Emperor Go-Kōmyō

Emperor Go-Kōmyō (後光明天皇, Go-Kōmyō-tennō, April 20, 1633 – October 30, 1654) was the 110th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]

Go-Kōmyō
Go-Kōmyō by Otagi Michitomi
Emperor of Japan
ReignNovember 14, 1643 – October 30, 1654
CoronationDecember 2, 1643
PredecessorMeishō
SuccessorGo-Sai
Shōguns
BornTsuguhito (紹仁)
April 20, 1633
DiedOctober 30, 1654(1654-10-30) (aged 21)
Burial
Tsuki no wa no misasagi, Kyoto
SpouseNiwata Hideko
IssuePrincess Takako
HouseYamato
FatherEmperor Go-Mizunoo
MotherFujiwara no Mitsuko

Go-Kōmyō's reign spanned the years from 1643 through 1654.[3]

This 17th-century sovereign was named after the 14th-century Nanboku-chō Emperor Kōmyō and go- (後), translates as later, and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Kōmyō". The Japanese word go has also been translated to mean the second one, and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Kōmyō, the second", or as Kōmyō II".

Genealogy

Before Go-Kōmyō's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina) was Tsuguhito (紹仁);[4] and his pre-accession title was Suga-no-miya (素鵞宮).[5]

He was the fourth son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. His mother was Fujiwara no Mitsuko, the daughter of the Minister of the Left (Sadaijin); but he was raised as if he were the son of Tōfuku-mon'in.[6] His predecessor, Empress Meishō, was his elder paternal half-sister.

Go-Kōmyō's Imperial family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace. His family included only one daughter and no son:[7]

  • Lady-in-waiting: Niwata Hideko (d. 1685; 庭田秀子), Niwata Shigehide's daughter
    • First daughter: Imperial Princess Takako (1650–1725; 孝子内親王) later Empress Dowager Reiseimon’in (礼成門院)

Events of Go-Kōmyō's life

Tsuguhito-shinnō was granted the title of Crown Prince; and the following year, he became Emperor when Empress Meishō abdicated. His sister stepped down from the throne and the succession (senso) was received by the new monarch. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Kōmyō is considered to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[8] The events during his lifetime shed light on his reign. The years of Go-Kōmyō's reign correspond with a period in which Tokugawa Iemitsu and Tokugawa Ietsuna were leaders at the pinnacle of the Tokugawa shogunate.

  • April 20, 1633: The birth of an Imperial prince who will become known by the posthumous name of Go-Kōmyō-tennō.[9]
  • 1641 (Kan'ei 19): Prince Tsuguhito was named heir; and he was given the title of Crown Prince.
  • 1643 (Kan'ei 20, 29th day of the 9th month): The empress ceded her throne to her brother by abdicating; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger brother.[8]
  • November 14, 1643 (Kan'ei 20, 3rd day of the 10th month): Go-Kōmyō accepted the title; and he is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).[8] He was age 11.[6] His reign is considered to have begun.[9]
  • 1645 (Shōhō 2, 23rd day of the 4th month): The shōgun was elevated to the rank of sadaijin.[5]
  • 1649 (Keian 2, 20th day of the 2nd month): There was a major earthquake in Edo.[5]
  • 1651 (Keian 4): Tokugawa Ietsuna was proclaimed shōgun.[5]
  • 1652 (Keian 5, 5th month): Nihon Ōdai Ichiran is first published in Kyoto under the patronage of the tairō Sakai Tadakatsu, lord of the Obama Domain of Wakasa Province.[5]
  • 1653 (Jōō 2, 12th day of the 8th month): A violent fire destroyed a large part of the imperial palace and many temples which were nearby. Shortly thereafter, several girls, aged 12–14 years, were imprisoned for arson involving this fire as well as other fires in Kyoto.[5]
  • 1654 (Jōō 3, 6th day of the 7th month): Ingen, a Buddhist priest who would eventually become very influential, arrived at Nagasaki from China. His intention was to reform the practice of Buddhism in Japan.[5]
  • October 30, 1654 (Jōō 3, 20th day of the 9th month): The emperor died.[9] He was buried at Sennyū-ji on the 15th day of the 10th month.[10] There is a probability that the emperor died of smallpox.[7]

Go-Kōmyō is among those enshrined in the imperial mausoleum, Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined are Go-Kōmyō's immediate predecessors, Emperor Go-Mizunoo and Empress Meishō. Go-Kōmyō's immediate Imperial successors are also memorialized in this misasagi, including Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono.[11]

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Kōmyō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Eras of Go-Kōmyō's reign

The years of Go-Kōmyō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[5]

Ancestry

[12]

Notes
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 後光明天皇 (110)
  2. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 115–116.
  3. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 412–413.
  4. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 9.
  5. Titsingh, p. 412.
  6. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 115.
  7. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 116.
  8. Titsingh, p. 412; Varley, p. 44; n.b., a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  9. Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit, p. 186.
  10. Titsingh, p. 413.
  11. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 423.
  12. "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). Retrieved 20 January 2018.

References

See also
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Empress Meishō		 Emperor of Japan:
Go-Kōmyō
1643–1654		 Succeeded by
Emperor Go-Sai
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