Fangyan

The Fāngyán (Chinese: 方言), compiled by the Han dynasty poet and philosopher Yang Xiong (53 BCE – 18 CE), was the first Chinese dictionary of regionalisms. Translations of this ancient dictionary's title include: 'regional words',[1] 'regional expressions',[2] 'dictionary of local expressions',[3] and 'regional spoken words'.[4][lower-alpha 1]

For "fāngyán" in the general sense of a regional dialect, see Varieties of Chinese.
Fangyan
Chinese方言
Literal meaning"Regional Speech"

Yang Xiong's Fangyan is considered the "most significant lexicographic work" of the Western Han.[5] His dictionary's preface explains how he spent 27 years amassing and collating the dictionary. Yang collected regionalisms from many sources, particularly the yóuxuān (輶軒 'light carriage') surveys, which were a Zhou and Qin dynasty tradition of annually sending imperial emissaries into the countryside to gather folk songs and popular sayings, which recorded localisms from all over China and as far north as Korea.[5] The Fangyan's full title is Yóuxuān shǐzhĕ juédài yǔ shì biéguó fāngyán (輶軒使者絕代語釋別國方言, 'Local expressions of other countries in times immemorial explained by the Light-Carriage Messenger').

Contents
Major Han-period dialect groups inferred from the Fangyan

Fangyan originally contained some 9,000 characters in 15 chapters (卷), but two chapters were subsequently lost.

Definitions typically list regional synonyms. For instance, chapter 8, which catalogs animal names, gives regional words for hu (虎 'tiger') in Han times.

虎, 陳魏宋楚之間或謂之李父, 江淮南楚之間謂之李耳, 或謂之於菟. 自關東西或謂之伯都.
"Tiger: in the regions of Chen-Wei Song-Chu [Central China], some call it lifu; in the regions of Jiang-Huai Nan-Chu [Southern China], they call it li'er, and some call it wutu. From the Pass, east- and west-ward [Eastern and Western China], some call it also bodu."[6]

Comparative linguists have used dialect data from the Fangyan in reconstructing the pronunciation of Eastern Han Chinese (1st century CE), which is an important diachronic stage between Old Chinese and Middle Chinese. In the above example, Paul Serruys reconstructs "tiger" as Old Chinese *blxâg.

Serruys also applied the techniques of modern dialectology to the distribution of regional words, identifying dialect areas and their relationships.

Terminology

Victor Mair proposed that Chinese: 方言 fāngyán be translated as topolect, while dialect should be translated into Chinese as 通言 tōngyán.[7] Based on this, "topolect" has been used to characterize other speech varieties where an identification as either "language" or "dialect" would be controversial. Examples include Scots and the various regional varieties of Arabic and Romani. In all of these situations, an identification of distinct languages by the straightforward criterion of mutual intelligibility may not be politically or socially acceptable to a significant number of scholars. For example, several varieties of Southwestern Mandarin are not mutually intelligible, and they would be classified as distinct languages within the Mandarin branch of the Chinese (or Sinitic) language family, if it weren't for the dominant social, historical, and political concept of Chinese as a unitary language. Mandarin, Southwestern Mandarin, the mutually unintelligible varieties of Southwestern Mandarin, and indeed the mutually intelligible dialects within those varieties are all termed "topolects".

See also

Notes
  1. In modern usage, the term fāngyán is customarily translated as English dialect, but linguists have proposed direct neologisms of regionalect (John DeFrancis) and topolect (Victor Mair).

References
  1. Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping, eds. (2014). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature. A Reference Guide. Part Three. Leiden/Boston: Brill. p. 1935.
  2. Yao, Xinzhong, ed. (2015). The Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Routledge. p. 472.
  3. Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin A., eds. (1978), The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 118
  4. O'Neill, Timothy Michael (2016). Ideography and Chinese Language Theory: A History. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. p. 206.
  5. Creamer 1992, p. 113.
  6. Serruys 1967, p. 256.
  7. Mair, Victor (2016-11-21). "Language vs. script". Language Log. Retrieved 2020-10-12.

Further reading
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