Fustian

Fustian is a variety of heavy cloth woven from cotton, chiefly prepared for menswear. It is also used figuratively to refer to pompous, inflated or pretentious writing or speech, from at least the time of Shakespeare. This literary use is because the cloth type was often used as padding, hence, the purposeless words are fustian.

For the protagonist of a classic German legend, see Faust. For the British airborne mission in 1943, see Operation Fustian.
Textile samples: Fustian, Linen, and Moleskin.

History and use
Corduroy: This modern diagram shows the warp (3) and the long (red-4) and short (green-5) weft threads; traditionally the knife (1) and the guide (2) are attached and the cutting motion is upwards.

Known in Late Latin as fustaneum[1] or fustanum[2][3] and in Medieval Latin as pannus fustāneus ('fustian cloth') or tela fustānea ('fustian mesh'),[4] the cloth is possibly named after the Egyptian city of Fustat near Cairo that manufactured such a material.[1][4]

It embraces plain twilled cloth known as jean, and cut fabrics similar to velvet, known as velveteen, moleskin, corduroy etc. The original medieval fustian was a stout but respectable cloth with a cotton weft and a linen warp.[5] The term seems to have quickly become less precise, and was applied to a coarse cloth made of wool and linen, and in the reign of Edward III of England, the name was given to a woolen fabric. By the early 20th century, fustians were usually of cotton dyed various colors.

In a petition to Parliament during the reign of Mary I, "fustian of Naples" is mentioned. In the 13th and 14th centuries priests' robes and women's dresses were made of fustian, but though dresses are still made from some kinds, the chief use is for labourers' clothes. From the mid 1600s to the mid 1700s, fustian was often used for bed hangings.[6]:105

Fustian, by the 1860s referred to any cut weft cotton fabric, and its manufacture was common in towns of the fringe of the Lancashire cotton region, such as Congleton in Cheshire, Mow Cop, Staffordshire and Heptonstall in Calderdale. From 1800 to 1850 it was commonly called Baragan Fustian, and much used in Australia.

Manufacture
A loom used to manufacture fustian.

Crucial to process of manufacture was fustian cutting. This was a laborious process using a fustian cutting knife. This tool was around 50 cm long, and looked like a long spike; about 10 cm from the tip, the top edge was sharpened into a blade. It was inserted along the fabric alongside two warp threads, and under the raised weft, and as it was guided forward the blade severed the weft. In corduroy, there were seven ridges to the inch, so along a 31in bolt, there would be about 320 cuts to be done.[7] In the 1860s, the cloth would be stretched over a 22yd long table, and the cutters would walk the length of the table as many times as was necessary, in recent times the cloth was tensioned over a 6 ft table and all the cuts made, and then the cloth would be released and the next two yards tensioned onto the table. Over a 60hr week the cutter would be expected to produce 500 yards of 7–8 ridge corduroy. Velveteen was cut the same way but had 32 ridges per inch so production would be proportionately less.[7]

Cutting was one part of the process. The yarn was sized and the cloth was woven—there would be a high number of weft threads to warp. The ridges were manually cut, and the cloth sent to be finished. It was scoured to remove the size, and brushed to raise the nap. This was then singed over a gas flame, then bleached and or dyed. It was brushed again. It was now stentered to pull it out to the standard width. The cloth was woven at 31 or 32 inches and during processing has shrunk to 27 inches. Stentering would stabilise the width to 28 inches. The back of the cloth would now be filled to give it stiffness. This could be with a glue based mixture that could be formed from boiled bones. Each manufacturer had its own techniques. The cloth was now ready to be taken to the warehouse to be sold.[7]

Political significance

Fustian was worn by workers during the 19th century. Accordingly, radical elements of the British working class chose to wear fustian jackets as a symbol of their class allegiance. This was especially marked during the Chartist era. The historian Paul Pickering has called the wearing of fustian "a statement of class without words."[8]

Fustian also refers to pompous, inflated or pretentious writing or speech, starting from the time of Shakespeare. This literary use arose because the cloth type was often used as padding, hence, the purposeless words are fustian. Bombast, plant fibre used directly as padding (and not as fabric), similarly refers to grandiloquence by extension.[9]

See also

Notes
  1. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:  Porter, Noah, ed. (1913). Webster's Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. Abbey, Ramsey (1966). Chronicon abbatiæ rameseiensis: a sæc x. usque ad an. circiter 1200. Kraus Reprint. p. 424. OCLC 54878467. Spelman [...] refers to Erasmus' Colloquies for the use of the word fustanum for ‘fustian cloth’.
  3. English 18th-Century Dances. 3. New York Public Library. 1813. p. 108. Fustanum, or fustian, was, what it is at this period, a strong cloth made of cotton ; and priests, as well as the lower ranks, wore it in vests, tunics, and surtouts.
  4. "fustian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  5. Donald King in: Jonathan Alexander & Paul Binski (eds), Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400, p. 157, Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1987
  6. Rowe, Ann Pollard (1973). "Crewel Embroidered Bed Hangings in Old and New England". Boston Museum Bulletin. 71 (365–366): 102–166.
  7. Fustian cutting video Calderdale Museums and Galleries, Heptonstall Museum, 2010
  8. See Paul A. Pickering, "Class Without Words: Symbolic Communication in the Chartist Movement"
  9. C Willett & Phillis Cunnington, with illustrations by Barbara Phillipson and Phillis Cunnington. Faber and Faber Limited, 24 Russell Square, London. mcmlv (1955). page 45, 85

References
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