Echinopsis

Echinopsis is a large genus of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cactus, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus. One small species, E. chamaecereus, is known as the peanut cactus. The 128 species range from large and treelike types to small globose cacti. The name derives from echinos hedgehog or sea urchin, and opsis appearance, a reference to these plants' dense coverings of spines.

For the genus of sea urchin, see Echinopsis (sea urchin).
Not to be confused with Echinops or Echidnopsis.

Echinopsis
Echinopsis spachiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Tribe: Trichocereeae
Genus: Echinopsis
Zucc.
Type species
Echinopsis eyriesii
Species

around 180, see text

Echinopsis is distinguished from Echinocactus by the length of the flower tube, from Cereus by the form and size of their stems, and from both in the position on the stem occupied by the flowers. They are remarkable for the great size, length of tube, and beauty of their flowers, which, borne upon generally small and dumpy stems, appear much larger and more attractive than would be expected.

Taxonomy

Studies in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in several formerly separate genera being absorbed into Echinopsis:

  • Acantholobivia Backeb.
  • Acanthopetalus Y.Itô
  • Andenea Fric (nom. inval.)
  • Aureilobivia Fric (nom. inval.)
  • Chamaecereus Britton & Rose
  • Chamaelobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)
  • Cinnabarinea Fric ex F.Ritter
  • Echinolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)
  • Echinonyctanthus Lem.
  • Furiolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)
  • Helianthocereus Backeb
  • Heterolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)
  • Hymenorebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.)
  • Hymenorebutia Fric ex Buining
  • Leucostele Backeb.
  • Lobirebutia Fric (nom. inval.)
  • Lobivia Britton & Rose
  • Lobiviopsis Fric (nom. inval.)
  • Megalobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)
  • Mesechinopsis Y.Itô
  • Neolobivia Y.Itô
  • Pilopsis Y.Itô (nom. inval.)
  • Pseudolobivia (Backeb.) Backeb.
  • Rebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.)
  • Salpingolobivia Y.Itô
  • Scoparebutia Fric & Kreuz. ex Buining
  • Setiechinopsis (Backeb.) de Haas
  • Soehrensia Backeb.
  • Trichocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.
Echinopsis chamaecereus at the Talcott Greenhouse.

Some have proposed merging Rebutia as well.

Like several other taxonomic changes in Cactaceae, this one has not been universally accepted.[1] Amateur and professional growers still use names like Echinopsis (in the older sense), Lobivia, Setiechinopsis and Trichocereus, although many of the others listed above fell out of common usage long before the change.

Changing the genus name necessitated using some different specific epithets to avoid creating duplicate names. Thus both Echinopsis bridgesii and Trichocereus bridgesii previously existed. These are very different plants: Echinopsis bridgesii is a short clumping cactus, whereas Trichocereus bridgesii is a tall columnar cactus similar to E. (or T.) pachanoi. Under the new classification, Trichocereus bridgesii becomes Echinopsis lageniformis.

The genus name Trichocereus was given to a number of columnar cacti in 1909 by Vincenzo Riccobono, before the genus was subsumed—along with Lobivia—into Echinopsis in 1974 by Friedrich. A 2012 genetic and morphological study by Albesiano found Trichocereus to be monophyletic if it included three species of Harrisia.[2]

A 2012 genetic analysis of chloroplast DNA indicates Echinopsis is made up of several divergent lineages. E. spachiana was not included in the study but is thought to be related to a Helianthocereus clade.[3]

Species
Note: some of the species listed below may be synonyms, subspecies, or varieties of others.
  • Echinopsis adolfofriedrichii G. Moser
  • Echinopsis amoenissima Werdermann
  • Echinopsis ancistrophora Spegazzini
  • Echinopsis angelesii (R. Kiesling) G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis antezanae (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis apiculata Linke
  • Echinopsis arboricola (Kimnach) R. Mottram
  • Echinopsis arebaloi Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis atacamensis (Philippi) H. Friedrich & G.D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis aurata Salm-Dyck
  • Echinopsis aurea Britton & Rose
  • Echinopsis backebergii Werdermann
  • Echinopsis baldiana Spegazzini
  • Echinopsis berlingii Y. Ito
  • Echinopsis bertramiana (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis bolligeriana Mächler & Helmut Walter
  • Echinopsis bonnieae (Halda, Hogan & Janeba) Halda & Malina
  • Echinopsis boyuibensis F. Ritter
  • Echinopsis brasilensis A. V. Frič
  • Echinopsis bridgesii Salm-Dyck (not to be confused with E. lageniformis, which is also known as Trichocereus bridgesii)
  • Echinopsis bruchii (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & Glaetzle
  • Echinopsis cabrerae (R. Kiesling) G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis caineana (Cárdenas) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis cajasensis F. Ritter
  • Echinopsis calliantholilacina Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis callichroma Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis calochlora K. Schumann
  • Echinopsis camarguensis (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis campylacantha Pfeiffer & Otto
  • Echinopsis candicans (Salm-Dyck) F. A. C. Weber
  • Echinopsis cardenasiana (Rausch) H. Friedrich
  • Echinopsis caulescens (F. Ritter) M. Lowry
  • Echinopsis cephalomacrostibas (Werdermann & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis cerdana Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis chalaensis (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis chamaecereus H. Friedrich & W. Glaetzle
  • Echinopsis chereauniana Schlumb.
  • Echinopsis chiloensis (Colla) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis chrysantha Werdermann
  • Echinopsis chrysochete Werdermann
  • Echinopsis cinnabarina (Hooker) Labouret
  • Echinopsis clavata (F. Ritter) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis cochabambensis Backeberg
  • Echinopsis colmariensis Hort.
  • Echinopsis comarapana Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis conaconensis (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis coquimbana (Molina) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis coronata Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis cotacajesii Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis crassicaulis (R. Kiesling) H. Friedrich & Glaetzle
  • Echinopsis cristata Salm-Dyck
  • Echinopsis cuzcoensis (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis cylindracea (Backeberg) Friedrich
  • Echinopsis decaisniana Walp.
  • Echinopsis densispina Werdermann
  • Echinopsis derenbergii A. V. Frič
  • Echinopsis deserticola (Werdermann) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis escayachensis (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis eyriesii Pfeiffer & Otto
  • Echinopsis fabrisii (R.Kiesling) G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis famatimensis (Spegazzini) Werdermann
  • Echinopsis ferox (Britton & Rose) Backeberg
  • Echinopsis formosa (Pfeiffer) Jacobi
  • Echinopsis friedrichii G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis gibbosa Pfeiffer
  • Echinopsis gigantea Rud. Meyer
  • Echinopsis gladispina Y. Ito
  • Echinopsis glauca (F. Ritter) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis glaucina H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis haematantha (Spegazzini) J. G. Lamb.
  • Echinopsis hahniana (Backeberg) R. S. Wallace
  • Echinopsis hamatispina Werdermann
  • Echinopsis hammerschmidii Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis hertrichiana (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis hossei Werdermann
  • Echinopsis huascha (F. A. C. Weber) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis huotti Labour.
  • Echinopsis hystrichoides F. Ritter
  • Echinopsis ibicuatensis Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis imperialis Hort.
  • Echinopsis jajoiana Hort.
  • Echinopsis jamessianus Hort.
  • Echinopsis kladiwaiana Rausch
  • Echinopsis klingleriana Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis knotti Schlumberger
  • Echinopsis knuthiana (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis korethroides Werdermann
  • Echinopsis lageniformis (Forst.) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley (formerly Trichocereus bridgesii)
  • Echinopsis lamprochlora F. A. C. Weber
  • Echinopsis lateritia Gürke
  • Echinopsis leucantha Walpers
  • Echinopsis litoralis (Johow) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley (syn.: E.chiloensis (Colla) subsp. litoralis (Johow)Lowry)
  • Echinopsis lorethroides Werdermann
  • Echinopsis macrodiscus Frič
  • Echinopsis macrogona (S.D.) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis mamillosa Gürke
  • Echinopsis marsoneri Werdermann
  • Echinopsis mataranensis Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis maximiliana Heyder
  • Echinopsis melanacantha A. Dietr.
  • Echinopsis meyeri Heese
  • Echinopsis mieckleyi Rud. Meyer
  • Echinopsis mihanovichii Frič & Gurcke
  • Echinopsis minuana Spegazzini
  • Echinopsis mirabilis Spegazzini
  • Echinopsis misleyi J. Labouret
  • Echinopsis molesta Spegazzini
  • Echinopsis nigra Backeberg
  • Echinopsis nigrispina Walp.
  • Echinopsis nodosa Linke
  • Echinopsis obrepanda (Salm-Dyck) K. Schum.
  • Echinopsis octacantha Muehlenpf.
  • Echinopsis oxygona Pfeiff. & Otto
  • Echinopsis pachanoi (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis pampana (Britton & Rose) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis pectinata Fennel
  • Echinopsis pelecygona Y. Ito
  • Echinopsis pentlandii (W. J. Hooker) Salm-Dyck ex A. Dietrich
  • Echinopsis peruviana (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis picta Walp.
  • Echinopsis pojoensis Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis pseudomammillosa Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis pugionacantha Rose & F. Boedeker
  • Echinopsis pulchella Zucc.
  • Echinopsis quadratiumbonata (F. Ritter) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis reichenbachiana Pfeiff.
  • Echinopsis rhodotricha K. Schumann
  • Echinopsis riviere-de-caraltii Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis robinsoniana Werdermann
  • Echinopsis rubescens Backeberg
  • Echinopsis salmiana F. A. C. Weber
  • Echinopsis salpigophara A. C. Lemaire
  • Echinopsis saltensis Spegazzini
  • Echinopsis sanguiniflora (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis santaensis (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis schelhasii Pfeiff. & Otto
  • Echinopsis schickendantzii F. A. C. Weber
  • Echinopsis schieliana (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis schoenii (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis schreiteri (Castellanos) Werdermann
  • Echinopsis scopa Carrière
  • Echinopsis scopulicola (F. Ritter) R. Mottram
  • Echinopsis setosa Linke
  • Echinopsis silvestrii Spegazzini
  • Echinopsis simplex Niedl
  • Echinopsis skottsbergii (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis smrziana Backeberg
  • Echinopsis spachiana (A. C. Lemaire) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis spegazzinii K. Schumann
  • Echinopsis sphacelata Gravis
  • Echinopsis spinibarbis (Otto) A. E. Hoffmann
  • Echinopsis strausii Graessn.
  • Echinopsis strigosa (Salm-Dyck) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis subdenudata Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis sucrensis Cárdenas
  • Echinopsis tacaquirensis (Vaupel) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis tacuarembense J. Arechavaleta
  • Echinopsis taratensis (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis tarijensis (Vaupel) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis tarmaensis (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis tegeleriana (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis tephracantha Hort.
  • Echinopsis terscheckii (A. A. Parmentier) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis thelegona (F. A. C. Weber) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis thelegonoides (Spegazzini) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis thionantha (Spegazzini) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis tiegeliana (Wessner) D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis trichosa (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis tricolor A. G. Dietrich
  • Echinopsis tuberculata Niedt
  • Echinopsis tubiflora J. G. Zuccarini
  • Echinopsis tucumanensis Y. Ito
  • Echinopsis tulhuayacensis (Ochoa) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis tunariensis (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis uyupampensis (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis vasquezii (Rausch) G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis vatteri (R. Kiesling) G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis verschaffeltii Hort.
  • Echinopsis volliana (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
  • Echinopsis walteri (R. Kiesling) H. Friedrich & W. Glaetzle
  • Echinopsis werdermannii Frič
  • Echinopsis yuquina D. R. Hunt
  • Echinopsis zuccarinii Pfeiff. & Otto

Many hybrids exist, mostly between similar species but also between more distinct ones, such as the cross between E. pachanoi and E. eyriesii which was sold under the name "Trichopsis pachaniesii" by Sacred Succulents.

Distribution

Echinopsis species are native to South America (Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay). They grow only in situations where the soil is sandy or gravelly, or on the sides of hills in the crevices of rocks.

Cultivation

The growing and resting seasons for Echinopsis are the same as for Echinocactus. Research by J. Smith (former Curator at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) showed that species like the Chilean Echinopsis cristata and its Mexican relatives thrive if potted in light loam, with a little leaf mould and a few nodules of limestone. The limestone keeps the soil open; it is important that the soil should be well drained. In winter, water must be given very sparingly, and the atmosphere should be dry; the temperature need not exceed 10 °C (50 °F) during the night, and in very cold weather it may be allowed to fall to 5 °C (41 °F), provided a higher temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) is maintained during the day. In spring, the plants should receive the full influence of the increasing warmth of the sun; and during hot weather, they will be benefited by frequent spraying overhead, which should be done in the evening. The soil should never be saturated, as the soft fibrous roots will rot if kept wet for any length of time.

None of the species need to be grafted to grow freely and remain healthy, as the stems are all robust enough and of sufficient size to take care of themselves. The only danger is in keeping the plants too moist in winter, for although a little water now and again keeps the stems fresh and green, it deprives them of that rest which is essential to the development of their large, beautiful flowers in summer.

  • Echinopsis cristata var. purpurea
  • Echinopsis eyriesii visited by a European honeybee; Kfar Blum Kibbutz garden, Israel.
  • Echinopsis huascha Botanical Garden Meran
  • Echinopsis chiloensis
  • Echinopsis ferox c-3311
  • Echinopsis thelegona
  • Echinopsis backebergii
  • Echinopsis bruchii
  • Echinopsis oxygona
  • Echinopsis yuquina
  • Echinopsis subdenudata
  • Echinopsis obrepanda

References
  1. Schick, Robert (2011), "Echinopsis sensu stricto and Trichocereus: Differentiating the Genera", Cactus and Succulent Journal, 83 (6): 248–255, doi:10.2985/0007-9367-83.6.248, S2CID 83700680
  2. Albesiano, Sofía; Terrazas, Teresa (2012). "Cladistic Analysis of Trichocereus (Cactaceae: Cactoideae: Trichocereeae) Based on Morphological Data and Chloroplast Dna Sequences: Dedicated to Omar Emilio Ferrari (1936-2010)". Haseltonia. 17: 3–23. doi:10.2985/1070-0048-17.1.2. S2CID 9835045.
  3. Schlumpberger, Boris O.; Renner, Susanne S. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Echinopsis (Cactaceae): Polyphyly at all levels and convergent evolution of pollination modes and growth forms" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 99 (8): 1335–49. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100288. PMID 22859654.

Bibliography
  • Edward F. Anderson, The Cactus Family (Timber Press, 2001) ISBN 0-88192-498-9, pp. 255–286
  • K. Trout, Trout's Notes on San Pedro & related Trichocereus species (Sacred Cacti 3rd ed. Part B) (Moksha Press, 2005) ISBN 0-9770876-0-3
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