Stamford Hill

Stamford Hill is an area in Inner London, England, located about 5.5 miles north-east of Charing Cross. The neighbourhood is a sub-district of Hackney, the major component of the London Borough of Hackney, and is known for its Hasidic community, the largest concentration of Hasidic Jews in Europe.

For other uses, see Stamford Hill (disambiguation).

Stamford Hill
Stamford Hill
Location within Greater London
Area5.2 km2 (2.0 sq mi)
Population68,050 [1]
• Density13,087/km2 (33,900/sq mi)
OS grid referenceTQ335875
• Charing Cross5.5 mi (8.9 km) SSW
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtN16
Postcode districtE5
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly

The district takes its name from the eponymous hill, which reaches a height of 33m AOD,[2] and the originally Roman A10 also takes the name "Stamford Hill", as it makes its way through the area.

The hill is believed[3] to be named after the ford where the A10 crossed the Hackney Brook on the southern edge of the hill. Sanford and Saundfordhill are referred to in documents from the 1200s, and mean "sand Ford".[4] Roque's map of 1745 shows a bridge, which replaced the ford, referred to as "Stamford Bridge".[5]

The hill rises gently from the former course of the Hackney Brook to the south, and its steeper northern slope provided a natural boundary for the traditional (parish and borough) extent of Hackney, and now does so for the wider modern borough.

History
A map showing the Stamford Hill ward of Hackney Metropolitan Borough, as it appeared in 1916.

Stamford Hill lies on the old Roman road of Ermine Street, on the high ground where it meets the Clapton Road, which runs from central Hackney. By the 18th century, the Roman road (now numbered as the A10) was subject to heavy traffic, including goods wagons pulled by six or more horses, and this caused the surface of the road to deteriorate. The local parishes appealed to Parliament in 1713 for the right to set up a Turnpike Trust, to pay for repairs and maintenance. Gates were installed at Kingsland and Stamford Hill, to collect the tolls.[6]

Roque's map of 1745 shows a handful of buildings around the Turnpike, and by 1795, the A10 was lined with the large homes and extensive grounds of wealthy financiers and merchants attracted, in part, by the elevated position.[7]

Stamford Hill had a gibbet, that was used to display the remains of criminals, executed at Tyburn in the 1740s. In 1765, a map of the area showed the Gibbet Field south of the road from Clapton Common, behind Cedar House.[8]

The area remained essentially rural in character, and little more was built until the arrival of the railway in 1872,[7] and the tram system at about the same time. Stamford Hill was the point where the tram line coming north from the City[9] met the Hackney tram line,[10] and so, it became a busy interchange, with a depot opening in 1873.[11] Electrification commenced in 1902 and by 1924 a service was commenced between Stamford Hill and Camden Town along Amhurst Park.

Stamford Hill had many eminent Jewish residents, including the Montefiore family. Italian-born Moses Vita Montefiore (died 1789) was living there in 1763. His son Joseph (died 1804) married Rachel Mocatta, and his grandson Abraham Montefiore (died 1824) married Henrietta, whose father, the financier Nathan Meyer Rothschild, lived near the modern Colberg Place from 1818 to 1835. The Montefiores' property a little further south was to be transformed by Abraham's grandson, Claude Montefiore, into Montefiore House school. With the increased development of the area, many distinguished families moved away: In 1842, there were few remaining of the wealthy Jews who had once settled in Hackney.[12] The philanthropist and abolitionist MP Samuel Morley had a residence here from about 1860. The gardening writer and cottage gardener Margery Fish was born Margery Townshend in Stamford Hill in 1892.[13]

Aerial view by Cecil Shadbolt, showing Stonebridge Road, Stamford Hill, and Seven Sisters Curve, part of the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) on 29 May 1882 - the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles.

From the 1880s, a new influx of Jews arrived from Stepney in the East End,[14] and, in 1915, the New Synagogue was transferred to Stamford Hill to serve this growing population. In 1926, the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations was established in Stamford Hill, and this became a magnet for other strictly observant Jews, many fleeing Nazi persecution in the years before the Second World War.[12] Also, many Jewish families came to the area from other areas of London, refugees in their own way from bombing and post-war clearances for new housing. One of the early Hasidic leaders in Stamford Hill was the Shotzer Rebbe. The Hungarian uprising also led to an influx of Haredi Jews fleeing hardship under Soviet rule. Another notable Jewish resident, from 1955 until his death in 2000, was the spiritual head of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations, Rabbi Chanoch Dov Padwa.

Governance

Stamford Hill has never been an administrative area in its own right; it has always been an area of Hackney. Hackney was an administrative unit with consistent boundaries from the early Middle Ages to the creation of the larger modern borough in 1965. Hackney was based for many centuries on the Ancient Parish of Hackney.

Parishes in Middlesex were grouped into Hundreds, with Hackney part of Ossulstone Hundred. Rapid Population growth around London saw the Hundred split into several "Divisions" during the 1600s, with Hackney part of the Tower Division (aka Tower Hamlets). The Tower Division was noteworthy in that the men of the area owed military service to the Tower of London - and had done even before the creation of the Division.[15]

The Ancient Parishes provided a framework for both civil (administrative) and ecclesiastical (church) functions, but during the nineteenth century, there was a divergence into distinct civil and ecclesiastical parish systems. In London, the Ecclesiastical Parishes sub-divided to better serve the needs of a growing population, while the Civil Parishes continued to be based on the same Ancient Parish areas.

The London Government Act 1899 converted the parishes into Metropolitan Boroughs based on the same boundaries, sometimes with minor rationalisations. In 1965, Hackney merged with Shoreditch and Stoke Newington to form the new London Borough of Hackney.

Boundaries

The area's usual definition is based on the physical feature of the hill and the neighbourhood's location within the Ancient Parish and subsequent (with almost identical boundaries) Metropolitan Borough of Hackney.[3] Reflecting that the originally Roman A10 also takes the name ‘Stamford Hill’ as goes over the hill between the brook and the borough boundary.

Northern boundary with Tottenham: Takes the northern boundary of the AP\MB of Hackney. This corresponds to the current boundary between the modern borough of Hackney and Haringey.

Western boundary with Stoke Newington: Takes part of the AP\MB of Hackney's boundary with the AP\MB of Stoke Newington along Bethune Road and down to the A10.[16]

Southern Boundary with West Hackney: The east-west course of the Hackney Brook, which may have been as wide as 22m at this point,[17] provided a natural southern boundary for the district, however the river was culverted and it is now difficult to discern its former course on the ground. This has led to very ambiguous boundary, along its former course, in the Cazenove\Northwold Road area.

East and south-east boundary with Upper Clapton: Upper Clapton is also part of Hackney and shares much of the eastern side of the hill. There is little tradition of a particular border. The post code boundary is sometimes used but this is arbitrary: post code areas are not intended to define districts.

Demography

The high fertility of the Haredi community contributes to the area having one of highest birthrates in the UK, with a crude birth rate of more than 25 per 1,000 of the population, twice the UK average.[18]

The data table shows ONS Census data[19] for the wards around Stamford Hill, where respondents indicated a religion:[20]

WardAllChristianBuddhistHinduJewishMuslimSikhotherNo religionnot stated
Cazenove13,3923,82393702,8682,210122532,7301,423
Lordship12,2803,25180493,17997798563,1191,471
New River12,5513,965102403,5911,36248331,8701,540
Springfield12,3783,79957393,6041,745111461,4361,541
Seven Sisters15,9686,2191651652,8832,33875732,6391,411
Total66,56921,05749736316,1258,63245426111,7947,386
The London Borough of Hackney has expressed its concern that Haredi Jewish residents are seriously under-counted in the Census data, as the religion question is voluntary.[21]

Haredi Jewish community
Hasidic Jews in Stamford Hill.

Stamford Hill is at the centre of an Ashkenazi strictly-Orthodox Jewish, and predominantly Hasidic, community estimated to be some 15,000 strong, and growing at a rate of around 5% each year.[22][23] It is the largest Hasidic community in Europe, and referred to as a square mile of piety,[12] reflecting the many Jewish men seen walking in their distinctive clothes on their way to and from worship. The congregations often represent historical links with particular areas of Eastern Europe in their dress and their worship. Many also retain links with congregations around the world. The largest of these congregations is the Satmar dynasty, which has five directly associated synagogues; Belz is another large community, with several synagogues. As well as Stamford Hill's own Jewish population, there are also many observant Jews in neighbouring Upper Clapton, West Hackney, Stoke Newington, and Tottenham; there may be as many as 50 synagogues in this wider area.

A volunteer emergency response first-aid service called Hatzola (the Hebrew word for rescue) and a volunteer community watch group called Shomrim[24] (the Hebrew word for watchmen) are run by, and largely for, the Jewish community.[25]

The strictly Orthodox Jewish community relies mostly on private education for schooling, with almost all Jewish children attending private, single-sex Jewish schools.[26] In 2005, the Stamford Hill Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls' School achieved voluntary-aided status.[27] In 2014, the Oxford, Cambridge, and RSA (OCR) Exam board, having conducted an investigation into alleged exam malpractice, concluded that the school had redacted questions involving the evolution of species on GCSE science exam questions.[28][29] Ofqual subsequently ruled that blocking out exam questions is malpractice, and, accordingly, not permissible.[30] The same year, it was reported by the BBC that many of the yeshivas in the area "usually don't provide any maths, English or science" classes and were operating "without the most basic health, safety, and child welfare checks".[31] In an article on Stamford Hill yeshivas, The Telegraph cited government documents obtained by Channel 4’s Dispatches and the Jewish Chronicle as saying that between 800 and 1000 boys aged between 13 and 16 are “missing” from the school system in the borough of Hackney alone.[32][33]

Haredi families, on average, have 5.9 children, almost 2.5 times the average for England and Wales, and many families live in over-crowded flats.[34] National planning regulations are applied by the local council, prohibiting development of family housing. This has led to conflict between the council and the Jewish population, represented by the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations. Agudas Israel Housing Association is active in developing housing for the Jewish community in Stamford Hill.[26]

There is also a notable population of Yemenite Jews, especially Adeni Jews who originated in the port city of Aden in Yemen. They settled in Stamford Hill, after fleeing the inter-community violence at the end of the Aden Protectorate. The Adeni Congregation synagogue, Nahalat Yosef, is named after the original Adeni synagogue in Yemen.[35]

In 2014, the community met with controversy after a sign was spotted in the location reading, "Women should please walk along this side of the road only".[36] The sign was reportedly put up for a Torah Procession parade, and was meant to provide directions for members who wished to avoid contact with the opposite sex.[36] After complaints about the sign were raised, a group of Shomrim who regularly police the area contacted the organisers to tell them that the posters "lacked explanation". The posters were removed, and the organisers agreed to take the signs down more quickly the following year.[37]

Since the 2011 census, there has been a migration of Stamford Hill Hasidic Jews to Canvey Island, in Essex. Canvey Island has a fairly homogenous ethnic make-up, and did not previously have a significant Jewish presence, but community relations appear to be good, and were the subject of a TV documentary.[38]

Education
For education in Stamford Hill, see List of schools in the London Borough of Hackney.

The Jesuit order founded St Ignatius' College on 10 September 1894, in two houses called Morecombe Lodge and Burleigh House, near Tottenham High Road. In 1907, the College was recognised by the Board of Education, and began to receive public money. Notable former pupils of St Ignatius include Alfred Hitchcock and Cardinal Heenan. It remained at Stamford Hill as a grammar school until 1968, and then became a two-form entry comprehensive school, the Lower School being located at the old Cardinal Allen School in Enfield, and the Upper School in new premises at Turkey Street, Enfield.

Today, Lubavitch Senior Girls' School, Our Lady's RC High School, Skinners' Academy, and Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls' School are secondary schools located in the area.

There are also many independent or Haredi schools in the area.

Transport and locale

Nearby areas

Nearest stations

See also
  • Mavar, an organisation which supports those who wish to leave the Haredi lifestyle in the UK, many of whom come from Stamford Hill.

References
  1. "Ward Profiles". Data.london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  2. Archaeological Study of Hackney, see page 3 https://content.historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/planning/apa-hackney.pdf
  3. "Hackney: Newington and Stamford Hill - British History Online". British-history.ac.uk.
  4. Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names, Ekwall, 4th Edition 1990
  5. "Stoke Newington Common - Hackney Council". Hackney.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  6. Georgian Transport (Brickfields Spitalfields) accessed 18 May 2009
  7. The London Encyclopaedia, Weinreb and Hibbert, 1983
  8. "Hackney: Newington and Stamford Hill." A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10, Hackney. Ed. T F T Baker. London: Victoria County History, 1995. 38-44. British History Online. Web. 15 December 2018. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol10/pp38-44.
  9. The North Metropolitan Tramways Co. inaugurated 1872, and ran from Moorgate via Kingsland and Stoke Newington Roads to Stamford Hill
  10. The North Metropolitan from Bishopsgate ran through Mare Street, and thence to Clapton, opened in 1872, and was extended to Clapton Common in 1875, reaching Stamford Hill in 1902,
  11. 'Hackney: Communications', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 4-10 Date accessed: 1 November 2006.
  12. 'Hackney: Judaism', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 145-48. Date accessed: 31 October 2006.
  13. ODNB entry by Catherine Horwood. Retrieved 2 November 2012. Pay-walled.
  14. Kosher in the country The Economist 1 June 2006 accessed 14 August 2007
  15. The London Encyclopaedia, 4th Edition, 1983, Weinreb and Hibbert
  16. Describes Stoke Newingtons boundaries with Hackney and other neighbours https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol8/pp139-140
  17. "Hackney Brook". www.locallocalhistory.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  18. "Ward Level Mid-Year Population Estimates (experimental), Mid-2012" (PDF). One.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. In the 2011 UK census, respondents were voluntarily asked to identify their religion.
  21. 'Torah, worship and acts of loving kindness' - Christine Holman and Naomi Holman, De Montfort University, November 2002.
  22. "Love Hackney - Love Hackney". Destinationhackney.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  23. "Learning Trust" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. Jewish health service offers local care - BBC Health 19 January 2003 accessed on 11 December 2006
  26. Mick Brown (25 February 2011). "Inside the private world of London's ultra-Orthodox Jews". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  27. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. "Jewish faith school caught censoring questions on science exam papers". secularism.org.uk/. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  29. "Jewish school redacts exam to remove evolution questions". bbc.co.uk/. 4 March 2014.
  30. "Evolution exam questions cannot be blocked, says Ofqual". Bbc.co.uk. 31 March 2014.
  31. "Is there a problem with unregistered schools?". BBC News.
  32. "Thousand boys disappear from school system". The Telegraph.
  33. Bryant, Miranda (14 July 2014). "'1000 boys at illegal schools'". London Evening Standard. p. 7.
  34. Ynet London Haredim considering move (Reuters/YNET 1 October 2006) accessed 19 June 2009
  35. The synagogues are named for the book Nahalat Yosef by Shemu'el Yosef Yeshuah. The book is named for his father, but contains a systematic exposition of rabbinical law and ethics. A second part details his travels in Palestine and the particular customs of Adeni Jews. In The Jews of the British Crown Colony of Aden, Reuben Ahroni, pp. 170–1 (Brill, 1994) ISBN 90-04-10110-1
  36. Saul, Heather. "Stamford Hill council removes 'unacceptable' posters telling women which side of the road to walk down". The Independent. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  37. Blundy, Rachel. "Hackney council removes 'unacceptable' posters telling women which side of the road they should walk on". The Evening Standard. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  38. Jewish Chronicle article describing the migration and the BBC documentary https://www.thejc.com/culture/tv/tv-review-canvey-the-promised-island-1.451767
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