E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (video game)

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 adventure video game developed and published by Atari, Inc. for the Atari 2600 video game console. It is based on the film of the same name and was designed by Howard Scott Warshaw. The objective is to guide the eponymous character through various screens to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone that will allow him to contact his home planet.

For other video games with this title, see E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial in video games.

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
Atari's silver label box art
Developer(s)Atari, Inc.
Publisher(s)Atari, Inc.
Designer(s)Howard Scott Warshaw
Platform(s)Atari 2600
Release
Genre(s)Adventure
Mode(s)Single-player

Warshaw intended the game to be an innovative adaptation, and Atari thought it would sell well based on the international box office success of the film. Negotiations for the game rights ended in late July 1982, giving Warshaw just over five weeks to develop it in time for the 1982 Christmas season.[2] The final release received negative reviews, with low-quality graphics and confusing gameplay facing significant criticism. E.T. is often cited as one of the worst video games of all time and one of the biggest commercial failures in video game history. It is cited as a major contributing factor to the video game crash of 1983 and has been frequently referenced and mocked in popular culture as a cautionary tale about the dangers of rushed game development and studio interference.

In what was initially deemed an urban legend, reports from 1983 stated that as a result of overproduction and returns, millions of unsold cartridges were secretly buried in an Alamogordo, New Mexico landfill and covered with a layer of concrete. In April 2014, diggers hired to investigate the claim confirmed that the Alamogordo landfill contained many E.T. cartridges, among other games.[3][4][5] James Heller, the former Atari manager who was in charge of the burial, was at the excavation and admitted to the Associated Press that 728,000 cartridges of various games were buried.[6]

Gameplay
E.T. meets Elliott in a field of wells. Reese's Pieces are scattered throughout the world and are represented by dark dots.

E.T. is an adventure game in which players control the alien E.T. from a top-down perspective. The objective is to collect three pieces of an interplanetary telephone. The pieces are found scattered randomly throughout various pits (also referred to as wells). There is no overall time limit.[7] The player is provided with an on-screen energy bar, which decreases when E.T. performs any actions (including moving, teleporting, or falling into a pit, as well as levitating back to the top). To prevent this, E.T. can collect Reese's Pieces, which are used to restore his energy or, when nine are collected, E.T. can call Elliott to obtain a piece of the telephone, or the player can save the candy pieces for bonus points at the end. After the three phone pieces have been collected, the player must guide E.T. to an area where he can use the phone, which allows him to call his home planet. Once the call is made, a clock appears at the top right of the screen; E.T. has to arrive at the landing zone before it reaches zero.[8] Once E.T. gets to the forest where his ship abandoned him and stands and waits in the designated area for the ship to come, the ship will appear on screen and take him back to his home planet. Then the game starts over, with the same difficulty level, while changing the location of the telephone pieces. The score obtained during the round is carried over to the next iteration.[9] E.T. has three lives and if he dies within those three lives Elliott will come in and revive him. E.T. can get a fourth life if the player finds a geranium in one of the wells. According to the manual, the game ends "when E.T. runs out of energy or when you decide to quit playing".[8]

The game is divided into six environments, each representing a different setting from the film. To accomplish the objective, the player must guide E.T. into the wells. Once all items found in a well are collected, the player must levitate E.T. out of them.[10] An icon at the top of each screen represents the current area, each area enabling the player to perform different actions. Antagonists include a scientist who takes E.T. for observation and an FBI agent who chases the alien to confiscate one of the collected telephone pieces, or candy.[9] The game offers diverse difficulty settings that affect the number and speed of humans present, and the conditions needed to accomplish the objective.

Development

Following the commercial success of the film in June 1982, Steve Ross, chief executive officer (CEO) of Atari's parent company Warner Communications, started negotiations with Steven Spielberg and Universal Pictures to acquire the license to produce a video game based on the film. In late June, Warner announced its exclusive worldwide rights to market coin-operated and console games based on the movie.[11] Although the exact details of the transaction were not disclosed in the announcement, it was later reported that Atari had paid US$20–25 million ($53–66 million when adjusted for inflation to 2021) for the rights, a high figure for video game licensing at the time.[12][13][14][15] When asked by Ross what he thought about making an E.T.-based video game, Atari CEO Ray Kassar replied, "I think it's a dumb idea. We've never really made an action game out of a movie."[14] An arcade game based on the E.T. property had also been planned, but this was deemed to be impossible given the short deadline.[16]

After negotiations were completed, Kassar called Howard Scott Warshaw on July 27, 1982, to commission him as developer of the video game.[17][18] Kassar informed him that Spielberg asked for Warshaw specifically and that development needed to be completed by September 1 to meet a production schedule for the Christmas holiday. Though Warshaw had spent more than a year working on consecutive development schedules for games (seven months working on Yars' Revenge and six months on Raiders of the Lost Ark), he accepted the offer based on the challenge of completing a game in a short time frame and at Spielberg's request.[16][18] Warshaw considered it an opportunity to develop an innovative Atari 2600 game based on a film he enjoyed, "provided we reach the right arrangement".[18][19]:9:34 Kassar reportedly offered Warshaw US$200,000 and an all-expenses-paid vacation to Hawaii in compensation.[16] Warshaw was flown via private jet to Warner Brothers Studios to meet with Spielberg.[18][20]

Warshaw used those days to design the structure and segmented the concept into four ideas: world, objective, path to achieve the objective, and obstacles. He envisioned a 6-sided world that players could "float" around as the setting, and adapted part of the film's plot, E.T. phoning home, as the goal.[18] The player would need to gather parts for a phone to call his ship and arrive at a special landing site to achieve this goal.[21] Warshaw considered obstacles as an element that would determine the success of a game, and experienced difficulties when taking into account the time constraints and technical limitations of the console. Inspired by the movie, adults were implemented as antagonists that would chase the alien. Pits were devised as an element to hide the pieces of the phone as well as expand the game world.[18]

Warshaw and other Atari executives presented this design to Spielberg, who did not express enthusiasm.[17] According to Warshaw, Spielberg asked him, "Couldn't you do something more like Pac-Man?"[22] Believing the concept too derivative of a common game design, Warshaw proceeded with his concept, which he believed would capture the sentimentality he saw in the original film.[13][17] In retrospect, however, Warshaw stated that Spielberg's idea might have had merit.[17] He spent the remaining time programming. Atari anticipated enormous sales based on the popularity of the film, as well as the stability the video game industry in 1982. Due to time limitations, Atari skipped audience testing.[23] Emanual Gerard, co-chief operating officer of Warner at the time, later suggested that the company had fallen into a false sense of security by the success of its previous releases, particularly its console version of Pac-Man, which was commercially successful despite poor critical reaction.[24][25]

Reception
The player must navigate E.T. into wells to search for pieces of the interplanetary telephone. This aspect of the game was negatively received by players and critics.

Anticipation for E.T. was high in 1982, and Atari was hoping it would be a sought-after Christmas gift.[22] In early December 1982, The New York Times reported that video games based on successful films, specifically E.T., would become "an increasingly profitable source" for video game development.[26] At first, retailers ordered more supplies than what was expected to be sold, but Atari received an increasing number of order cancellations as new competitors entered the market, an event the company had not anticipated.[24][27][28] John Hubner and William Kistner of InfoWorld attribute the cancellations to changes Atari initiated in its relationship to distributors. On November 1, 1982, Atari informed them that their contracts were canceled and that exclusive deals would be established with select distributors. Hubner and Kistner believed the action prompted retailers to cancel orders, which Atari had not properly tracked.[29]

E.T. met with initial commercial success. It was among the top four on Billboard magazine's "Top 15 Video Games" sales list in December 1982 and January 1983.[30] The game eventually sold 1.5 million units.[25][31] However, between 2.5 and 3.5 million cartridges went unsold,[10][31][32] and one retailer said that "mostly grandmothers" bought the game; because of word of mouth, children preferred the best-selling Pitfall!.[12]

Hubner and Kistner commented that the large number of produced cartridges may have resulted in excess inventory regardless of E.T.'s success.[29] Even though the game was a bestseller during the holiday season, retailers still stated that its sales figures did not meet expectations. Warner Communications also expressed disappointment at the number of sales.[15] Lower-than-expected sales figures combined with excess inventory, which produced a negative supply and demand event, prompted retailers to repeatedly discount price. According to Ray Kassar, about 3.5 million of the 4 million produced were sent back to the company as unsold inventory or customer returns.[33] A popular rumor was that there were more E.T. cartridges produced than there were Atari 2600 units in existence. According to Lyle Rains, the most likely origin of this rumor was that Atari employees at the time widely believed that though the installed base of the Atari 2600 was over 20 million, the number of units still in active use was less than the number of E.T. cartridges produced.[34] Despite sales figures, the quantity of unsold merchandise, coupled with the expensive film license and the large number of returns, made E.T. a major financial failure for Atari.[32] As recently as 2004, the cartridges were still very common and offered at very low prices.[35]

Critical response

While reviews of the movie were highly positive, the game was negatively received by critics, with common complaints focused on the plot, gameplay, and visuals. New York magazine's Nicholas Pileggi described it as a loser when compared to other games Atari could have released like Donkey Kong and Frogger.[28] Video Games called it "really for kids (the littler ones)".[36] Kevin Bowen of GameSpy's Classic Gaming called the gameplay "convoluted and inane", also criticizing its story for departing from the serious tone of the film.[9] Author Steven Kent described the game as "infamous" within the industry, citing "primitive" graphics, "dull" gameplay, and a "disappointing story".[14] In 1984 Softline readers named the game the second-worst Atari program of 1983, after Congo Bongo.[37]

Nevertheless, the game received some more positive reviews. An editor for The Miami Herald described it as a difficult game to learn to play, but believed it was worth dedicating the time.[38] Vidiot's Kevin Christopher criticized the protagonist's repeated falling down back into holes, but considered it "about the only flaw with an otherwise A-1 game."[39] Arcade Express scored it 6 out of 10 in December 1982.[40]

People worry I might be sensitive about the E.T. debacle, but the fact is I'm always happy to discuss it. After all, it was the fastest game ever done, it was a million seller, and of the thousands of 2600 games, how many others are still a topic? Another thing I like to think about is having done E.T. (consistently rated among the worst games of all time) and Yars' Revenge (consistently rated as one of the best) I figure I have the unique distinction of having the greatest range of any game designer in history.

—Howard Scott Warshaw on E.T.'s reception[20]

Critics bemoaned the gameplay's repetitive use of falling down holes.[14][41] Emru Townsend of PC World discussed the game with a group, and found a universal dislike for the pits that E.T. falls into, describing it as "monotonous".[41] Writer Sean "Seanbaby" Reiley also criticized the pits, claiming that they are "time-consuming" and "difficult to leave without falling back in".[42] Trent Ward, a former Next Generation Magazine reviewer, commented that this element prompted him to immediately return the game for a refund after purchasing it in his youth,[43] and the children who found games in the New Mexico landfill gave the E.T. cartridges away because, as one later said, the "game sucked ... you couldn't finish it".[44][45] Classic Gaming argued that despite the negative reception, the game can be enjoyable after the player has learned to navigate the pits.[46]

In published materials written more than a decade after its initial release, E.T. has been universally panned by critics and is frequently listed as the worst video game ever. Reiley ranked it number one in a list of the 20 worst games of all time in Electronic Gaming Monthly's 150th issue.[42] Michael Dolan, deputy editor of FHM magazine, said it was the worst video game of all time.[47] Townsend placed E.T. at the top of his list of worst video games, and said that "about a third of the people I quizzed came up with this title almost instantly, and it's not hard to see why."[41] GameTrailers ranked it e second worst on their "Top Ten Best and Worst Games of All Time" list.[48]

Critics often attribute the poor quality to the short development time.[49][50] Townsend commented that the rushed development was very apparent.[41] Warshaw's contributions have been met with mixed responses. Classic Gaming called the game poorly designed, while IGN's Levi Buchanan stated the "impossibly tight schedule" given to Warshaw absolves him of blame.[25] Warshaw does not express regret for his part in E.T., and believes he created a good game given the time available to him.[13][18]

Impact

E.T. is often cited as one of the most important video games.[51][52][53] It is also one of the earliest video games based on a movie.[54] GamePro, GameTrailers, and Bowen cite the game as the first poor quality-film–video-game tie-in.[9][48][55] Patrick O'Luanaigh of SCi Games called it the most famous disaster story among film-inspired video games as well as within the industry.[56] Describing it as one of the "games that changed the world", GamePro stated that E.T. established a standard of subpar quality video games based on movies. They further commented that other publishers adopted similar marketing and production practices with licensed movie properties.[57] The publication named it second-worst movie game ever, citing it as an example of how poor gameplay can bring negative reception to strong licenses.[55]

Effect on Atari
Further information: Video game crash of 1983

As early as January 1983, after Atari admitted that the game had sold poorly, an industry executive said that "the lesson of E.T. has not been lost on the industry".[12] The game is cited as one of the main causes of the video game industry crisis of 1983.[58][59][60] Billboard magazine's Earl Paige reported that the large number of unsold E.T. games, along with an increase in competition, prompted retailers to demand official return programs from video game manufacturers.[61] By the end of 1982, Atari had begun to lose dominance as more competitors entered the market.[15][12] Poor critical reception and lack of a profitable marketing strategy made this game one of many cited decisions that led Atari to report a $536 million loss in 1983, and led to the company being divided into Atari Games and sold in 1984.[32] GameSpy's Classic Gaming called E.T. Atari's biggest mistake, as well as the largest financial failure in the industry.[46][62] Reiley commented that the game's poor quality was responsible for ending the product life of the Atari 2600.[42] Occurring soon after Pac-Man's negative critical response on the Atari 2600, E.T.'s poor reception was attributed by Kent to have had a negative impact on Atari's reputation and profitability.[14] Authors Nick Montfort and Ian Bogost echoed similar comments about Pac-Man and E.T.'s combined effect on the company's reputation and the industry's reaction.[63] Buchanan also cited the game as a factor in Atari and the industry's crash. He stated that the large amount of unsold merchandise was a financial burden to Atari, which pushed the company into debt.[25]

On December 7, 1982, Kassar announced that Atari's revenue forecasts for 1982 were cut from a 50 percent increase over 1981, down to a 15 percent increase.[64] Immediately following the announcement, Warner Communications' stock value dropped by around 35 percent—from US$54 to $35 per share—resulting in the company losing $1.3 billion in market valuation.[65] Kassar sold five-thousand of his Warner shares a half-hour before the announcement.[64] This prompted an investigation for insider trading against him by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.[64] Atari attempted to regain their market share by licensing popular arcade games for the Atari consoles. The games, however, did not reverse Atari's decline and they went further into debt. In 1983, the company had decreased its workforce by 30 percent and lost $356 million. Other companies—Activision, Bally Manufacturing, and Mattel—experienced similar results as the industry declined.[14]

Legacy

Atari video game burial
Further information: Atari video game burial
Evidence of E.T., Centipede, and other Atari materials uncovered during the excavation.

In September 1983, the Alamogordo Daily News of Alamogordo, New Mexico, reported in a series of articles that between ten and twenty[66] semi-trailer truckloads of Atari boxes, cartridges, and systems from an Atari storehouse in El Paso, Texas, were crushed and buried at the landfill within the city, which was covered with concrete.[67] It was Atari's first dealings with the landfill, which was chosen because no scavenging was allowed and its garbage was crushed and buried nightly. Atari officials and others gave differing reports of what was buried,[68][69][70] but it has been speculated that most unsold copies of E.T. are buried in this landfill, crushed and encased in cement.[71] The story of the buried cartridges was erroneously regarded by some as an urban legend, with skeptics—including Warshaw—disregarding the official accounts.[13][50][56]

On May 28, 2013, the Alamogordo City Commission approved Fuel Industries, an Ottawa-based entertainment company, for six months of landfill access both to create a documentary about the legend and to excavate the burial site.[3] On April 26, 2014, remnants of E.T. and other Atari games were discovered in the early hours of the excavation.[5][72] The burial of the E.T. cartridges were also the basis for the independent 2014 science fiction comedy Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie, based on the webseries of the same name,[73] and featured Howard Scott Warshaw.[74]

In December 2014, the Smithsonian Institution added an excavated cartridge of E.T. to their collection.[75][76] In 2015, The Henry Ford museum added several excavated cartridges and a video touchpad, a sample of landfill dirt taken from the site of the burial, and items of clothing worn by the excavation team to their collection. A selection of these items are on permanent display.[77][78] The Centre for Computing History in Cambridge, England also received some artefacts from the desert, which are on permanent display in the museum gallery.[79]

Attempts to improve the game

In 2006, Dennis Debro disassembled E.T., added comments to the generated source code, and released it for free.[80] In February 2013, based on this source code, programmer David Richardson released several unofficial fixes for the game.[80][81] Patches included the removal of pixel-perfect collision detection, which caused E.T. to fall into a pit every time his sprite touched a pit entry.[82]

See also

References
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  66. Quote: "The number of actual trucks which have dumped locally was not known. Local BFI officials put it at 10. However, corporate spokesmen in Houston say it was closer to 20; and city officials say it is actually 14."
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