Ethnic groups in London

London has, in recent decades, become one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world. Over 300 languages are spoken in Greater London.[1][2]

Crowd along Ladbroke Grove during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2006

At the 2011 census, London had a population of 8,173,941. Of this number 44.9% were White British. 37% of the population were born outside the UK, including 24.5% born outside of Europe.[3]

Ethnic breakdown

2011 Census

	Number	Percentage of total population[4]
White: English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British	3,669,284	44.9
White: Irish	175,974	2.2
White: Romany or Irish Traveller	8,196	0.1
White: Other White	1,033,981	12.6
White: Total	4,887,435	59.8
Mixed/multiple ethnic group: White and Black Caribbean	119,425	1.5
Mixed/multiple ethnic group: White and Black African	65,479	0.8
Mixed/multiple ethnic group: White and Asian	101,500	1.2
Mixed/multiple ethnic group: Other Mixed	118,875	1.5
Mixed/multiple ethnic group: Total	405,279	5.0
Asian/Asian British: Indian	542,857	6.6
Asian/Asian British: Pakistani	223,797	2.7
Asian/Asian British: Bangladeshi	222,127	2.7
Asian/Asian British: Chinese	124,250	1.5
Asian/Asian British: Other Asian	398,515	4.9
Asian/Asian British: Total	1,511,546	18.4
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: African	573,931	7.0
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: Caribbean	344,597	4.2
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: Other Black	170,112	2.1
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: Total	1,088,640	13.3
Other ethnic group: Arab	106,020	1.3
Other ethnic group: Any other ethnic group	175,021	2.1
Other ethnic group: Total	281,041	3.4
Total	8,173,941	100

Distribution of ethnic groups in Greater London according to the 2011 census.

• 
  White
• 
  Asian
• 
  Black
• 
  White-British
• 
  White-Irish
• 
  White-Other
• 
  Asian-Indian
• 
  Asian-Pakistani
• 
  Asian-Bangladeshi
• 
  Asian-Chinese
• 
  Black-African
• 
  Black-Caribbean
• 
  Other-Arab

White population of London

At the 2011 census, the total White population of London stood at 4,887,435.[5]

	White British Population	White Irish Population	White Gypsy/Irish Traveller Population	Other White Population	Total White Population
Inner London	1,240,266	75,165	3,055	534,723	1,853,209
Outer London	2,429,018	100,809	5,141	499,258	3,034,226
London	3,669,284	175,974	8,196	1,033,981	4,887,435

Whites form a majority of London's population and are evenly spread. Bromley has the highest White British population as well as highest total White, while Newham has the lowest for both. Brent has the highest White Irish population, while Bexley has the highest White Gypsy/Irish Traveller population and Haringey has the highest for Other White (non-British/Irish/Gypsy/Irish Traveller white).[6]

The table below shows the population by numbers in the top 20 boroughs.[7]

Rank	London Borough	White British Population	White Irish Population	White Gypsy or Irish Traveller Population	Other White Population	Total White Population
1	Bromley	239,478	4,463	580	16,349	260,870
2	Barnet	162,117	8,685	151	57,600	228,553
3	Wandsworth	163,739	7,664	163	47,650	219,216
4	Havering	197,615	2,989	160	7,185	207,949
5	Croydon	171,740	5,369	234	22,852	200,195
6	Enfield	126,450	6,899	344	56,947	190,640
7	Bexley	179,250	2,596	624	7,492	189,962
8	Lambeth	118,250	7,456	195	47,124	173,025
9	Hillingdon	142,916	5,949	344	16,822	166,031
10	Ealing	103,035	10,428	300	52,055	165,818
11	Richmond upon Thames	133,582	4,766	95	22,282	160,725
12	Greenwich	133,130	4,291	430	21,151	159,002
13	Southwark	114,534	6,222	263	35,330	156,349
14	Haringey	88,424	6,997	370	58,552	154,343
15	Sutton	134,854	3,219	193	11,183	149,449
16	Lewisham	114,446	5,206	208	27,826	147,686
17	Camden	96,937	7,053	167	41,898	146,055
18	Islington	98,322	8,140	163	33,890	140,515
19	Westminster	77,334	4,960	76	52,960	135,330
20	Waltham Forest	92,999	3,959	369	37,472	134,799

Black population of London

At the 2011 census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,101,688.[5] This is a rise of 39% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 781,751.

Inner London and Outer London have a near-equal black population. The 2011 census is the first time that the black population in Outer London has overtaken that of Inner London:

	Black African Population	Black Caribbean Population	Other Black Population	Total Black Population
Inner London	291,331	186,256	95,350	572,937
Outer London	288,892	163,826	76,033	528,751
London	580,223	350,082	171,383	1,101,688

The black population of London is noticeably concentrated in South London, with the four boroughs with the highest black populations overall all south of the river, and Greenwich also featuring inside the top 10. Southwark has the highest Black African population, Croydon has the highest Black Caribbean population, and Lambeth has the highest total black population in London. In Southwark, Greenwich and Newham, the Black African population is significantly higher than Black Caribbean; conversely, Lewisham and Brent are almost balanced, and Croydon is the only borough where the Black Caribbean population exceeds the Black African one.

The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Black population (Black African, Black Caribbean and Other Black) are listed below:

Rank	London Borough	Black African Population	Black Caribbean Population	Other Black Population	Total Black Population
1	Lambeth	35,187	28,886	14,469	78,542
2	Southwark	47,413	17,974	12,124	77,511
3	Lewisham	32,025	30,854	12,063	74,942
4	Croydon	28,981	31,320	12,955	73,256
5	Newham	37,811	15,050	7,395	60,256
6	Brent	24,391	23,723	10,518	58,632
7	Hackney	27,976	19,168	9,714	56,858
8	Enfield	28,222	17,334	8,131	53,687
9	Greenwich	35,164	8,051	5,440	48,655
10	Haringey	23,037	18,087	6,706	47,830
11	Waltham Forest	18,815	18,841	7,135	44,791
12	Barking and Dagenham	28,685	5,227	3,228	37,140
13	Ealing	17,299	13,192	6,369	36,860
14	Wandsworth	14,818	12,297	5,641	32,756
15	Barnet	19,392	4,468	3,571	27,431
16	Islington	12,622	7,943	5,729	26,294
17	Redbridge	12,357	9,064	3,424	24,845
18	Hammersmith and Fulham	10,552	7,111	3,842	21,505
19	Merton	10,442	8,126	2,243	20,811
20	Hillingdon	11,275	4,615	4,192	20,082

Asian population of London

At the 2011 census, the total Asian population of London stood at 1,511,546.[5] This is a rise of 60% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 947,425.

Outer London has a greater Asian population than Inner London:

	Indian Population	Pakistani Population	Bangladeshi Population	Chinese Population	Other Asian Population	Total Asian Population
Inner London	109,933	59,890	163,838	65,983	115,549	515,193
Outer London	432,924	163,907	58,289	58,267	282,966	996,353
London	542,857	223,797	222,127	124,250	398,515	1,511,546

The Asian population of London is noticeably concentrated in East and West London. Harrow has the highest Indian population, Redbridge has the highest Pakistani population, Tower Hamlets has the highest Bangladeshi population and Barnet has the highest Chinese population. Newham has the highest total Asian population in London. The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Asian population (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other Asian) are listed below.

Rank	London Borough	Indian Population	Pakistani Population	Bangladeshi Population	Chinese Population	Other Asian Population	Total Asian Population
1	Newham	42,484	30,307	37,262	3,930	19,912	133,895
2	Redbridge	45,660	31,051	16,011	3,000	20,781	116,503
3	Brent	58,017	14,381	1,749	3,250	28,589	105,986
4	Tower Hamlets	6,787	2,442	81,377	8,109	5,786	104,501
5	Harrow	63,051	7,797	1,378	2,629	26,953	101,808
6	Ealing	48,240	14,711	1,786	4,132	31,570	100,439
7	Hounslow	48,161	13,676	2,189	2,405	20,826	87,257
8	Hillingdon	36,795	9,200	2,639	2,889	17,730	69,253
9	Barnet	27,920	5,344	2,215	8,259	22,180	65,918
10	Croydon	24,660	10,865	2,570	3,925	17,607	59,627
11	Waltham Forest	9,134	26,347	4,632	2,579	11,697	54,389
12	Merton	8,106	7,337	2,216	2,618	15,866	36,143
13	Camden	6,083	1,489	12,503	6,493	8,878	35,446
14	Enfield	11,648	2,594	5,599	2,588	12,464	34,893
15	Wandsworth	8,642	9,718	1,493	3,715	9,770	33,338
16	Westminster	7,213	2,328	6,299	5,917	10,105	31,862
17	Greenwich	7,836	2,594	1,645	5,061	12,758	29,894
18	Barking and Dagenham	7,436	8,007	7,701	1,315	5,135	29,594
19	Southwark	5,819	1,623	3,912	8,074	7,764	27,192
20	Kingston Upon Thames	6,325	3,009	892	2,883	13,043	26,152

Foreign-born population

At the 2011 census, 36.7% of London's population was foreign born (including 24.5% born outside of Europe),[8] with 3,082,000 residents born abroad in 2014.[9] London has the largest population number (not percentage) of foreign-born residents of any UK city.[9]

	Population born in the UK	Population Foreign-Born
Inner London	2,012,000	1,325,000
Outer London	3,348,000	1,757,000
London	5,359,000	3,082,000

	% born in the UK	% Foreign-Born
Inner London	57.8	42.2
Outer London	66.9	33.1
London	63.3	36.7

Significant ethnic minority communities

Arabs

Halal Restaurant in the district of Whitechapel

Significant migration from Arab countries to the UK began in the 1940s, mostly by Egyptians. Other waves followed, such as Lebanese fleeing the civil war. The centre of London has a thriving Arab community, centred around Edgware Road.[10]

Bangladeshis

A Bengali sign in Brick Lane in London, which is home to a large Bengali diaspora.

A major wave of immigration began in the 1970s, as people from the Sylhet Division arrived in London, fleeing poverty and the Bangladesh Liberation War. Many settled around Brick Lane (Banglatown), where they entered the textile trade. This trade has declined causing unemployment, but the community has moved into other businesses, including restaurants and banking. The level of immigration peaked in 1986 and has since entered a decline with the introduction of stricter immigration laws.

The community remains concentrated around Bethnal Green and Whitechapel and has spread into other east London boroughs. London as a city is home to the single largest number of people of Bangladeshi origin outside of Bangladesh, with close to 200,000 individuals being of full Bangladeshi origin in 2007.

The community also annually hosts Europe's largest outdoor Asian event known as the Boishakhi Mela as part of the Bengali New Year celebrations.

Chinese

Chinese people constitute the fourth largest Asian group in London (behind the Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis respectively); numbering 114,800 in 2007, they are spread more or less across the entire city and have become successful in British life, especially when it comes to cuisine. The history of the Chinese in London is long and complex, with the first Chinese people arriving in the city in the 19th century as sailors.

Germans

Douglas House in Petersham, which houses the German School London

Fiona Moore, author of "The German School in London, UK: Fostering the Next Generation of National Cosmopolitans?", wrote that the London German community "relies on subtle network connections rather than the displaying of obvious membership traits", since London Germans attended the same churches, joined the same clubs, and sent their children to the same schools.[11] According to Moore this aspect was likely influenced by the outcomes of World War I and World War II, resulting in encouragement for UK-based Germans "to try to blend in to a greater degree than elsewhere."[11]

The German business and expatriate community is centred on the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, which houses the German School London (DSL) and most German expatriates residing in London. Moore wrote that the borough "does not immediately show signs of hosting a German community" due to a lack of obvious German businesses and storefronts,[11] but that most residents know of the location of the DSL and that there are "more subtle signs of German presence."[12]

German expatriates are located throughout London. Some of them do not go to the Borough of Richmond upon Thames even though the centre of the German community is located there.[11]

Ghanaians

Besides Nigerians, Ghanaians are one of the largest Black African groups in London, with the majority living in the boroughs of Southwark, Lambeth, Newham, Hackney, Haringey, Lewisham, Merton, Waltham Forest, Croydon, Enfield and Brent.[13]

Greeks

According to the "History of London's Greek community" by Jonathan Harris,[14] the Greek population of London numbered several thousand by 1870 AD whereas in 1850 AD it was just a few hundred. The 2001 Census recorded 12,360 Greek-born people living in London, with particular concentrations in the Hyde Park, Regent's Park, Chelsea and Kensington Census tracts.[15]

The Census tracts with the highest number of Cypriot-born people in 2001 were Palmers Green, Upper Edmonton, Cockfosters, Lower Edmonton, Tottenham North and Tottenham South.[16] Many Greek-Cypriots reside in Wood Green, Harringay and Palmers Green, the latter harbouring the largest community of Greek-Cypriots outside Cyprus, resulting in these areas bearing local nicknames whereby the Green is replaced by Greek – as in Greek Lanes and Palmers Greek.[17][18][19]

According to a City of London Corporation sponsored report,[20] there are between 280,600 and 310,000 Greek speakers in Greater London.

The Greek Primary School of London and the Greek Secondary School of London both serve the community.

Indians

British Indians have long been one of London's largest ethnic minority groups and in 2007 over 500,000 Indians were residing in London (this excludes people of half or less Indian origin). Around 7% of London's population is of Indian origin. Indians have been in the British capital for generations and come from all walks of life. They are influential in the city's culture and are major contributors to London's workforce and economy.

Southall, Hounslow and Wembley have significant Indian populations.

Irish

Irish migration to Great Britain has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of, and complex relationship between, the islands of Ireland and Great Britain and the various political entities that have ruled them. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from the island of Ireland or have Irish ancestry. Around six million Britons have an Irish grandfather or grandmother (approximately 10% of the UK population).[21] 900,000 ethnic Irish people live in the capital (12% of the city's population); despite this, some sources put the population of people of Irish descent in London at 77% (some five and a half million people), although the White British and White Irish populations combined are less than this.[22][23] The highest populations of the Irish population is in the North and West London boroughs of Brent and Ealing.[24]

Jamaicans

There are records that show black people, predominantly from Jamaica, living in London during the 17th and 18th centuries; but it was not until the arrival of the HMT Empire Windrush, on 22 June 1948, that significant numbers of Caribbeans, in particular Jamaicans, arrived in the capital. This has since become an important landmark in the history of modern multicultural Britain. During the post World War II era, the presence of the Caribbean Community was requested to help reconstruct the British economy. Employers such as British Rail, the NHS and London transport recruited almost exclusively from Jamaica. Some 250,000 Londoners are of Jamaican origin.[25] Brixton and Harlesden are considered the community's cultural capitals.[26][27]

Japanese

Japanese School in London

Junko Sakai, author of Japanese Bankers in the City of London: Language, Culture and Identity in the Japanese Diaspora, stated that there is no particular location for the Japanese community in London, but that the families of Japanese "company men" have a tendency of living in North London and West London. Japanese restaurants and shops are located around these groups of Japanese people.[28]

Jews

While Jews normally refer to followers of Judaism, they legally also count as an ethnicity and are considered so by some members.[29][30] London has the largest Jewish community in Europe, numbering some 160,000, particularly in North London. Districts with a high concentration include Finchley, Mill Hill, Edgware, Stanmore, Golders Green, Hendon, Hampstead Garden Suburb, and further east the Hasidic-strong exclave in Stamford Hill.

Koreans

Kmart, a Korean supermarket in New Malden

As of 2014 there were about 10,000 ethnic Koreans in New Malden proper,[31] and as of the same year the Korean population in the area around New Malden is around 20,000, including about 600 originating from North Korea, giving it the largest group of North Koreans in Europe.[32] Many of the Koreans living in New Malden work for Korean companies, and they are either permanently settled and formerly expatriate, or they are still expatriates.[33] In 2015 Paul Fischer of The Independent wrote that the North Koreans were insular, and that there were tensions between the South Korean majority and the North Koreans in New Malden.[31]

The New Malden area has Korean-language churches and nursery schools as well as restaurants and shops with Korean clientele.[34] The area has Korean supermarkets, about 20 Korean restaurants and cafes,[31] including those serving bulgogi.[31] It also has a noraebang (Karaoke bar).[32] The Korean language is visible on several shop signs. The original Embassy of South Korea to the United Kingdom is in Malden.[31]

Some factors cited in The Telegraph as reasons why the Korean community formed in New Malden included a 1950s joint venture partnership between a chaebol and Racal Avionics (formerly Dacca), Lord Chancellor's Walk in Coombe Lane West previously serving as the residence of the Ambassador of South Korea to the United Kingdom, and Samsung Electronics having its UK offices in New Malden until they moved to their current location in Chertsey, Surrey in 2005. Many Koreans settled in New Malden in the 1970s due to the ambassador's location.[32]

There is a newspaper published in New Malden, Free NK, which is opposed to the government of North Korea.[32]

Lithuanians

St Casimir's Lithuanian Church in Bethnal Green

London houses the largest ethnic Lithuanian population outside Lithuania, numbering 40,000 – 80,000. The Lithuanian community in London, however, goes back to at least the early 20th century. Most of the community came in a wave of Eastern European immigration in the 2000s, after Lithuania joined the European Union.[35]

Most of London's Lithuanians live in the boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Newham, Redbridge and Waltham Forest, with smaller numbers elsewhere. The main Lithuanian-speaking Roman Catholic church, St Casimir's, however, lies in Bethnal Green.[35]

Nigerians

London (in particular the southern boroughs) is home to the largest Nigerian community in the UK, and possibly the largest overseas Nigerian community in the world. The first recorded Nigerian in London was Olaudah Equiano who came to Britain after escaping from slavery over 200 years ago, becoming a member of the abolitionist Sons of Africa group.

In the mid-20th century a wave of Nigerian immigrants came to London after hearing of the need for more skilled workers. Civil and political unrest in the country contributed to numerous refugees arriving in England.[36] The vast majority of famous and notable British people of Nigerian origin were either born in or now live in London.

Peckham (also known as Little Lagos and Yorubatown) is home to one of the largest overseas Nigerian communities in the world; many of the local establishments are Yoruba-owned. Nigerian churches and mosques can be found in the area. As immigrants become assimilated, English is becoming the predominant language of the local Nigerian British population. The Yoruba language is declining in use in the Peckham area despite the increasing Nigerian population.[37] In 2001, about 7% of Peckham's population was born in Nigeria.[38] A much larger proportion of the ward's 60% Black population is of Nigerian descent, as 40% are of other African descent.[39]

Pakistanis

Asian Afro-Caribbean Food Store in London

Pakistanis in London form the largest concentrated community of British Pakistanis; immigration from regions which now form Pakistan predate Pakistan's independence.[40] The main concentrations of Pakistani settlement in London are found in Outer London with the boroughs of Redbridge, Newham and Waltham Forest accounting for nearly a third of Londoners of Pakistani descent.

Polish

Sign in English and Polish outside St Andrew Bobola's Church in Shepherd's Bush

London has had a notable Polish community since the Second World War. Many of the migrants from Poland in the 1940s were soldiers and their families. The Polish Government in Exile was based in London until it was dissolved in 1991 following the restoration of democracy in Poland. In the 2000s a wave of Polish immigrants came to Britain, including London, after Poland joined the European Union. As of 2016, Poles now account for about 4.5 per cent of London's foreign-born population.[41]

The boroughs of Ealing, Enfield, Kensington and Chelsea, Haringey, Lambeth, Lewisham and Wandsworth have significant numbers of Poles living there. The Church of the Evangelist in Putney is one of several Polish-speaking Roman Catholic churches in London, and the Polish Social and Cultural Association in Hammersmith is the community's main centre. Polish-style shops, with their distinctive red and white signs accompanied by words in the Polish language, can be found in many parts of London.[42]

Romanichal

Roma are concentrated in north and east London.

Thai

Turkish

Gallery

• 
  London's Irish community celebrating Saint Patrick's Day.
• 
  Chinatown, London during Chinese new year.
• 
  London Turks protesting.
• 
  London Bangladeshis at Baishakhi Mela.
• 
  Kittitian and Nevisian street dancers at the Notting Hill Carnival.
• 
  Large numbers of Colombians live in London.
• 
  A Polish shop in Ealing.

Previous census

Ethnic Group	1991[43]		2001[44]		2011[45]		Change 2001-2011
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	%
White: British[Note 1]			4,287,861	59.79%	3,669,284	44.89%	14.43%
White: Irish	256,470	3.83%	220,488	3.07%	175,974	2.15%	20.19%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[Note 2]					8,196	0.10%	n/a
White: Other[Note 3]			594,854	8.29%	1,033,981	12.65%	73.82%
White: Total	5,333,580	79.80%	5,103,203	71.15%	4,887,435	59.79%	4.23%
Asian or Asian British: Indian	347,091	5.19%	436,993	6.09%	542,857	6.64%	24.24%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani	87,816	1.31%	142,749	1.99%	223,797	2.74%	56.78%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi	85,738	1.28%	153,893	2.15%	222,127	2.72%	44.34%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[Note 4]	56,579	0.84%	80,201	1.12%	124,250	1.52%	54.92%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian	112,807	1.68%	133,058	1.86%	398,515	4.88%	199.51%
Asian or Asian British: Total	690,031	10.33%	946,894	13.20%	1,511,546	18.49%	59.63%
Black or Black British: African	163,635	2.44%	378,933	5.28%	573,931	7.02%	51.46%
Black or Black British: Caribbean	290,968	4.35%	343,567	4.79%	344,597	4.22%	0.3%
Black or Black British: Other Black	80,613	1.20%	60,349	0.84%	170,112	2.08%	181.88%
Black or Black British: Total	535,216	8.01%	782,849	10.92%	1,088,640	13.32%	39.06%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean			70,928	0.99%	119,425	1.46%	68.38%
Mixed: White and Black African			34,182	0.48%	65,479	0.80%	91.56%
Mixed: White and Asian			59,944	0.84%	101,500	1.24%	69.33%
Mixed: Other Mixed			61,057	0.85%	118,875	1.45%	94.70%
Mixed: Total[Note 5]			226,111	3.15%	405,279	4.96%	79.24%
Other: Arab[Note 6]					106,020	1.30%	n/a
Other: Any other ethnic group			113,034	1.58%	175,021	2.14%	54.84%
Other: Total	120,872	1.81%	113,034	1.58%	281,041	3.44%	148.63%
Total	6,679,699	100.00%	7,172,091	100.00%	8,173,941	100.00%	13.97%

1. New category created for the 2001 census
2. New category created for the 2011 census
3. New category created for the 2001 census
4. In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.
5. New category created for the 2001 census
6. New category created for the 2011 census

See also

• Demography of London

References

• Moore, Fiona. "The German School in London, UK: Fostering the Next Generation of National Cosmopolitans?" (Chapter 4). In: Coles, Anne and Anne-Meike Fechter. Gender and Family Among Transnational Professionals (Routledge International Studies of Women and Place). Routledge, 6 August 2012. ISBN 1134156200, 9781134156207.

Reference notes

1. "Languages in London - Multilingual Capital". Multilingual Capital. Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
2. "CILT, the National Centre for Languages". web.archive.org. 13 February 2005. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
3. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4bd95562-4379-11e2-a48c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2EmHkrZcr
4. "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
5. "Ethnic Groups in London". Census Update. Office for National Statistics. 2011: 1. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
6. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160108131319/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls
7. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160108131319/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls
8. "A summary of countries of birth in London". Census Update. Office for National Statistics. 2011: 1. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
9. "Population of the United Kingdom by Country of Birth and Nationality".
10. "Arabic London". BBC. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
11. Moore, Google Books PT89 (actual page number unstated).
12. Moore, Google Books PT90 (actual page number unstated).
13. Arthur, Mr John (2008). Ghanaian London. ISBN 978-0-7546-4841-3. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
15. "Born abroad: Greece". BBC. 7 September 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
16. "Born abroad: Cyprus". BBC. 7 September 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
17. "Things you didn't know about... Palmers Green", Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Yellow Pages
18. "Greek in Palmers Green", UKTV
19. "Palmers Green Archived 29 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine", Trusted Places
20. Philip Baker & John Eversley, Multilingual Capital, commissioned by City of London Corporation, published by Battlebridge 2000.
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Further reading

• Cherti, Miriam. Paradoxes of Social Capital: A Multi-generational Study of Moroccans in London (IMISCOE dissertations Sussex theses ; S 6271). Amsterdam University Press, 2008. ISBN 9053560327, 9789053560327.

External links

• Ethnicity Profiles: London by the Commission for Racial Equality
• Mapping Where Immigrants Settle in London, Street by Street