Duck Hill, Mississippi

Duck Hill is a town in Montgomery County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 732 at the 2010 census.[3]

Duck Hill, Mississippi
Town
Duck Hill from across the tracks
Motto(s): 
The place called home
Duck Hill, Mississippi is highlighted in the small red zone.
Duck Hill, Mississippi
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 33°37′55″N 89°42′53″W
CountryUnited States
StateMississippi
CountyMontgomery
Government
 • TypeMayor-Counsel
Area
 • Total1.03 sq mi (2.68 km2)
 • Land1.03 sq mi (2.68 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
253 ft (77 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total732
 • Estimate 
(2019)[2]
1,646
 • Density1,591.88/sq mi (614.57/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
38925
Area code(s)662
FIPS code28-20260
GNIS feature ID0669470
Websitemontgomerycountyms.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=53

Duck Hill is located on U.S. Route 51, midway between Grenada and Winona. Big Bogue Creek flows east of the town.

The Lucie E. Campbell Gospel and Heritage Festival takes place each July in Duck Hill.

History
Illinois Central Depot in Duck Hill, c. 1910

Duck Hill is named for a large hill northeast of the town, where "Duck", a Choctaw chief, held war councils.[4] Chief Duck was also a medicine man or shaman who treated his people. A statue of Chief Duck is located on U.S. Route 51 in Duck Hill, next to an old Illinois Central caboose.

The first European-American settler in the area was John A. Binford in 1834, who acquired land following Indian Removal of the Choctaw, who were forced to cede their lands to the United States. He built the first home in the area, and developed his property as a cotton plantation, based on enslaved African-American workers. He became one of the region's most successful planters and large slaveholders. Binford was elected to the Mississippi Legislature. Duck Hill was a trading center for the cotton planters.

In 1856 the Illinois Central Railroad completed a line from Chicago to New Orleans, and it built a depot at Duck Hill. This stimulated its businesses.[5] The line is now used for freight operation by the Grenada Railway.

A train wreck occurred at Duck Hill on October 19, 1862, when in the early morning hours two trains collided head-on, killing 34 men. Most of the dead were Confederate soldiers. It was the South's worst loss of life in a train accident to that time.[6]

During the Civil War, Binford's sons, James R. and John A. Jr., helped lead the Confederate "Company E" from Duck Hill, known as the "McClung Rifles". James R. Binford later was elected to the Mississippi State Senate. After white Democrats regained control of the state legislature following the Reconstruction era, he wrote the notorious Jim Crow laws for Mississippi.[7][8]

In 1887, regional businessmen hoped that Duck Hill would become a thriving mill town after iron ore was found nearby. Financial speculation followed. Tour of our Southern Correspondent reported in The New York Times:

Duck Hill is the euphonious appellation of a straggling wee bit of a hamlet down in the depths of Mississippi, a dozen miles or so from Grenada, on the Illinois Central Railroad, known to the world and to history in something less than a wholesale way.[9]

Duck Hill was the site of a railroad robbery in 1888. Two armed men, Rube Burrow and Joe Jackson, clung to the outside of a train as it left the station, then climbed to the engine cab. They ordered the engineer to stop the train about a mile north of town. The robbers plundered the express car's safe of $3000, killing one man who tried to intervene.[10][11]

20th century to present

In 1930, the Lloyd T. Binford High School opened in Duck Hill. (It was named for Lloyd T. Binford, son of state senator James R. Binford, who had become a Memphis insurance executive and film censor. He was noted for his views on "Southern womanhood" and white supremacy.) The city also built an agriculture education facility for its vocational students, who were overwhelmingly African American in the segregated system.

A new elementary school was constructed in 1963. The schools have since been closed because of declining population in the town.

The high school's gymnasium is used as a community center. In 2012, a committee of volunteers was established to preserve the high school, which has suffered from vandalism.[12]

During World War II, African Americans from across the country were among soldiers trained and stationed in the South. Many resented the segregation of public facilities they were forced to observe. In 1943, fifteen armed black soldiers from nearby Camp McCain came to Duck Hill during the night and began firing into the town. There were no injuries. The soldiers were upset about a recent white assault against a group of black soldiers at nearby Starkville.[13][14]

Senator Trent Lott, whose father sharecropped a stretch of cotton field in Duck Hill during the 1940s, said in 1999 while supporting a bill for public education: "I am a product of public education from the first grade through the second, third, and fourth grades where I went to school at Duck Hill, Mississippi, and I had better teachers in the second, third, and fourth grades in Duck Hill, Mississippi, than I had the rest of my life."[15][16]

Duck Hill lynchings of 1937
Main article: Lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels

The brutal lynching of two black men, Roosevelt Townes and Robert "Bootjack" McDaniels, in Duck Hill mid-day on April 13, 1937, gained national publicity. These were among nine lynchings of African Americans by whites in Montgomery County, Mississippi from the post-Reconstruction period into the 20th century. Most occurred in the decades near the turn of the 20th century.[17]

The men had been arraigned in the Montgomery County Courthouse in the county seat of Winona, Mississippi, charged with murdering George Windham, a grocer in Duck Hill, in December 1936. Both men pleaded not guilty. Outside the courthouse a crowd had gathered, and then a group of 12 white men abducted the two accused men from the courthouse.[18]

Townes and McDaniels were loaded into a school bus and driven to a wooded area near Duck Hill. Hundreds of white people followed, and a crowd estimated at 300-500 looked on as Townes and McDaniels were each chained to a tree.[19][20] A blowtorch was used to torture them, until each confessed to Windham's murder. Gasoline was doused on Townes, and on brush around him, and he was burned to death. McDaniels was riddled with bullets, and fatally shot through the head.[19]

The police officers who had been guarding the two defendants said they were unable to identify any members of the mob.[19] As was typical in lynching cases, no one was charged in the abduction or murders.[21]

Newspapers carried a photograph of McDaniels' burned and tortured body chained to a tree, and the lynchings were nationally condemned. German newspapers at the time used the murders for propaganda, contrasting the lynchings to controls in Nazi Germany under the "humane" Nuremberg racial laws.[22]

Such publicity enabled Joseph A. Gavagan (D-New York) to gain support for anti-lynching legislation he had put forward in the House of Representatives; it was supported in the Senate by Democrats Robert F. Wagner (New York) and Frederick Van Nuys (Indiana). The legislation eventually passed in the House, but the white Democrats of the Solid South (most blacks in the region were disenfranchised) blocked it in the Senate, with Senator Allen Ellender even proclaiming, "We shall at all cost preserve the white supremacy of America."[23] Their colleagues had similarly defeated anti-lynching legislation in the 1920s that was passed overwhelmingly by the House.[24][25]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2), all land.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
1880151—
1890332119.9%
1900242−27.1%
1910499106.2%
19205285.8%
19305534.7%
1940537−2.9%
19505370.0%
196067425.5%
197080920.0%
1980706−12.7%
1990586−17.0%
200074627.3%
2010732−1.9%
2019 (est.)1,646[2]124.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[26]

As of the census[27] of 2000, there were 746 people, 307 households, and 201 families residing in the town. The population density was 720.8 people per square mile (279.6/km2). There were 331 housing units at an average density of 319.8 per square mile (124.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 63.27% African American, 36.06% White and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.

There were 307 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $24,118, and the median income for a family was $29,375. Males had a median income of $26,731 versus $15,639 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,550. About 18.9% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 32.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

There are several small businesses within the town limits. Of those include a small Jiffy Mart gas station where U.S. Route 51 and Main Street intersect and a Regions Bank. In September 2009, a Dollar General was opened adjacent to U.S. Route 51 in the north part of town.

Arts and culture

Lucie Campbell, a singer and composer of gospel music, was born in Duck Hill and a small memorial recounting her achievements in the music industry is located near the statue of Chief Duck.

Churches

The following is a list of churches in Duck Hill:

  • Duck Hill Missionary Baptist Church
  • Duck Hill Baptist Church
  • MT Pleasant Missionary Baptist Church
  • Wilkin Chapel Baptist Church
  • Unity Baptist Church
  • Sweet Home MB Church
  • St. Mark MB Church
  • Binford Chapel United Methodist
  • Duck Hill Church of God In Christ
  • Victory Apostolic Church of Duck Hill

Education

Winona-Montgomery Consolidated School District serves Duck Hill and operates its schools in Winona.

Duck Hill was formerly served by the Montgomery County School District, which operated Montgomery County High School and Montgomery County Elementary School. The aforementioned schools were located in Kilmichael. The Duck Hill Head Start Center is a preschool located at 620 Carrollton St.[28]

At one time Duck Hill had its own elementary school, Duck Hill Elementary School; circa 2001 it had around 100 students. At that time school district officials were considering closing it and moving the students to Kilmichael Elementary.[29] The district also, at one time, operated Duck Hill High School.[30]

Effective July 1, 2018 the Montgomery County and Winona Separate School District consolidated into the Winona-Montgomery district.[31]

Notable people

References
  1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  2. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  3. "Duck Hill town". 2010 United States Census. 2010 Census Interactive Population Search. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  4. McElvaine, Robert S. (1988). Mississippi: The WPA Guide to the Magnolia State. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604732894.
  5. "A Brief Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Railroad". Illinois Central Historical Society. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
  6. "Duck Hill Train Wreck - October 19, 1862". MSGenWeb. August 1, 2010.
  7. Wynne, Ben (2003). A Hard Trip: A History of the 15th Mississippi Infantry, CSA. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780881461794.
  8. Doherty, Thomas (2007). Hollywood's Censor: Joseph I. Breen and the Production Code Administration. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231143592.
  9. "Mississippi is in Line" (PDF). The New York Times. April 4, 1987.
  10. "An Express Car Robbed". Kendallville Standard. December 21, 1888.
  11. "Rube Burrow, Outlaw". Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. The Sun. October 12, 1890.
  12. "Group Hopes Schools Can Again Serve Community". Grenada Star. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  13. Dougherty, Kevin (2010). Weapons of Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604734522.
  14. Orr-Klopfer, M. Susan (2005). Where Rebels Roost: Mississippi Civil Rights Revisited. M. Susan Klopfer. ISBN 9781411641020.
  15. "Iona Watson Lott (Obituary)". Rome News-Tribune. July 12, 2005.
  16. "REAUTHORIZING THE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT OF 1965". Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1999.
  17. "Supplement: Lynchings by County/ Mississippi: Montgomery", 3rd edition Archived October 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, p. 7, from Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror, 2015 (3rd edition), Equal Justice Institute, Montgomery, Alabama
  18. "Roosevelt Townes and Robert "Bootjack" McDaniels", Northeastern University's Center for Civil Rights and Restorative Justice; News Articles: "Dual Lynching Nationally Condemned" and "Mob Lynches Two Negroes Tuesday near Duck Hill" Archived September 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Winona Times, April 15, 1937; accessed March 18, 2017
  19. "State Lynching Stirs U.S. Action: 2 Negroes Slain By Mob, Officers Will Investigate". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, MS. April 14, 1937.
  20. "Murder Charge at Duck Hill". Greenwood, Mississippi: The Greenwood Commonwealth. April 6, 1937.
  21. Wood, Amy Louise (2009). Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890-1940. University of North Caroline. ISBN 9780807878118.
  22. "Lynchings Top NAZI Papers". San Jose News. April 13, 1937.
  23. Congressional Record – Senate (January 20, 1938) https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1938-pt1-v83/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1938-pt1-v83-16-1.pdf
  24. Finley, Keith M. (2003). Southern Opposition to Civil Rights in the United States Senate: A Tactical and Ideological Analysis, 1938-1965 (PDF). Doctoral Dissertation. Louisiana State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  25. Weiss, Nancy Joan (1983). Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR. Princeton University.
  26. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  27. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  28. "Duck Hill Head Start/early Head Start | Duck Hill MS Child Care Center". childcarecenter.us. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  29. "Duck Hill officials study closing school". Grenada Star. January 29, 2002. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  30. "Duck Hill may lose school". Grenada Star. November 13, 2001. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  31. "School District Consolidation in Mississippi Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine." Mississippi Professional Educators. December 2016. Retrieved on July 2, 2017. Page 2 (PDF p. 3/6).

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