Dual resonance model

In theoretical physics, a dual resonance model arose during the early investigation (1968–1973) of string theory as an S-matrix theory of the strong interaction.

Overview

The dual resonance model was based upon the observation that the amplitudes for the s-channel scatterings matched exactly with the amplitudes for the t-channel scatterings among mesons and also the Regge trajectory. It began with the Euler beta function model of Gabriele Veneziano in 1968 for a 4-particle amplitude which has the property that it is explicitly s–t crossing symmetric, exhibits duality between the description in terms of Regge poles or of resonances, and provides a closed-form solution to non-linear finite-energy sum rules relating s- and t- channels.

The Veneziano formula was quickly generalized to an equally consistent N-particle amplitude[1] for which Yoichiro Nambu,[2] Holger Bech Nielsen,[3] and Leonard Susskind[4] provided a physical interpretation in terms of an infinite number of simple harmonic oscillators describing the motion of an extended one-dimensional string, hence came the name "string theory."

The study of dual resonance models was a relatively popular subject of study between 1968 and 1973.[5] It was even taught briefly as a graduate level course at MIT, by Sergio Fubini and Veneziano, who co-authored an early article.[6] It fell rapidly out of favor around 1973 when quantum chromodynamics became the main focus of theoretical research[7] (mainly due to the theoretical appeal of its asymptotic freedom).[8]

See also

• QCD string
• Lund string model

Notes

1. Koba, Z.; Nielsen, H.B. (1969). "Reaction amplitude for n-mesons a generalization of the Veneziano-Bardakçi-Ruegg-Virasoro model". Nuclear Physics B. Elsevier BV. 10 (4): 633–655. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(69)90331-9. ISSN 0550-3213.
2. Nambu, Y. (1970). "Quark model and the factorization of the Veneziano amplitude." In R. Chand (ed.), Symmetries and quark models (pp. 269–277). Singapore: World Scientific.
3. Nielsen, H. B. "An almost physical interpretation of the dual N point function." Nordita preprint (1969); unpublished.
4. Susskind, Leonard (1970-02-15). "Structure of Hadrons Implied by Duality". Physical Review D. American Physical Society (APS). 1 (4): 1182–1186. doi:10.1103/physrevd.1.1182. ISSN 0556-2821.
5. Rickles 2014, pp. 5–6, 44.
6. Fubini, S.; Veneziano, G. (1969). "Level structure of dual-resonance models". Il Nuovo Cimento A. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 64 (4): 811–840. doi:10.1007/bf02758835. ISSN 0369-3546.
7. Rickles 2014, p. 77.
8. Rickles 2014, p. 11 n. 22.

References

• Rickles, Dean (2014). A Brief History of String Theory: From Dual Models to M-Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-45128-7.

Further reading

• Paul H. Frampton (1974). Dual Resonance Models. Frontiers in Physics. ISBN 0-8053-2581-6.