Energy policy of Morocco

Morocco's energy policy is set independently by two agencies of the government: the Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining (ONHYM[1]), which sets domestic oil policy, and the Office National de l'Electricité (ONE),[2] which sets policy with regard to electricity. The two major weaknesses of the energy policy of Morocco are the lack of coordination between these two agencies and the lack of development of domestic energy sources.

The country has some hydrocarbon reserves, mostly in natural gas reserves that have been exploited. However, its main policy highlight is in adaptation to climate change: the climate change adaptation index ranked. Currently, most energy is produced through hydrocarbon thermal plants. However, government policy is on track to convert to a high renewable mix of 42% installed renewables by 2020, and 52% by 2030.[3] Renewables include hydroelectric, wind, and solar.

Oil and natural gas

The United States Energy Information Administration (USEIA) reports that Morocco produces only "marginal amounts of oil, natural gas, and refined petroleum," and it has never exceeded 5,000 barrels per day.[4] While past production in the late 1990s and early 2000s was as high as 4,700 barrels per day, as of June 2020, the USEIA reported proven oil reserves in Morocco at 160 barrels a day.[5] This same report shows that natural gas reserves are below consumption levels, and thus, Morocco imports much of its natural gas.

Morocco produces small volumes of oil and natural gas from the Essaouira Basin and small amounts of natural gas from the Gharb Basin. Consequently, Morocco is the largest energy importer in northern Africa. Costs have been rising rapidly. High oil prices in 2005 increased import costs to approximately $2 billion for the year. In 2008, total costs related to energy imports reached $8 billion.[6] In 2003, the Moroccan government announced that foreign companies could import oil without paying import tariffs. This followed a 2000 decision in which Morocco modified its hydrocarbons law in order to offer a 10-year tax break to offshore oil production firms and to reduce the government's stake in future oil concessions to a maximum of 25 percent. The entire energy sector was due to be liberalized by 2007.

The Moroccan Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining (ONHYM) has become optimistic about finding additional reserves – particularly offshore – following discoveries in neighboring Mauritania.[7] At the end of 2005, 19 foreign companies were operating in Morocco, with an estimated total investment of $56 million per year. In May 2004, China Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) received a license to drill near Agadir. In April 2004, Norway's Norsk Hydro signed a 12-month exploration contract for the Safi Offshore Northwest zone, while Denmark's Maersk signed an eight-year agreement for eight blocks near Tarfaya. In March 2004, Calgary-based Stratic Energy committed to a three-year exploration program in two onshore blocks in northwest Morocco. The two concessions cover approximately 4,000 km2 (1,544 sq mi). Other foreign firms engaged in exploration include Petronas, Cooper Energy NL, Shell, Total, and Tullow Oil.

Morocco's exploration of offshore and onshore oil drilling in Western Sahara, which is believed to contain viable hydrocarbon reserves, has been controversial. Foreign companies operating under Moroccan concession in Western Sahara - companies such as Total, Svitzer, Nopec, and Kerr-McGee - were targets of international protest campaigns over the disputed territory. All eventually ended their operations in Western Sahara amidst protests from the exiled Sahrawi government and pro-Sahrawi groups. The Kerr-McGee company had been granted exploration contracts by the Moroccan government in 2001, but it withdrew in 2006, reasoning that the possible oil and gas stores were not as promising as earlier data had suggested.[8] Kerr-McGee's divestiture was followed by an agreement between the US oil company Kosmos Energy and Morocco's Ministry for Natural Resources and Mines along with the Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines (ONHYM).[9] Since then, the Kronos company decided to withdraw, also citing the insufficient hydrocarbon resources, but adding the reason that the decision was influenced by "the sensitivity of the area and the requirements of international law" as indicated in the 2002 United Nations legal opinion on resource exploration and development in non-self-governing territories.[10]

Morocco is a transit center for Algerian gas exports to Spain and Portugal. These are transported across the Strait of Gibraltar via the 300–350 Bcf/year Maghreb-Europe Gas (MEG) pipeline. Natural gas from the MEG pipeline will be used to power Morocco's power project in Al Wahda.

Refining

Morocco has two refineries that are owned by Saudi-based Corral Holdings Societe Marocaine d’Industrie de Raffinage (Samir). The refineries are located at Mohammedia and Sidi Kacem and have a combined capacity of 24,627.3 m3/d (154,901 bbl/d). In 2004, the Mohammedia plant returned to near full-capacity output levels, following the completion of repairs needed after a severe flood and massive fire in November 2002. Because of the completed repairs, refinery output surged 49 percent in 2004. The Mohammedia plant currently produces 80 – 90 percent of the country's refined petroleum products. In June 2005, Samir awarded a $628 million contract to modernize the Mohammedia refinery to a consortium led by Italy's Snamprogetti SpA and Turkey's Tekefen Company. Morocco hopes the refinery upgrade will prepare the refinery for competing with foreign producers when the market is liberalized in 2009. The upgrade is expected to be complete in 2008.

Oil shale
Main article: Oil shale in Morocco

Ten known oil shale deposits in Morocco account more than 8.4869×10^9 m3 (53.381 Gbbl) of shale oil. Although Moroccan oil shale has been studied since the 1930s, and there have been several pilot facilities for shale oil production, there is no commercial shale oil production yet. The most important deposits are in Timahdit (Middle Atlas Mountains) and Tarfaya (south-westernmost part of Morocco).[11][12][13]

Electricity

Morocco's electrical sector traditionally has been controlled by the state-owned Office National de l'Electricité (ONE), which the government reorganized in 1995 in order to regain profitability. Due to a growing population and economic development, Morocco's electricity demand is increasing rapidly. The country's annual electricity consumption reached 33.5 terawatt-hours in 2014.[14]

Power shortages and a desire to control public spending have led the Moroccan government to make more use of the private sector to meet the country's power needs. The state's share of electricity generation likely will decline to 40 percent by 2020. However, ONE will continue to be solely responsible for distribution and transmission of electricity in Morocco.

In 2003, Morocco had an installed generating capacity of 4.8 GW. The country's two largest electricity power stations at Mohammedia and Jorf Lasfar are both coal fired. Most of the coal is imported from South Africa, although Morocco purchased Polish coal for the Jorf Lasfar power plant in April 2005. Morocco stopped coal production in 2000, when Jerada coal mine was closed.[15] Jorf Lasfar became Morocco's first privately operated power station in 1997, when it was taken over by a U.S.-Swiss consortium. The consortium expanded the plant’s capacity to 1,400 MW in 2001.

The expansion at Jorf Lasfar is consistent with a wider campaign to increase generating capacity in Morocco. In 2005, as part of the Moroccan government's plan, a $500 million, 350–400-MW combined-cycle power plant began operation in Tahaddart. The plant is owned by ONE (48%), Endesa (32%) and Siemens (20%). In addition to the Tahaddart plant, ONE awarded Endesa the development rights of a two-unit, 800-MW gas-fired power station in the Sidi Kacem Province, with a completion date set for 2008 [still not completed in 2010]. ONE is also considering another pumped storage plant in the Azilal region south of Rabat.

Renewable energy
Main article: Renewable energy in Morocco

Renewable energy plays a key role in ONEE's $3.4 billion energy development plan, announced in January 2004. The goal was to provide 80 percent of rural areas with electricity by 2008, while increasing the share of renewable energy from 0.24 percent in 2003 to 10 percent in 2011. A new national plan for renewable energy was introduced in 2009 in an effort to reduce dependence on oil and gas imports.[16] The framework of regulation in Morocco generally supports the use of renewable energy in the electricity sector, as law 13-09 ("renewable energy law") was announced in 2010.[17] While Morocco lacks significant fossil fuel deposits, it does have plenty of resources for solar, wind, and hydropower. The plan is to be at 52% renewable energies by 2030. As a result, the kingdom is "in the forefront of developing the independent power producer (IPP) model for large-scale utilities plants in North Africa."[18]

Amogdoul Wind Farm, Morocco

Wind power

Morocco has set a goal to have 2-GW production capacity from wind power; it is part of the Moroccan Integrated Wind Energy Project that began in 2010.[19]

As of 2016, Morocco has eight wind farms (Torres, Amogdoul, Lafarge, Akhfennir, Laayue, Tangier I, Cimar, and Haouma) with the total operational capacity of 487 MW; another six wind farms are anticipated to be installed by 2020 with a total capacity of 1,000 MW.[20]

Further information: Wind power in Morocco

Solar power
Main article: Solar power in Morocco

In November 2009, Morocco announced a solar energy project worth $9 billion that officials said would account for 38 percent of the North African country's installed power generation by 2020.[21] Funding would be from a mix of private and state capital. The project involved five solar-power-generation sites across Morocco and was intended to produce 2,000 MW of electricity by 2020. It would add the equivalent generation output of the current electricity consumption of the country's commercial capital, Casablanca. In 2018, it was reported that the country’s solar projects are being driven by the Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy (MASEN), formerly the Moroccan Solar Agency, which was set up in 2010 to lead the country’s solar program.[22] At that time, Germany also expressed its willingness to participate in the development of Morocco's solar energy project and also take part in the development of a water-desalination plant.[23] MASEN has managed Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaic (PV) facilities for the solar power project since 2015.[24] The nation has pioneered solar energy technology by investing in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) program in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.[25]

The biggest CSP project in Morocco is Noor Solar, situated in the city of Ouarzazate, on the edge of the Sahara desert. The project comprises 3 phases: Noor I, Noor II and Noor III. This Noor project is supported by a BOOT (build, own, operate and transfer) basis of ACWA Power Ouarzazate, MASEN, Aries, and TSK. The first phase of the program - Noor I - was inaugurated in February 2016. Noor I employs 500,000 parabolic mirrors to eventually generate up to 160 MW of electricity, which makes it one of the largest solar power plants in the world.[26] The program has two following phases - Noor II and Noor III - which were scheduled to operate by 2018. Besides the CSP project, Morocco is also developing the Noor PV 1 program and Noor Midelt phase 1, which essentially use photovoltaics to further increase the electricity generation from solar.[27] The whole complex of the Noor Plant was scheduled to come online in 2018. The complex is supposed to have 582 MW of capacity, that could be utilized to provide electricity for 1.1 million houses.[26] From 2010 until 2015, electricity generated by solar and wind has increased almost four times.[28]

Hydropower

Morocco has additional renewable resources that could be developed, including the country's four perennial rivers and many dams with hydroelectric potential. Morocco’s installed hydropower capacity is 1,770 MW.[29] In May 2005, ONE selected Temsol for a $27.6 million project to supply solar power to 37,000 rural homes by 2007. Similar contracts were awarded in May 2002 to a consortium led by Total Energie and in January 2004 to Apex-BP. Currently, only 55 percent of outlying villages have access to electricity.

Biomass energy

Biomass is also one of the renewable sources that the country possesses in abundance, with 12,568 GWh/year and 13,055 GWh/year potential in solid bioenergy and combination of biogas and biofuels.[30] However, the country has only utilized less than 1% of this potential, due to the high cost of investment and insufficient production process knowledge.[30]

Nuclear energy

Morocco has expressed interest in nuclear power for desalination and other purposes. In September 2001, the government signed an agreement with the United States establishing the legal basis for constructing a 2-MW research reactor. Morocco signed an agreement with the U.S. company General Atomics to construct the research reactor east of Rabat.

Regional integration

Morocco is gradually integrating its electrical grid with those of its neighbors in Africa and Europe. Maghreb integration has been spearheaded by the Maghreb Electricity Committee, with physical integration initiatives that began in the 1990s. In May 2003, Moroccan representatives met with the energy ministers from other European and Mediterranean countries to discuss the feasibility of electricity market integration. In December 2005, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and the European Union signed a funding agreement that will pay for costs related to studying the electricity market within the three countries and how they might integrate into the European electricity market.[31]

Tunisia, Algeria, and Moroccan networks are already connected to the European network managed by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity, which allowed these three countries to link their electricity systems to the E.U.’s single energy market and be at the heart of the dialogue within the framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Energy Partnership.[32]

See also

References
  1. "Home". www.onhym.com. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
  2. "Site web officiel de l'ONEE - Branche Electricit�". www.one.org.ma. Retrieved 2020-10-22. replacement character in |title= at position 49 (help)
  3. "MOROCCO: Ranked second worldwide in climate change control". Afrik 21. 2020-04-30. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  4. "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  5. "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Qb". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  6. "Africa Economic Institute : Morocco: $11 Billion to Energy Sector". africaecon.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  7. "Arab Maghreb Union Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal". www.fayzeh.com. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  8. "afrol News - Last oil company withdraws from Western Sahara". afrol.com. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  9. EJOLT. "Environmental Justice Atlas". ejatlas.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  10. "Kosmos in Western Sahara". Oil and Gas Exploration Offshore Western Sahara. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  11. Aboulkas, A.; El Harfi, K. (2008). "Study of the kinetics and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of Moroccan Tarfaya oil shale and its kerogen" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal. Estonian Academy Publishers. 25 (4): 1–4. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.581.3947. doi:10.3176/oil.2008.4.04. ISSN 0208-189X. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  12. Bencherifa, Mohammed (2009-04-08). Moroccan oil shale research and development. ONHYM's recent strategy (PDF). Regional Cooperation for Clean Utilization of Oil Shale. Dead Sea, Jordan: MED-EMIP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-03. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  13. Dyni, John R. (2010). "Oil Shale" (PDF). In Clarke, Alan W.; Trinnaman, Judy A. (eds.). Survey of energy resources (22 ed.). World Energy Council. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-946121-02-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  14. "Installed capacity rising to meet Morocco's growing energy demand". Oxford Business Group. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  15. Morocco 2014 (PDF). France: International Energy Agency. 2014. ISBN 9789264211483.
  16. "Legislative framework for renewable energy in Morocco". Renewable Energy World. 2019-03-11. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  17. Schinke, Boris; Klawitter, Jens (25 April 2016). "Background Paper: Country Fact Sheet Morocco Energy and Development at a glance 2016" (PDF). Germanwatch Kaiserstr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  18. "How Morocco is pioneering renewable energy integration". www.power-technology.com. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  19. Kousksou, T.; Allouhi, A.; Belattar, M.; Jamil, A.; El Rhafiki, T.; Arid, A.; Zeraouli, Y. (July 2015). "Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 47: 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056.
  20. "Morocco - Renewable Energy". export.gov. 21 September 2016.
  21. Morocco unveils $9 bln solar power scheme | Reuters. Af.reuters.com (2009-11-03). Retrieved on 2010-11-21.
  22. "How Morocco is pioneering renewable energy integration". www.power-technology.com. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  23. Germany to participate in Morocco's solar energy project. Moroccobusinessnews.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-21.
  24. Leidreiter, Anna; Schurig, Stefan (2015). 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY: BOOSTING DEVELOPMENT IN MOROCCO. Hamburg, Germany: World Future Council.
  25. "Learning from Morocco: Why Invest in Concentrated Solar Power?". The World Bank. 8 November 2016.
  26. Narayan, Ranjana (17 April 2017). "Morocco's Noor Concentrated Solar Power Plant". Helioscp.
  27. "Morocco shortlists five international bids for Noor Midelt PV-Concentrated Solar Power project". Helioscp.
  28. "Morocco" (PDF). 24 September 2017.
  29. "Morocco". International Hydropower Association. June 2018. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  30. Kousksou, T.; Allouhi, A.; Belattar, M.; Jamil, A.; El Rhafiki, T.; Arid, A.; Zeraouli, Y. (July 2015). "Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 47: 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.056.
  31. Google image map
  32. "Regional Cooperation Policy for the development of Renewable Energy in North Africa" (PDF). uneca.org. December 2013.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.