Factor VII

Factor VII (EC 3.4.21.21, blood-coagulation factor VIIa, activated blood coagulation factor VII, formerly known as proconvertin) is one of the proteins that causes blood to clot in the coagulation cascade. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. A recombinant form of human factor VIIa (eptacog alfa [activated], NovoSeven) has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for uncontrolled bleeding in hemophilia patients. It is sometimes used unlicensed in severe uncontrollable bleeding, although there have been safety concerns. A biosimilar form of recombinant activated factor VII (AryoSeven) is also available, but does not play any considerable role in the market.

F7
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4YT7, 1BF9, 1CVW, 1DAN, 1DVA, 1F7E, 1F7M, 1FAK, 1FF7, 1FFM, 1J9C, 1JBU, 1KLI, 1KLJ, 1O5D, 1QFK, 1W0Y, 1W2K, 1W7X, 1W8B, 1WQV, 1WSS, 1WTG, 1WUN, 1WV7, 1YGC, 1Z6J, 2A2Q, 2AEI, 2AER, 2B7D, 2B8O, 2BZ6, 2C4F, 2EC9, 2F9B, 2FIR, 2FLB, 2FLR, 2PUQ, 2ZP0, 2ZWL, 2ZZU, 3ELA, 3TH2, 3TH3, 3TH4, 4IBL, 4ISH, 4ISI, 4JYU, 4JYV, 4JZD, 4JZE, 4JZF, 4NA9, 4NG9, 4NGA, 4X8S, 4X8T, 4X8U, 4X8V, 4YT6, 4ZXX, 4ZXY, 4Z6A, 4ZMA, 4YLQ, 5I46
Identifiers
Aliases	F7, SPCA, coagulation factor VII
External IDs	OMIM: 613878 MGI: 109325 HomoloGene: 7710 GeneCards: F7
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 13 (human)[1] Band 13q34 Start 113,105,788 bp[1] End 113,120,681 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] Band 8 A1.1|8 5.73 cM Start 13,026,034 bp[2] End 13,035,809 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • calcium ion binding • endopeptidase activity • peptidase activity • GO:0001948 protein binding • serine-type peptidase activity • hydrolase activity • serine-type endopeptidase activity • receptor binding Cellular component • vesicle • endoplasmic reticulum lumen • cell membrane • extracellular region • Golgi lumen • extracellular • serine-type peptidase complex • collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological process • hemostasis • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling • response to organic cyclic compound • positive regulation of cell migration • positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway • proteolysis • response to estrogen • positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis • ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport • response to vitamin K • positive regulation of blood coagulation • response to nutrient levels • animal organ regeneration • response to growth hormone • response to hormone • blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway • positive regulation of positive chemotaxis • response to thyroid hormone • protein processing • blood coagulation • response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine • response to estradiol • response to carbon dioxide • response to genistein • response to cholesterol • circadian rhythm • response to thyroxine • response to Thyroid stimulating hormone • response to hypoxia • response to anticoagulant • response to astaxanthin • response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2155	14068
Ensembl	ENSG00000057593	ENSMUSG00000031443
UniProt	P08709	P70375
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000131 NM_001267554 NM_019616	NM_010172
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000122 NP_001254483 NP_062562	NP_034302
Location (UCSC)	Chr 13: 113.11 – 113.12 Mb	Chr 8: 13.03 – 13.04 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Physiology

The main role of factor VII (FVII) is to initiate the process of coagulation in conjunction with tissue factor (TF/factor III). Tissue factor is found on the outside of blood vessels - normally not exposed to the bloodstream. Upon vessel injury, tissue factor is exposed to the blood and circulating factor VII. Once bound to TF, FVII is activated to FVIIa by different proteases, among which are thrombin (factor IIa), factor Xa, IXa, XIIa, and the FVIIa-TF complex itself. The complex of factor VIIa with TF catalyzes the conversion of factor IX and factor X into the active proteases, factor IXa and factor Xa, respectively.[5]

The action of the factor is impeded by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), which is released almost immediately after initiation of coagulation. Factor VII, which was discovered around 1950, is vitamin K-dependent and produced in the liver. Use of warfarin or similar anticoagulants decreases hepatic synthesis of FVII.

Structure

Factor VII shares a common domain architecture with factors IX and X.

Genetics

The gene for factor VII is located on chromosome 13 (13q34).

Role in disease

Factor VII deficiency (congenital proconvertin deficiency) is rare and inherited recessively. It presents as a hemophilia-like bleeding disorder. It is treated with recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven or AryoSeven). Gene therapy approaches for treating FVII deficiency are very promising ([6])

Medical uses

Recombinant factor VIIa, marketed under the trade names AryoSeven and NovoSeven, is used for people with hemophilia (with Factor VIII or IX deficiency) who have developed antibodies against replacement coagulation factor.

It has also been used in the setting of uncontrollable hemorrhage,[7][8] but its role in this setting is controversial with insufficient evidence to support its use outside of clinical trials.[9] The first report of its use in hemorrhage was in an Israeli soldier with uncontrollable bleeding in 1999.[10] Risks of its use include an increase in arterial thrombosis.[9] However, animal studies have not shown complications as seen in humans, in fact same of the studies show a better prognosis. In the military settings it is used as an off label intervention in complications related to disseminated intravascular coagulation related haemorrhage caused by penetrating trauma.[11]

Recombinant human factor VII while initially looking promising in intracerebral hemorrhage failed to show benefit following further study and this is no longer recommended.[12][13]

Interactions

Factor VII has been shown to interact with tissue factor and protein kinase C.[14][15]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000057593 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031443 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Wajima T, Isbister GK, Duffull SB (September 2009). "A comprehensive model for the humoral coagulation network in humans". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 86 (3): 290–8. doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.87. PMID 19516255.
6. Marcos-Contreras OA, Smith SM, Bellinger DA, Raymer RA, Merricks E, Faella A, Pavani G, Zhou S, Nichols TC, High KA, Margaritis P (2016). "Sustained correction of FVII deficiency in dogs using AAV-mediated expression of zymogen FVII". Blood. 127: 565–71. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-09-671420. PMC 4742547. PMID 26702064.
7. Roberts HR, Monroe DM, White GC (December 2004). "The use of recombinant factor VIIa in the treatment of bleeding disorders". Blood. 104 (13): 3858–64. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-06-2223. PMID 15328151.
8. "Uncontrolled Bleeding and Injury Lawsuit Claims". Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
9. Simpson E, Lin Y, Stanworth S, Birchall J, Doree C, Hyde C (March 2012). "Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD005011. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005011.pub4. PMID 22419303.
10. Kenet G, Walden R, Eldad A, Martinowitz U (November 1999). "Treatment of traumatic bleeding with recombinant factor VIIa". Lancet. 354 (9193): 1879. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05155-7. PMID 10584732.
11. Hodgetts, T. J.; Kirkman, E.; Mahoney, P. F.; Russell, R.; Thomas, R.; Midwinter, M. (2007-12-01). "UK Defence Medical Services Guidance for the Use of Recombinant Factor VIIA (RFVIIA) in the Deployed Military Setting". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 153 (4): 307–309. doi:10.1136/jramc-153-04-18. ISSN 0035-8665. PMID 18619169.
12. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, Broderick J, Davis S, Diringer MN, Skolnick BE, Steiner T (February 2005). "Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (8): 777–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042991. PMID 15728810.
13. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, Broderick J, Davis S, Diringer MN, Skolnick BE, Steiner T (May 2008). "Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (20): 2127–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0707534. hdl:10067/688040151162165141. PMID 18480205.
14. Carlsson K, Freskgård PO, Persson E, Carlsson U, Svensson M (June 2003). "Probing the interface between factor Xa and tissue factor in the quaternary complex tissue factor-factor VIIa-factor Xa-tissue factor pathway inhibitor". European Journal of Biochemistry. 270 (12): 2576–82. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03625.x. PMID 12787023.
15. Zhang E, St Charles R, Tulinsky A (February 1999). "Structure of extracellular tissue factor complexed with factor VIIa inhibited with a BPTI mutant". Journal of Molecular Biology. 285 (5): 2089–104. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2452. PMID 9925787.

Further reading

• Broze GJ, Majerus PW (February 1980). "Purification and properties of human coagulation factor VII". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 255 (4): 1242–7. PMID 7354023.
• Versteeg HH, Peppelenbosch MP, Spek CA (December 2001). "The pleiotropic effects of tissue factor: a possible role for factor VIIa-induced intracellular signalling?". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 86 (6): 1353–9. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1616734. PMID 11776298.
• Golino P (May 2002). "The inhibitors of the tissue factor:factor VII pathway". Thrombosis Research. 106 (3): V257-65. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(02)00079-8. PMID 12356487.

External links

• Official website
• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.215
• CHES - Comprehensive Health Education Services LLC - Factor VII treatment and awareness