Fyfield, Wiltshire

Fyfield is a village and civil parish in the English county of Wiltshire, in the Kennet Valley about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of Marlborough. The village is on the A4 road which was historically the main route from London to the west of England.

This article is about the village on the A4 between Marlborough and Avebury. For the hamlet near Pewsey, also in Wiltshire, see Fyfield (Pewsey). For Fifield, Wiltshire, see Enford.

Fyfield

St Nicholas' Church, Fyfield
Fyfield
Location within Wiltshire
Population195 (in 2011)[1]
OS grid referenceSU148687
Civil parish
  • Fyfield
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townMarlborough
Postcode districtSN8
Dialling code01264
PoliceWiltshire
FireDorset and Wiltshire
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
WebsiteFyfield, Lockeridge and West Overton villages

History

Fyfield Down has extensive remains from successive phases of prehistoric to post-medieval activity.[2] A 300-acre field system extending onto Overton Down has produced Iron Age and Romano-British finds.[3]

The downland has many sarsen stones – pieces of dense, hard, sandy rock. In prehistoric times these were used for monuments, handaxes, quern-stones and other implements; medieval houses in Kennet Valley villages had walls made from sarsen blocks. Around 1850, Edward Free began a stone-cutting business at Fyfield which supplied much material for buildings, pavements and kerbs. The Free family moved to Marlborough in 1890; sarsen cutting declined after 1915 and ceased in 1939.[4]

Prior to the mid 19th century, the village was centred south of the church, in the valley northeast of Lockeridge House (c. 1740[5]). After a fire, this area was abandoned in favour of higher ground along the Bath Road; many of the new cottages were demolished during road improvements in the 1930s, leaving the village without a heart.[6]

From c. 1880, about 560 acres[7] on Fyfield Down and Overton Down, overlapping much of the present nature reserve and then owned by the Meux family, was managed as a rabbit warren for sport shooting. Most of the land was sold in 1906 by the widow of Sir Henry Bruce Meux to racehorse trainer Alec Taylor; in 1910 Taylor closed the warren and had some 14,000 rabbits killed, in order to use the area for exercising horses.[8]

Governance

The parish elects a joint parish council with the adjacent parish of West Overton; the council is named Fyfield and West Overton. It falls within the area of the Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions.

Before the 19th century, Fyfield was a chapelry of Overton parish, alongside the tithings of East Overton, Lockeridge, Shaw, and West Overton. The tithings became a poor law parish called West Overton while Fyfield relieved its own poor; this probably led the Census enumerators of 1841 to class Fyfield, with its medieval chapel, incorrectly as an ancient parish, which in turn led to its establishment as a civil parish.[7]

Clatford Park and Overton Heath, to the south of the ancient Wansdyke and in the far south of the modern parish, were Extra-parochial places in the earlier 19th century. In 1896 they were merged into Fyfield parish.[7]

Landmarks

North of the A4, the parish extends onto the Marlborough Downs. Here Fyfield Down is a biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest, noted for its sarsen stones and prehistoric sites including The Devil's Den, the remains of a neolithic burial chamber.

Parts of the south of the parish lie within the West Woods, which has been managed since 1931 by the Forestry Commission.[7]

Church

The Church of England parish church of St Nicholas is Grade II* listed.[9] The building has 13th-century origins and a 15th-century tower; it was restored in 1849. Today the church is part of the Upper Kennet benefice.[10]

Inns

Fyfield’s earliest known inn was The Crown and Fighting Cocks. Mark Pope Snr was the innholder at the time of drafting his last will and testament in 1776. According to his will he left the inn to his wife, Anne Pope, for the term of her life or until the day she remarried. Mark died in June 1780 and his will was proved at Marlborough on 24 July 1780. In his will Mark referred to his "ancient dwelling house or Inn known by the sign of The Crown and Fighting Cocks situated and being in Fyfield". This suggests the inn had been in business for an extended period.[11]

Sometime during the 14 years Mark Pope’s widow, Anne, was innholder, the name changed to The Fighting Cocks. Anne died in 1794 and in her will she bequeathed The Fighting Cocks inn to her son, Luke Pope.[12] It is not known how long Luke operated the inn.

The Fighting Cocks’ known innholders were:

  • Mark Pope – from at least 1776 until 1780
  • Anne Pope – from 1780 to 1794
  • Luke Pope – from 1794 to ?
  • Mr Free – 1860 (start and finish date unknown)[13]
  • An unnamed landlady – 1884 (start and finish date unknown)[14]
  • Thomas Maslen – 1894 (start and finish date unknown)[15]
  • Mr Caswell, blacksmith – 1906 (approx.) (start and finish date unknown)[16]
  • Mr E. Pile – 1936 (approx.) (start and finish date unknown)[16]

The Fighting Cocks was demolished in the 1930s to allow for road widening.[16]

References
  1. "Wiltshire Community History – Census". Wiltshire Council. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  2. Historic England. "Prehistoric to post-medieval settlement, cultivation, industrial and funerary remains on Fyfield, Overton and Manton Downs (1019190)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  3. Historic England. "Field System (221626)". PastScape. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  4. King, N.E. (1968). "The Kennet Valley Sarsen Industry". Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine. 63: 83–93. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  5. Historic England. "Lockeridge House (1182796)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  6. Chandler, John (2001). Marlborough and Eastern Wiltshire. East Knoyle: Hobnob Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-946418-07-1.
  7. "Victoria County History – Wiltshire – Vol 11 pp181-203 – Parishes: Overton". British History Online. University of London. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  8. King, N.E.; Sheail, J. (1970). "The Old Rabbit Warren on Fyfield Down, near Marlborough". Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine. 65: 1–6. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  9. Historic England. "Church of St Nicholas, Fyfield (1182200)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  10. "Fyfield". Upper Kennet Churches. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  11. Wiltshire and Swindon Archives. Probate records for the Archdeaconry of Wiltshire. Last will and testament of Mark Pope, proved at Marlborough 1780.
  12. Wiltshire and Swindon Archives. Probate records for the Archdeaconry of Wiltshire. Last will and testament of Anne Pope, proved at Marlborough 1794.
  13. London Evening Standard, 22 June 1860
  14. Swindon Advertiser and North Wilts Chronicle, 24 May 1884
  15. Wiltshire Independent, 21 June 1849, page 3
  16. "Fyfield from the WI Scrapbook of 1956". fwoparish.org.uk – Fyfield and West Overton parish website. Retrieved 24 September 2016.

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