Edamame

Edamame /ˌɛdəˈmɑːmeɪ/ is a preparation of immature soybeans in the pod, found in cuisines with origins in East Asia. The pods are boiled or steamed and may be served with salt or other condiments. In Japan, they are usually blanched in 4% salt water and not served with salt. When the beans are outside the pod, the term mukimame is also sometimes used in Japanese. [1]

Edamame
Boiled green soybeans in the pod
CourseAppetizer, side dish
Main ingredientsSoybeans
Edamame, frozen, prepared
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy509 kJ (122 kcal)
9.94 g
Sugars2.18 g
Dietary fiber5.2 g
5.2 g
10.88 g
VitaminsQuantity %DV†
Thiamine (B1)
17%
0.2 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
13%
0.155 mg
Niacin (B3)
6%
0.915 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
8%
0.395 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.1 mg
Folate (B9)
78%
311 μg
Vitamin C
7%
6.1 mg
Vitamin E
5%
0.68 mg
Vitamin K
26%
26.8 μg
MineralsQuantity %DV†
Calcium
6%
63 mg
Iron
17%
2.27 mg
Magnesium
18%
64 mg
Manganese
49%
1.024 mg
Phosphorus
24%
169 mg
Potassium
9%
436 mg
Zinc
14%
1.37 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central

Name
Maodou and a beer

In Japan, the name edamame is commonly used to refer to the dish. It literally means "stem beans" (枝 eda = "branch" or "stem" + 豆 mame = "bean"), because the beans were often sold while still attached to the stem.

In China and Taiwan, maodou is used commonly to refer to the dish, which literally means "fur peas" (毛 mao = "fur" + 豆 dou = "bean").

History

Soybeans were first cultivated in China some 7000 years ago, while the earliest documented reference to the term "edamame" dates from the year 1275, when the Japanese monk Nichiren wrote a note thanking a parishioner for the gift of "edamame" he had left at the temple. [2] In 1406 during the Ming dynasty in China, the leaves of the soybeans were eaten and during outbreaks of famine, it was recommended for citizens to eat the beans whole or use them ground up and added to flour. Years later in China in 1620 they are referred to again, but as maodou, which translates to the term "hairy bean". They are found in the records of the Runan vegetable gardens and stated as having a medicinal purpose, as well as being a snack food.[2] Edamame appeared in haikai verse in Japanese in the Edo period (1603–1868), with one example as early as 1638.[3]

They were first recognized in the United States in 1855, when a farmer commented on the difficulties he had shelling them after harvest. In March 1923, the immature soy bean is first referred to in text in the United States in the book "The Soybean" by C. V. Piper and Joseph W. Morse. In this book they are first pictured and shown as being eaten out of open shell pods. The first nutritional facts about them are published and some recipes are included, as they were a new type of vegetable to the public.[2] The earliest recorded usage in English of the word edamame is in 1951 in the journal Folklore Studies.[4] Edamame appeared as a new term in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2003 and in the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2008.[5]

In 2008, the first soybeans grown in Europe were sold in grocery stores as edamame and eaten as an alternative source of protein.[6]

Preparation

Harvesting

Edamame is typically harvested by hand to avoid damaging the crop's stems and leaves.[7] Green soybean pods are picked before they fully ripen, typically 35 to 40 days after the crop first flowers.[8] Soybeans harvested at this stage are sweeter because they contain more sucrose than soybeans picked later in the growing season.[7] Other factors contributing to edamame's flavor include free amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine. Often these unbound amino acids decrease as the pods fully expand and ripen.[7]

Cooking

Pods may be boiled in water, steamed, or microwaved. The ends of the pod are sometimes cut before boiling or steaming. The most common preparations use salt for taste, either dissolved in the boiling water before introducing the soybean pods or added after cooking.

Edamame is a popular side dish at Japanese izakaya restaurants with local varieties being in demand, depending on the season.[9] Salt and garlic are typical condiments for edamame. In Japan, a coarse salt wet with brine is preferred on beans eaten directly from the pod.[10][11]

Storage

Edamame purchased fresh is preferably eaten the same day, with flavor degradation being noticeable in as few as 10 hours after harvest.[7] However, fresh edamame will stay edible for three days when stored in the refrigerator. Damaged pods brown more rapidly however, mainly due to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase.[7] If stored fresh, the pods should be kept humid to prevent discoloration and wilting. This can be accomplished by wrapping the pods in plastic or another material which traps moisture.

Freezing fresh edamame is another option for maintaining good quality over a few months.[12] Fresh edamame should be blanched first before being frozen.[13]

Eating

Edamame can come in two forms: pods or beans. Edamame beans are easy to eat and can be cooked just like any other type of beans. The edamame pods require a different process to eat. The pod should be placed in the mouth, using the teeth to slide the edamame beans into the mouth. The pods (or shells) should be discarded after emptying them, as they are usually hard and difficult to chew on and swallow. It is also possible to manually pop the beans out of the pods and eat the beans.

Nutrient content

The United States Department of Agriculture states that edamame beans are a "soybean that can be eaten fresh and are best known as a snack with a nutritional punch".[14]

Edamame and other preparations of soybeans are rich in protein, dietary fiber, and micronutrients, particularly folate, manganese, phosphorus, and vitamin K (table).[15]

The balance of fatty acids in 100 grams of edamame is 361 mg of omega-3 fatty acids to 1794 mg of omega-6 fatty acids.[16]

As a significant source of plant protein, edamame beans are under research to establish whether a relationship exists between soy consumption and reduction of disease risk.[17][18]

References
  1. Johnson, D.; Wang, S.; Suzuku, A (1999). "Edamame: A vegetable soybean for Colorado". Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses: 385–387.
  2. History of Edamame, Green Vegetable Soybeans, and Vegetable-Type Soybeans (1275–2009).
  3. "枝豆" [Edamame]. Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  4. "Edamame, n.". Oxford English dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. March 2012. LCCN 2002565560. OCLC 357047940. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
  5. "Edamame". Jōhō chishiki imidas (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Shūeisha. 2012. OCLC 297351993. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
  6. Prince, Rose. "British grown edamame beans arrive in supermarkets". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
  7. Shanmugasundaram, S.; Masuda, Ryoichi; Tsou, S.C.S.; Hong, T.L. (1991). Vegetable Soybean Research Needs for Production and Quality Improvement (PDF). Taipei: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. pp. 93, 97–99, & 109-112. ISBN 9789290580478. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  8. Fehr, W. R.; Caviness, C. E.; Burmood, D. T.; Pennington, J. S. (1971). "Stage of Development Descriptions for Soybeans, Glycine Max (L.) Merrill". Crop Science. 11 (6): 929–931. doi:10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100060051x.
  9. Bunting, Chris (Jan 14, 2014). Drinking Japan: A Guide to Japan's Best Drinks and Drinking Establishments. Tuttle Publishing. p. 20.
  10. Ono, Tadashi (2011). The Japanese Grill: From Classic Yakitori to Steak, Seafood, and Vegetables. Crown Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-1580087377.
  11. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2009). History of Edamame, Green Vegetable Soybeans, and Vegetable-Type Soybeans (PDF). Soyinfo Center. ISBN 978-1-928914-24-2.
  12. Daley, Bill. "Edamame". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
  13. "HFreezing". National Center for Home Food Preservation. 2014-05-28.
  14. USDA government article about edamame.
  15. "Edamame nutrition profile (frozen, unprepared)". NutritionData. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
  16. "Edamame nutrition profile (frozen, prepared)". NutritionData. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  17. Michelfelder A (1 January 2009). "Soy: A complete source of protein". American Family Physician. Am Family Physician. 79 (1): 43–7. PMID 19145965. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  18. "Statement from Susan Mayne, Ph.D., on proposal to revoke health claim that soy protein reduces risk of heart disease". U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  • The Soybean Piper, C. V. (Charles Vancouver)., Morse, W. Joseph. (1923). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
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