Federal Highway (Malaysia)

Part of Federal Route 2
	Federal Highway; (Kuala Lumpur–Klang Highway)
Route information
	Maintained by PLUS Malaysia Berhad with its subsidiary Projek Lebuhraya Usahasama Berhad; (Former concessionaries known as Projek Lebuhraya Utara Selatan Berhad (PLUS)); (on tolled segment) and Public Works Department on non-tolled segment
Length	45 km (28 mi) Tolled segment: 16 km (10 mi)
Existed	1974–present
History	Completed in 1977, tolled segment completed 1992–1993
Major junctions
West end	Klang, Selangor
	Jalan Jambatan Kota; Federal Route 5; North Klang Straits Bypass; West Coast Expressway; Kemuning–Shah Alam Highway; Jalan Subang–Batu Tiga; Persiaran Tujuan; Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Highway; Majlis Link; Damansara–Puchong Expressway; New Pantai Expressway; Sprint Expressway = Kerinchi Link; Bangsar–Petaling Jaya Bypass; Jalan Syed Putra; Jalan Klang Lama; East–West Link Expressway
East end	Seputeh, Kuala Lumpur
Location
Primary; destinations	Port Klang, I-City, Padang Jawa, Shah Alam, Batu Tiga, Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Kuala Lumpur
Highway system
	Highways in Malaysia; Expressways; Federal; State;

Federal Highway (Malay: Lebuhraya Persekutuan, Chinese: 联邦大道, abbreviation: FH2) is a Malaysian controlled-access highway connecting the capital city of Kuala Lumpur, and Klang, Selangor. The highway starts from Seputeh in Kuala Lumpur to Klang, Selangor. It is the busiest highway in Klang Valley during rush hour from/to Kuala Lumpur. The Federal Highway is coded as Federal Route 2.

History

The Federal Highway, connecting Kuala Lumpur and Klang, Selangor.

The Petaling Jaya stretch of the Federal Highway leading towards Kuala Lumpur

The history of the highway started after the separation of Singapore from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, when the Malaysian government decided to make Port Swettenham (now Port Klang) as Malaysia's new national port as a replacement of Singapore. As a result, the government planned to build a highway connecting Port Klang to Kuala Lumpur by upgrading the former Kuala Lumpur–Klang Highway (Jalan Kuala Lumpur–Klang) (opened to traffic on 14 January 1959)[1] to a full motorway by replacing the existing at-grade intersections with interchanges, making the Federal Highway as Malaysia's first expressway.[2] The Kuala Lumpur–Petaling Jaya Traffic Dispersal Scheme was implemented in 1974 under the surviliance of the Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR). This scheme includes the Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road, Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1, Jalan Syed Putra and Federal Highway Route 2 (Kuala Lumpur–Petaling Jaya). Funded by a loan granted by the World Bank, the upgrade works for the Federal Highway from Subang Airport Interchange to Kuala Lumpur started from 1974 until 1977.[2] The highway was originally a 4-lane limited access highway except for the Petaling Jaya stretch where it became 6-lane highway. However, in 1992 PLUS Expressways, the concession holder of North–South Expressway has upgraded the entire highway to a 6-lane highway with two toll plazas, Batu Tiga and Sungai Rasau. The 6-lane toll highway had begun in operation on 11 May 1993. The highway handles incredible volumes of traffic there is significant congestion at more or less any time of day.[3]

Upgrading of the Subang Airport Interchange and the Majlis Link

The upgrading of the Subang Airport Interchange including main link of Subang–Kelana Jaya Link from Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Highway (route 15) of Federal Highway (route 2) to Persiaran Kewajipan near Menara Mesiniaga began at the end of 2005 and the construction of the new Majlis Link in September 2005. Both project are led by Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR). While the main contractor are the Ahmad Zaki Resources Berhad (AZRB) and Ho Hup Construction Company Berhad (HHCC). The Majlis Link was completed in March 2007 while the Subang Airport Interchange was completed in September 2009.[3]

Features

The Kota Darul Ehsan arch.

Variable Message System (VMS) from Integrated Transport Information System (ITIS) Traffic Management Centre
Emergency phone (Only on PLUS Expressways stretch only)
Three and four lane carriageway
90 km/h speed limit
LED Street Light
Electronic LED billboards at street lights

Landmarks

The main landmarks of Federal Highway is Kota Darul Ehsan, the biggest arch in Malaysia located in Petaling Jaya. It was built on the orders of the former Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah to commemorate the cession of Kuala Lumpur to the federal government on 1 February 1974.
Another landmarks are Tugu Keris (Kris Monument) located near Sungai Rasau toll plaza in Klang but already relocated.[4]

Other features

Federal Highway also has a motorcycle lane to avoid accidents between cars and motorcycles in that area.
Bulatan Selangor (also known as Shah Alam Cloverleaf Interchange) in Shah Alam, Selangor is the biggest cloverleaf interchange in Malaysia.
Many breweries along this highway including Guinness Anchor Berhad (GAB) brewery in Sungai Way and Carlsberg brewery in Shah Alam.[5][6]

Restricted routes for heavy vehicles

A restricted route has been implemented on the Federal Highway between Sungai Rasau and Subang during workdays and peak hours. Heavy vehicles (except buses and tankers) with laden and unladen heavy vehicles weighing 10,000 kg or more are not allowed to enter the expressway between 6:30 am until 9:30 am on Monday to Friday (except public holidays). A compound fine will be issued to heavy vehicles which flout the rule.[7]

Criticisms

Motorcycle lane hazards

The Federal Highway is well known as the first expressway in Malaysia to have motorcycle lanes. However, the motorcycle lanes in the Federal Highway are known for its dangers towards motorcyclists, such as dark, narrow and poorly maintained lanes and ramps, dangerous sharp corners, and the nature of the motorcycle lanes themselves to be vulnerable spots for robberies.[8] It is due to the fact that the motorcycle lanes are originally intended for bicycle riders,[2] with the design speed limit as low as 60 km/h.[9]

On 29 August 2016, the Ministry of Works (MOW) has allocated RM 3.13 million to upgrade motorcycle lanes on the Federal Highway in areas that fall under its care. The allocation would cover costs for brightening dark areas, installing pump houses at flood-prone areas, painting road lines and tunnel walls, lane-widening, building overhead ramps, additional signage and repair of intersections.[10]

On 21 October 2016, during the announcement of the 2017 Budget, Prime Minister, Najib Tun Razak announced that RM29 million will be allocated to upgrading the motorcycle lane on the Federal Highway. This includes enhancing the drainage system (to prevent flooding), as well as building two overhead ramps, as part of efforts to make it safer for motorcyclists who use the route.[11]

Traffic congestion area along the highway

There are several areas along the highway regarded as a congested area:-

Km	Bounds	Stretches	Reasons
11 - 15	Kuala Lumpur bound	From Bulatan Selangor Interchange to Batu Tiga Interchange	Exiting towards Jalan Subang–Batu Tiga.
19 - 27.3	Kuala Lumpur bound	From Subang Airport Highway Interchange to NPE Interchange	Entering the highway from Damansara–Puchong Expressway.
33.1 - 21.1	Klang bound	From Jalan Timur Interchange to Sunway Interchange	Exiting towards Damansara–Puchong Expressway.

Notable events

18 December 1988 - R. Arumugam. Malaysian's national football player died in a car accident on Federal Highway near Mercedes Benz showroom at Petaling Jaya.[12]
8 December 2010 - A driver was killed when he tried to make an illegal U-turn at KM 27.3 of the Federal Highway near Seri Setia.[13][14]
21 April 2013 - Five people were killed following a freak accident along KM 10.1 of the Federal Highway near Shah Alam.[15]
16 June 2013 - Three teenagers were killed and another injured when the car they were in crashed into the divider along KM 14.5 of the Federal Highway near Shah Alam.[16]

Tolls

The tolls have been collected by a private concession company, PLUS Expressways, since 11 May 1993. Toll collection was discontinued on 1 January 2018.[17]

Electronic toll collection

As part of an initiative to facilitate smoother passage at the Batu Tiga and Sungai Rasau Toll Plazas on Federal Highway. On 10 July 2014, the highway operator, PLUS Expressways, announced that all toll transactions at both toll plazas would be conducted electronically via PLUSMiles cards, Touch 'n Go cards or SmartTAGs starting 1 September 2014. Besides being more convenient to Federal Highway users and reducing jams at toll plazas caused by cash-paying motorists, this move may help reducing risks of robberies at toll plazas faced by toll attendants, as there will be less cash will be available.[18] However, on 30 August 2014, the implementation of the ETCs at Batu Tiga and Sungai Rasau toll plaza was postponed by the federal government.[19]

Since 22 November 2014, all toll transactions at Batu Tiga and Sungai Rasau toll plazas of the Federal Highway have been conducted electronically via PLUSMiles cards, Touch 'n Go cards or SmartTAGs.[20]

Toll rates

Sungai Rasau toll plaza (SGR)[21]

Class	Type of vehicles	Normal prices (in Malaysian Ringgit (RM))
0	Motorcycle (Vehicles with two axles and two wheels)	Free (starting 1 January 2018)
1	Private Cars (Vehicles with two axles and three or four wheels (excluding taxi and bus))
2	Vans and other small good vehicles (Vehicles with two axles and six wheels (excluding bus))
3	Large Trucks (Vehicles with three or more axles (excluding bus))
4	Taxis
5	Buses

Batu Tiga toll plaza (BTT)[21]

Class	Type of vehicles	Normal prices (in Malaysian Ringgit (RM))
0	Motorcycle (Vehicles with two axles and two wheels)	Free (starting 1 January 2018)
1	Private Cars (Vehicles with two axles and three or four wheels (excluding taxi and bus))
2	Vans and other small good vehicles (Vehicles with two axles and six wheels (excluding bus))
3	Large Trucks (Vehicles with three or more axles (excluding bus))
4	Taxis
5	Buses

~~(* Toll payments between midnight and 7:00 am)~~

Note: Toll charges can only be paid with the Touch 'n Go and PLUSMiles cards or SmartTAG. Cash payment is not accepted.

List of interchanges

Below is a list of interchanges (exits), laybys and rest and service areas along the Federal Highway route. The exits are arranged in ascending numerical order from West to East.

Legend:

I/C - interchange, I/S - intersection, RSA - Rest and service area, OBR - overhead bridge restaurant, L/B - layby, V/P - vista point, TN - tunnel, T/P - toll plaza, BR - bridge

State	City	km	Exit	Name	Destinations	No. of lanes	Speed limit	Notes
Through to Jalan Jambatan Kota
Selangor	Klang		208	Klang Bulatan 100 I/C	Jalan Batu Tiga – Klang Town Centre, Meru, Kapar	Four	90 km/h	Roundabout Interchange PLUS Expressways border limit
			209	Bulatan Berkeley I/C	Jalan Batu Tiga Lama – Jalan Dato' Mohd Sidin (Connaught Bridge) Persiaran Rajawali – Taman Berkeley, Bukit Raja	Six
				Persiaran Bukit Raja 1 Exit	Persiaran Bukit Raja 1 – Bandar Baru Klang			Kuala Lumpur bound
		5.6-5.7		Sungai Rasau I/C	North Klang Straits Bypass – Bandar Baru Klang, Port Klang , Kapar, Meru, New Klang Valley Expressway (Bukit Raja) Jalan Batu Tiga Lama – Jalan Dato' Mohd Sidin (Connaught Bridge)
		5.6-5.7		Sungai Rasau I/C	West Coast Expressway – Sri Andalas, Banting			Kuala Lumpur bound
	Shah Alam (Petaling)		BR	Sungai Rasau bridge				Klang-Shah Alam (Petaling) Border
				Sungai Rasau Exit	Jalan Batu Tiga Lama – Jalan Sungai Rasau			Klang bound
				I-City I/C	Persiaran I-City – I-City			Direct interchange to I-City
			T/P	Sungai Rasau Toll Plaza	TnG POS TnG POS Touch 'n Go Touch 'n Go SmartTAG SmartTAG Touch 'n Go Touch 'n Go SmartTAG SmartTAG Touch 'n Go Touch 'n Go TnG POS TnG POS	14	60 km/h	Cease operation in January 2018
			L/B	Sungai Rasau L/B	Sungai Rasau L/B - TnG TAG Customer Service Centre	Six	90 km/h	Kuala Lumpur bound
				Padang Jawa I/C	BSA7Persiaran Kayangan – Shah Alam, UiTM , Hospital Shah Alam Jalan Padang Jawa – Padang Jawa Malaysian Road Transport Department (JPJ) Selangor state headquarters	Eight		Diamond Interchange
		9	L/B	Shah Alam L/B	Shah Alam L/B - Petronas KFC TnG TAG Spot, Shell			Kuala Lumpur bound
		9	L/B	Shah Alam L/B	Shah Alam L/B - BH Petrol			Klang bound
		11		Bulatan Selangor I/C (Shah Alam main I/C)	Kemuning–Shah Alam Highway – Alam Impian, Kota Kemuning BSA1 Persiaran Sultan – Shah Alam city centre, UiTM Persiaran Selangor – Shah Alam Industrial Area	Six		Cloverleaf Interchange
		13	L/B	Petronas L/B	Petronas L/B - Petronas			Klang bound, Beside Chinese Cemetery
		13		Bulatan Melawati I/C	BSA7 Persiaran Kayangan – Shah Alam Section 9-13 BSA7 Shah Alam–Puchong Highway – Puchong, Shah Alam Industrial Area			Roundabout Interchange
		14.6	L/B	Petron and Shell L/B	Petron and Shell L/B - Petron , Shell			Kuala Lumpur bound
				Persiaran Selangor Exit	Persiaran Selangor – Section 15-16, Shah Alam Industrial Area, Carlsberg Brewery	Eight		Klang bound
		14.9	BR	Sungai Damansara bridge
		15		Batu Tiga I/C	Jalan Subang – HICOM-Glenmarie, Guthrie Corridor Expressway (Bukit Jelutong) Persiaran Jubli Perak – Batu Tiga Puchong, North–South Expressway Central Link (Ebor North)			Diamond Interchange
				Tropicana Metropark I/C[22]	Persiaran Teknologi Subang – Tropicana Metropark, Subang Jaya			Direct Interchange
			T/P	Batu Tiga Toll Plaza	TnG POS TnG POS Touch 'n Go Touch 'n Go SmartTAG SmartTAG SmartTAG SmartTAG Touch 'n Go Touch 'n Go TnG POS TnG POS	12	60 km/h	Cease operation in January 2018
		16.9	L/B	Batu Tiga toll plaza L/B	Batu Tiga toll plaza L/B - TnG TAG Customer Service Centre	Eight	90 km/h	Kuala Lumpur bound
		17	L/B	Batu Tiga toll plaza L/B	Batu Tiga L/B - Shell , Petronas A&W TnG TAG Spot			Kuala Lumpur bound
		17.2	BR	Railway crossing bridge				10 Skypark Link under construction railway
		17.9		Subang Jaya I/C	Persiaran Tujuan – Subang Jaya, UEP Subang Jaya, Subang Parade 🏬, Empire Subang 🏬			Trumpet Interchange
		18	L/B	Shell and Petronas L/B	Shell and Petronas L/B - Shell , Petronas , Starbucks[23]			Kuala Lumpur bound
		17.9		Subang Airport I/C	Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Highway – Subang, Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport , New Klang Valley Expressway (Subang)	Six		Stacked interchange Shah Alam-Petaling Jaya Border PLUS Expressways border limit
	Petaling Jaya (Petaling)	18.2	219	Subang Jaya Exit	Persiaran Kewajipan (Off ramp to Subang Jaya only) – Subang Jaya, UEP Subang Jaya, Subang Parade 🏬, Empire Subang 🏬	Six		Klang bound
			220	Kawasan Perindustrian Bebas Exit	Jalan SS 8/2 – Sungai Way FIZ, SS1	Eight		Kuala Lumpur bound
			221	KGNS Exit	Jalan SS 7/2 – Kelab Golf Negara Subang, SS7, Kelana Jaya, Stadium Petaling Jaya			Kuala Lumpur bound
				🚉 Setia Jaya Komuter station	🚉 Setia Jaya Komuter station – KTM Komuter&B1			Klang bound
		21.1	222	Sunway I/C	Damansara–Puchong Expressway – Kepong, Ampang , Cheras, Puchong, Bandar Sunway			Multi-level Diverging diamond interchange
			223	Seri Setia Exit	Jalan SS 9a/1 – Sungai Way, Seri Setia, Kelana Jaya			Kuala Lumpur bound
		27		🚉 Seri Setia Komuter station	🚉 Seri Setia Komuter station – KTM Komuter	Six		Klang bound
			224	Lebuhraya NPE Exit	New Pantai Expressway – Bangsar, Kuchai Lama , Sungai Besi, Jalan Klang Lama			From/To Klang Only
			225	Jalan 227 Exit	Jalan 225 – Petaling Jaya Old Town			Kuala Lumpur Bound
			BR	Sungai Penchala bridge
		31.3	226	Templer I/C	Jalan Templer – Petaling Jaya Old Town Jalan PP Narayanan (Jalan 222) – Petaling Jaya Selatan (PJS)	Eight		Diamond interchange
		32.4	227	Jalan Utara I/C	Petaling Jaya Inner Ring Road – Jalan Utara, Jalan Barat, Petaling Jaya city centre, Asia Jaya LRT station 🚉			Diamond interchange
		33.1	228	Jalan Timur I/C	Petaling Jaya Inner Ring Road – Jalan Timur, Jalan Utara, Petaling Jaya city centre, Taman Jaya LRT station 🚉			Diamond interchange
			229	Jalan Gasing Exit	Jalan Universiti – Universiti Malaya University Malaya Medical Centre Jalan Gasing – Petaling Jaya Old Town			Half diamond interchange From/To Kuala Lumpur only
				Kota Darul Ehsan				Petaling Jaya (Petaling, Selangor)-FT Kuala Lumpur Border JKR border limit
FT Kuala Lumpur				Kerinchi I/C	Sprint Expressway (Kerinchi Link) – Mont Kiara, Sri Hartamas, Damansara Jalan Pantai Baharu –Kg. Kernchi, Bangsar, Menara Telekom, Kerinchi LRT station 🚉 Jalan Kerinchi –Bangsar South (Kerinchi), Universiti LRT station 🚉, KL-Gateway 🏬	Ten (some part is six)		Directional T expressway interchange Diamond interchange
				Mid Valley Exit	Bangsar–Petaling Jaya Bypass – Bangsar Lingkaran Syed Putra –Mid Valley City, Mid Valley Megamall 🏬, The Gardens 🏬, Zone A to F, Mid Valley Komuter station 🚉	Eight		From/To Klang only
			BR	Railway crossing bridge		Eight		2 Port Klang Line railway
			BR	Sungai Klang bridge		12
				NPE Exit	New Pantai Expressway – Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Angkasapuri Komuter station 🚉	4+8		Bypass ramp to NPE only From Kuala Lumpur only
				Seputeh I/C	Jalan Syed Putra – Kuala Lumpur city centre, Brickfields, KL Sentral 🚉 Jalan Klang Lama –Kuchai Lama, Taman OUG, Puchong	Four		Stacked interchange
Through to East–West Link Expressway

References

"Perasmian Pembukaan Jalanraya Kuala Lumpur-Port Swettenham". Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 1959-01-14. Archived from the original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
I REMEMBER WHEN... Federal Highway was constructed Archived 2009-04-10 at the Wayback Machine - New Straits Times Online. Accessed on 23 March 2009.
"Federal Highway a bane or a gain ⋆ The Malaysian Times". 1 April 2016.
Rajendra, Edward. "Monument shifted to gardens". The Star Online.
"Contact Us - Heineken Malaysia Berhad".
"Contact Us".
"Heavy vehicles banned from three NSE stretches during peak hours - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/04/17/death-traps-on-the-federal-highway/
Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86 - A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine - from Malaysian Public Works Department.
Federal Highway motorcycle lanes to get RM3.13mil upgrade - The Star 29 August 2016
Budget 2017: PM Najib Razak announces RM29 million allocation to upgrade Federal Highway motorcycle lane - paultan.org 22 October 2016
"Arumugam killed".
"隆联邦大道迷路心慌．夺命U转．SPM考生3死". 7 December 2010.
"17-year-olds called home to say they would be late - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.
"Five killed in freak collision along Federal Highway (updated) - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.
"A tragic accident indeed - Letters - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.
"2018 Budget: No more tolls at Batu Tiga, Sg Rasau, Bkt Kayu Hitam and Johor's EDL next year". 27 October 2017.
"PLUS to go cashless to help ease congestion on highway - Community - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.
"Cashless tolls put on hold". 1 September 2014.
"Fully electronic toll collection at Batu Tiga, Sungai Rasau plazas from Nov 22 - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.
Administrator. "PLUS MALAYSIA BERHAD - Penang Bridge and others". www.plus.com.my.
"Tropicana project enhances Subang, Shah Alam". 1 June 2017.
"Starbucks Drive-Thru Petronas Federal Highway Opening Promotions ⋆ More Promo". 14 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[hids2-1] "Perasmian Pembukaan Jalanraya Kuala Lumpur-Port Swettenham". Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah (in Malay). National Archives of Malaysia. 1959-01-14. Archived from the original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2015-05-31.

[fed-hwy-2] I REMEMBER WHEN... Federal Highway was constructed Archived 2009-04-10 at the Wayback Machine - New Straits Times Online. Accessed on 23 March 2009.

[themalaysiantimes.com.my-3] "Federal Highway a bane or a gain ⋆ The Malaysian Times". 1 April 2016.

[4] Rajendra, Edward. "Monument shifted to gardens". The Star Online.

[5] "Contact Us - Heineken Malaysia Berhad".

[6] "Contact Us".

[7] "Heavy vehicles banned from three NSE stretches during peak hours - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.

[8] ttps://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/04/17/death-traps-on-the-federal-highway/

[9] Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86 - A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Archived 2011-08-25 at the Wayback Machine - from Malaysian Public Works Department.

[10] Federal Highway motorcycle lanes to get RM3.13mil upgrade - The Star 29 August 2016

[11] Budget 2017: PM Najib Razak announces RM29 million allocation to upgrade Federal Highway motorcycle lane - paultan.org 22 October 2016

[12] "Arumugam killed".

[13] "隆联邦大道迷路心慌．夺命U转．SPM考生3死". 7 December 2010.

[14] "17-year-olds called home to say they would be late - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.

[15] "Five killed in freak collision along Federal Highway (updated) - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.

[16] "A tragic accident indeed - Letters - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.

[17] "2018 Budget: No more tolls at Batu Tiga, Sg Rasau, Bkt Kayu Hitam and Johor's EDL next year". 27 October 2017.

[18] "PLUS to go cashless to help ease congestion on highway - Community - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.

[19] "Cashless tolls put on hold". 1 September 2014.

[20] "Fully electronic toll collection at Batu Tiga, Sungai Rasau plazas from Nov 22 - Nation - The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my.

[auto-21] Administrator. "PLUS MALAYSIA BERHAD - Penang Bridge and others". www.plus.com.my.

[22] "Tropicana project enhances Subang, Shah Alam". 1 June 2017.

[23] "Starbucks Drive-Thru Petronas Federal Highway Opening Promotions ⋆ More Promo". 14 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2017.