Gastrodia

Gastrodia, commonly known as potato orchids[2] or as 天麻属 (tian ma shu),[3] is a genus of terrestrial leafless orchids in the family Orchidaceae, about ninety of which have been described. Orchids in this genus have fleshy, upright stems and small to medium-sized resupinate flowers with narrow sepals and petals. They are native to Asia (China, the Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent), Australia, New Zealand, central Africa, and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[1]

Potato orchids
Gastrodia elata in Fukushima Prefecture
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Gastrodieae
Genus: Gastrodia
R.Br.[1]
Synonyms[1]

Description

Orchids in the genus Gastrodia are leafless, terrestrial, mycotrophic herbs with a fleshy, underground rhizome and an upright flowering stem with a few to many brownish, resupinate flowers. The sepals and petals are fused to form a bell-shaped or irregular tube with the tips free. The petals are usually much smaller than the sepals and the labellum has three lobes and is fully enclosed in the tube.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomy

The genus Gastrodia was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The type species is Gastrodia sesamoides.[8]

List of species

The following is a list of species of Gastrodia recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at July 2020:[1]

  • Gastrodia abscondita R.Br. - Java
  • Gastrodia africana Kraenzl. - Cameroon
  • Gastrodia albida T.C.Hsu, & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan
  • Gastrodia albidoides Y.H.Tan & T.C.Hsu - Yunnan
  • Gastrodia amamiana Suetsugu - Japan
  • Gastrodia angusta S.Chow & S.C.Chen - Yunnan
  • Gastrodia appendiculata C.S.Leou & N.J.Chung
  • Gastrodia arunachalensis S.N.Hegde & A.N.Rao – Arunachal Pradesh
  • Gastrodia ballii P.J.Cribb & Browning - Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique
  • Gastrodia bambu Metusala - Java
  • Gastrodia boninensis Tuyama - Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands of Japan)
  • Gastrodia cajanoae Barcelona & Pelser - Java, Taiwan
  • Gastrodia callosa J.J.Sm. - Java, Taiwan
  • Gastrodia celebica Schltr. - Sulawesi
  • Gastrodia clausa T.C.Hsu, S.W.Chung & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan, Okinawa
  • Gastrodia confusa Honda & Tuyama - Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Islands
  • Gastrodia confusoides T.C.Hsu, S.W.Chung & C.M.Kuo

- Taiwan

  • Gastrodia cooperae Lehnebach & J.R.Rolfe - New Zealand
  • Gastrodia crassisepala L.O.Williams - New Guinea
  • Gastrodia crebriflora D.L.Jones - Queensland
  • Gastrodia crispa J.J.Sm. – Java
  • Gastrodia cunninghamii Hook.f. - Vanuatu, New Zealand (including Chatham Island)
  • Gastrodia damingshanensis A.Q.Hu & T.C.Hsu
  • Gastrodia dyeriana King & Pantl. - Sikkim, Darjiling
  • Gastrodia effusa P.T.Ong & P.O'Byrne - Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia
  • Gastrodia elata Blume - much of China (including Tibet and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, Russian Far East, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal
  • Gastrodia elatoides W.C.Huang, G.W.Hu & Q.F.Wang - Madagascar
  • Gastrodia entomogama D.L.Jones - A.C.T.
  • Gastrodia exilis Hook.f. - India, Assam, Thailand, Sumatra
  • Gastrodia falconeri D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. - Pakistan, northern India, Nepal
  • Gastrodia fimbriata Suddee - Thailand
  • Gastrodia flavilabella S.S.Ying - Taiwan
  • Gastrodia flexistyla T.C.Hsu & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan
  • Gastrodia flexistyloides Suetsugu
  • Gastrodia fontinalis T.P.Lin - Taiwan
  • Gastrodia fujianensis Liang Ma, Xin Y.Chen & S.P.Chen - China (Fujian)
  • Gastrodia gracilis Blume - Taiwan, Honshu
  • Gastrodia grandilabris Carr - Sabah
  • Gastrodia holttumii Carr
  • Gastrodia huapingenisi X.Y.Huang, A.Q.Hu & Yan Liu
  • Gastrodia isabelensis T.C.Hsu
  • Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl. - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Fujian, Ryukyu Islands
  • Gastrodia kachinensis X.H.Jin & L.A.Ye – Myanmar
  • Gastrodia kaohsiungensis T.P.Lin – Taiwan
  • Gastrodia khangii Aver. – Vietnam
  • Gastrodia kuroshimensis Suetsugu - Japan
  • Gastrodia lacista D.L.Jones - Western Australia
  • Gastrodia longitubularis Q.W.Meng, X.Q.Song & Y.B.Luo - Hainan
  • Gastrodia madagascariensis H.Perrier ex Martos & Bytebier - Madagascar
  • Gastrodia major Aver. - Vietnam
  • Gastrodia maliauensis Suetsugu, Suleiman & Tsukaya - Borneo (Sabah)
  • Gastrodia menghaiensis Z.H.Tsi & S.C.Chen - Yunnan
  • Gastrodia minor Petrie - New Zealand
  • Gastrodia mishmensis A.N.Rao, Harid. & S.N.Hegde
  • Gastrodia molloyi Lehneback & J.R.Rolfe - New Zealand
  • Gastrodia nantoensis T.C.Hsu, C.M.Kuo ex T.P.Lin
  • Gastrodia nipponica Honda) Tuyama - Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Islands
  • Gastrodia nipponicoides Suetsugu
  • Gastrodia × nippouraiensis Suetsugu & T.C.Hsu - Nansei-shoto
  • Gastrodia okinawensis Suetsugu
  • Gastrodia papuana Schltr. - New Guinea
  • Gastrodia peichatieniana S.S.Ying
  • Gastrodia phangngaensis Suddee
  • Gastrodia procera G.W.Carr - N.S.W., Vic., A.C.T., Tas.
  • Gastrodia pubilabiata Y.Sawa - Taiwan, Japan
  • Gastrodia punctata Aver. - Vietnam
  • Gastrodia putaoensis X.H.Jin - Myanmar
  • Gastrodia queenslandica Dockrill - Queensland
  • Gastrodia rubinea T.P.Lin - Taiwan
  • Gastrodia rwandensis Eb.Fisch. & Killmann - Rwanda
  • Gastrodia sabahensis J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb
  • Gastrodia selabintanensis Tsukaya & Hidayat
  • Gastrodia sesamoides R.Br. - Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., S.A. and Tas. in Australia
  • Gastrodia shimizuana Tuyama - Iriomote, Taiwan
  • Gastrodia silentvalleyana C.S.Kumar, P.C.S.Kumar, Sibi & S.Anil Kumar - Kerala
  • Gastrodia similis Bosser - Réunion
  • Gastrodia solomonensis T.C.Hsu
  • Gastrodia spatulata (Carr) J.J.Wood - Sabah
  • Gastrodia stapfii Hayata
  • Gastrodia sui C.S.Leou, T.C.Hsu & C.R.Yeh - Taiwan
  • Gastrodia surcula D.L.Jones - New South Wales
  • Gastrodia taiensis Tuyama - Vietnam
  • Gastrodia takeshimensis Suetsugu
  • Gastrodia tembatensis P.T.Ong & P.O'Byrne - Peninsular Malaysia
  • Gastrodia theana Aver. - Vietnam
  • Gastrodia tonkinensis Aver. & Averyanova
  • Gastrodia tuberculata F.Y.Liu & S.C.Chen - Yunnan
  • Gastrodia umbrosa B.Gray - Queensland
  • Gastrodia uraiensis T.C.Hsu & C.M.Kuo - Taiwan
  • Gastrodia urceolata D.L. Jones - Queensland
  • Gastrodia verrucosa Blume - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Sumatra
  • Gastrodia vescula D.L.Jones - South Australia
  • Gastrodia wuyishanensis Da M.Li & C.D.Liu - Fujian
  • Gastrodia zeylanica Schltr. - Sri Lanka

A paper published in March 2020 described a new species Gastrodia gunatillekeorum C.Bandara, Priyankara & Kumar from Sri Lanka, but the name had not been assessed for inclusion in the above list as at July 2020.[9]

Gastrodia agnicellus was discovered in Madagascar and was described in a paper published in November 2020.[10]

References
  1. "Gastrodia". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 370. ISBN 1877069124.
  3. Chen, Xinqi; Gale, Stephen W.; Cribb, Phillip J. "Gastrodia". Flora of China. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  4. Weston, Peter H. "Genus Gastrodia". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  5. Jeanes, Jeff. "Gastrodia". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  6. "Gastrodia". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  7. "Genus Gastrodia". Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  8. "Gastrodia". APNI. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  9. Bandara, Champika; Priyankara, Theja; Attanagoda, Anusha G.; Lakkana, Tithira; Ediriweera, Sisara; Kumar, Panjak (16 March 2020). "Gastrodia gunatillekeorum (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from a lowland rainforest of Sri Lanka". Phytotaxa. 436 (1): 55–62. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.436.1.5.
  10. Hermans, Johan (September 2020). "Gastrodia Agnicellus: A new holomycotrophic orchid from southeast Madagascar Orchidaceae". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 37 (3): 385–395. doi:10.1111/curt.12354.
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