cortisol on high-dose dexamethasone. If the cortisol levels are unchanged by low- and high-dose dexamethasone, then other causes of Cushing's syndrome must be considered with further work-up necessary. After the high-dose dexamethasone, it may be possible to make further interpretations.[7]

Cortisol ACTH† Interpretation
is not suppressed by low or high doses Undetectable or low Primary hypercortisolism is likely; Cushing's syndrome, not disease (i.e., the hypercortisolism is not driven by ACTH hypersecretion)
is not suppressed by low doses, but is suppressed by high doses Normal to elevated but not in hundreds Cushing's disease should be considered because the pituitary still retains some feedback control. A pituitary MRI would be needed to confirm.
is not suppressed by high or low doses Elevated in hundreds Ectopic ACTH syndrome is likely. If an adrenal tumor is not apparent, a chest CT and abdominal CT is indicated to rule out a different tumor secreting ACTH.

†ACTH as measured prior to dosing of dexamethasone[8]

Equivocal results should be followed by a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, with inferior petrosal sinus sampling.

References
  1. Dogra, Prerna; Vijayashankar, Narasimha P. (2020). "Dexamethasone Suppression Test". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  2. Nierenberg AA, Feinstein AR (1988). "How to evaluate a diagnostic marker test. Lessons from the rise and fall of dexamethasone suppression test". JAMA. 259 (11): 1699–702. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720110061036. PMID 3278149.
  3. Cole MA, Kim PJ, Kalman BA, Spencer RL (February 2000). "Dexamethasone suppression of corticosteroid secretion: evaluation of the site of action by receptor measures and functional studies". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 25 (2): 151–67. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00045-1. PMID 10674279.
  4. Dogra, Prerna; Vijayashankar, Narasimha P. (2020). "Dexamethasone Suppression Test". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  5. Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Mohammed S, et al. (November 2003). "Discriminatory value of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in establishing the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (11): 5299–306. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030510. PMID 14602765.
  6. Johnson, Donavon B.; Lopez, Michael J.; Kelley, Brendan (2020). "Dexamethasone". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
  7. Kumar, Abbas, Fausto. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed. Elsevier-Saunders; New York, 2005
  8. Longo, Dan L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Jameson, J. Larry; Loscalzo, Joseph (2012), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.), McGraw Hill Medical, pp. 2897–2898, ISBN 978-0-07174889-6
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