Gaston, Duke of Orléans

Monsieur Gaston, Duke of Orléans (Gaston Jean Baptiste; 24 April 1608 – 2 February 1660), was the third son of King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de' Medici. As a son of the king, he was born a Fils de France. He later acquired the title Duke of Orléans, by which he was generally known during his adulthood. As the eldest surviving brother of King Louis XIII, he was known at court by the traditional honorific Monsieur.

Gaston of France
Gaston in 1634
Duke of Orléans
Reign	6 August 1626 – 2 February 1660
Predecessor	Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans
Successor	Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Born	24 April 1608 Palace of Fontainebleau, France
Died	2 February 1660 (aged 51) Château de Blois, France
Burial	Royal Basilica, Saint Denis
Spouse	Marie de Bourbon Marguerite of Lorraine
Issue Detail	Anne Marie, Duchess of Montpensier Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Isabelle, Duchess of Guise Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Chartres
Full name Gaston Jean Baptiste
House	Bourbon
Father	Henry IV of France
Mother	Marie de' Medici
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Engraving of Gaston

Early life

Gaston Jean Baptiste was born at the Palace of Fontainebleau on 24 April 1608 and at birth was given the title of Duke of Anjou. As a child, he was raised under the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Montglat. In 1626, at the time of his marriage to the young Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, he received in appanage (with their respective titles) the duchies of Orléans[1] and Chartres, and the county of Blois.[2] He had nominal command of the army which besieged La Rochelle in 1628,[3][4] having already entered upon a course of political intrigue that would occupy the remainder of his life. He was the heir presumptive to the throne of France from the death of his brother Nicolas Henri in 1611 until the birth of his elder brother's first son in 1638.

On two occasions, he had to leave France for conspiring against the government of his brother and his Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc leading to the Battle of Castelnaudary in 1632, he took refuge in Flanders. Reconciled with his brother Louis XIII, he plotted against Richelieu in 1635, fled from the country again, and then submitted to the King and the Cardinal.

Soon afterwards, the same process repeated itself. Orléans conspired with the marquis de Cinq-Mars to attempt Richelieu's assassination, and then deserted his unfortunate accomplice (1642). In 1643, upon the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France. He was created duc d'Alençon in 1646. During the wars of the Fronde (1648–1653), he demonstrated no particular loyalty to the crown and passed with great facility from one side to the other.

Marriages

Gaston first married on 6 August 1626, at Nantes to Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, daughter and heiress of Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier.[5] They had a daughter, Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier (29 May 1627 – 5 April 1693), called Mademoiselle de Montpensier, but later being best known as the Grande Mademoiselle.

Marie de Bourbon died six days after giving birth (4 June 1627), leaving her daughter the last of the line of the Montpensier line of the House of Bourbon.

While taking refuge from the wrath of Cardinal Richelieu in Lorraine, Gaston fell in love at first sight with Marguerite of Lorraine, the sister of Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine. But as France and Lorraine were then enemies, he was refused the king's permission to marry a sister of its duke. Nonetheless, Gaston fled again to Lorraine and, in a secret ceremony in the presence of her family at Nancy during the night of 2 – 3 January 1632, Gaston took the princess Marguerite as his wife. Because he had not obtained the prior permission of his elder brother, the king – one of his many acts of defiance – the couple could not appear at the French court and the marriage was kept secret.

But in November of that year, Henri II, Duke of Montmorency, on his way to the scaffold, betrayed Gaston, his former co-conspirator, and Louis XIII and Richelieu learnt of the elopement. The king had his brother's marriage declared null and void by the Parlement of Paris in September 1634 and, despite the protest of Pope Urban VIII,[6] the Assembly of the French clergy held in September 1635 that a prince du sang could enter matrimony only with permission of the king – consistent with French sovereignty and custom. Although Marguerite and Gaston had re-celebrated their marriage before the Archbishop of Malines, a French emissary persuaded the Pope not to protest the matter publicly, and Gaston formally accepted the annulment of his marriage. It was not until Louis XIII was on his deathbed in May 1643 that he accepted his brother's plea for forgiveness and authorized his marriage to Marguerite, whereupon the couple undertook nuptials for the third time in July 1643 before the Archbishop of Paris at Meudon, and the Duke and Duchess of Orléans were finally received at court.

By right of her marriage, Marguerite became known as Madame at court. After the death of his mother in 1642, Gaston was bequeathed the Luxembourg Palace, which became the couple's Parisian residence under the name Palais Orléans once they were restored to royal favour. They also sojourned at the Château de Blois, in the Loire Valley, where their first child was born in 1645.

Marguerite and Gaston d'Orléans had five children, of whom three daughters survived into adulthood:

• Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) married Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and had issue-but line died out.
• Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans (26 December 1646 – 17 March 1696) married Louis Joseph of Lorraine, Duke of Guise and had issue-but line died out.
• Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans (13 October 1648 – 14 January 1664) married Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy but died childless.
• Jean Gaston d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (17 August 1650 – 10 August 1652) died in infancy.
• Marie Anne d'Orléans (9 November 1652 – 17 August 1656) died in infancy.

Gaston had an illegitimate daughter by Marie Porcher:

• Marie bâtarde d'Orléans (1 January 1631, Paris – ?).

He also had an illegitimate son by Louise-Roger de La Marbelière:

• Louis bâtard d'Orléans, chevalier de Charny, (13 January 1638, Joué les Tours – 1692, Spain), later General under the service of Spain.

Later life

After the death of Gaston's brother Louis XIII in 1643, his nephew Philippe, brother of the new king Louis XIV, became the new Monsieur. To differentiate the older Monsieur from the younger, Gaston, the uncle, was called Le Grand Monsieur and Philippe, the nephew, was called Le Petit Monsieur.

After the Fronde, Gaston was exiled by Cardinal Mazarin to Blois in 1652, and remained there until his death. All of his Orléans titles then went to his nephew, now the only Monsieur.

Ancestors

Ancestors of Gaston of France

16. Francis, Count of Vendôme 8. Charles, Duke of Vendôme[7] 17. Marie of Luxembourg 4. Anthony of Navarre[8] 18. René, Duke of Alençon 9. Françoise of Alençon[7] 19. Margaret of Lorraine 2. Henry IV of France 20. John III of Navarre[9] 10. Henry II of Navarre[10] 21. Catherine of Navarre[9] 5. Joan III of Navarre[8] 22. Charles, Count of Angoulême[11] 11. Marguerite of Angoulême[10] 23. Louise of Savoy[11] 1. Gaston of France 24. Giovanni dalle Bande Nere[12] 12. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany[12] 25. Maria Salviati[12] 6. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany[13] 26. Pedro de Toledo y Zúñiga[14] 13. Eleanor of Toledo[12] 27. María Osorio y Pimentel[14] 3. Marie de' Medici 28. Philip I of Castile[15] 14. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[16] 29. Joanna I of Castile[15] 7. Joanna of Austria[13] 30. Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary[17] 15. Anne of Bohemia and Hungary[16] 31. Anne of Foix-Candale[17]

See also

• Charles de Lorme, personal medical doctor to Gaston
• List of works by James Pradier

References

1. Moote, A. Lloyd (1991) Louis XIII, The Just p 192. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06485-2
2. Pitts, Vincent Joseph (2000) La Grande Mademoiselle at the Court of France: 1627-1693 JHU Press p. 3, ISBN 0-8018-6466-6
3. Patmore, Katherine, The Court of Louis XIII, Methuen & Co, 1909, p. 144.
4. Chisolm, Hugh, Encyclopædia Britannica, Published 1911, p. 284.
5. Pitts, Vincent Joseph. La Grande Mademoiselle at the Court of France, p. 2
6. Campagnes de Charles IV, duc de Lorraine et de Bar, en Allemagne, en Lorraine et en Franche-Comté, 1634-1638, d'après des documents inédits, par F. des Robert, Paris, Nancy, 1883, p. 336.
7. Anselme 1726, pp. 328–329.
8. Anselme 1726, pp. 143–144.
9. Jiménez, Consuelo Juanto. "Enrique II de Albret". Diccionario biográfico España (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
10. Anselme 1726, p. 211.
11. Anselme 1726, pp. 210–211.
12. "The Medici Granducal Archive and the Medici Archive Project" (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2006.
13. Leonie Frieda (14 March 2006). Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France. HarperCollins. p. 386. ISBN 978-0-06-074493-9. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
14. Cesati, Franco (1999). Medici. Firenze: La Mandragora. p. 75. ISBN 88-85957-36-6.
15. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
16. Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Johanna von Oesterreich (Tochter des Kaisers Ferdinand I.)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). 6. p. 290 – via Wikisource.
17. Cazacu, Matei (2017). Reinert, Stephen W. (ed.). Dracula. Brill. p. 204.

• Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France [Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France] (in French). 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.
• Gaston Jean Baptiste de France Duc d'Orléans

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.