Gaucho (album)

Gaucho is the seventh studio album by the American rock band Steely Dan, released on November 21, 1980, by MCA Records. The sessions for Gaucho represent the band's typical penchant for studio perfectionism and obsessive recording technique.[1][2] To record the album, the band used at least 42 different musicians, spent over a year in the studio, and far exceeded the original monetary advance given by the record label.[3] In 1982, the album won the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Non-Classical Recording and received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

Gaucho
Studio album by Steely Dan
Released	November 21, 1980
Recorded	1978–1980
Studio	Sigma Sound, Soundworks, Automated Sound, A&R, New York City; Village Recorders, West Los Angeles, California; Producer's Workshop, Hollywood
Genre	Jazz rock yacht rock
Length	37:58
Label	MCA
Producer	Gary Katz
Steely Dan chronology
Aja (1977) Gaucho (1980) Alive in America (1995)
Singles from Gaucho
"Hey Nineteen" Released: November 1980 "Time Out of Mind" Released: 1981

During the two-year span in which the album was recorded, the band was plagued by a number of creative, personal and professional problems.[4] MCA, Warner Bros. and Steely Dan had a three-way legal battle over the rights to release the album. After it was released, jazz musician Keith Jarrett threatened the band with legal action for plagiarism in the title song.

Gaucho marked a significant stylistic change for the band, introducing a more minimal, groove- and atmosphere-based format. The harmonically complex chord changes that were a distinctive mark of earlier Steely Dan songs are less prominent on Gaucho, with the record's songs tending to revolve around a single rhythm or mood, although complex chord progressions were still present particularly in "Babylon Sisters" and "Glamour Profession". Gaucho proved to be Steely Dan's final studio album before a 20-year hiatus from the recording industry.

Background

Exceptional difficulties plagued the album's production. By 1978, Donald Fagen and Walter Becker had established themselves as the only two permanent members of Steely Dan, using a revolving cast of session musicians to record the songs they wrote together. However, the pair's working relationship began to strain, largely because of Becker's increasing drug use.[4]

During the course of the Gaucho sessions, Becker was hit by a car late one Saturday night while walking home to his apartment on the Upper West Side.[5][6] Becker managed to push the woman he was with out of harm's way, but sustained multiple fractures in one leg, a sprain in the other leg, and other injuries.[5][6] During his six-month recovery,[7] he suffered from secondary infections.[5] While Becker was in the hospital, he and Fagen continued their musical collaborations via telephone.[6]

Becker's personal problems continued to mount when his girlfriend, Karen Roberta Stanley, died of a drug overdose at his home on January 30, 1980.[8][9] Her family sued him for $17.5 million in January 1981, claiming that he had introduced the woman to cocaine, morphine, barbiturates, and heroin.[9] The court later ruled in Becker's favor.

Music and lyrics

According to Stylus Magazine's Mike Powell, Gaucho combines "bitter, poetic cynicism with freewheeling jazz-rock",[10] while Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic says it "essentially replicates the smooth jazz-pop of Aja, but with none of that record's dark, seductive romance or elegant aura".[11] Similarly, rock historian Joe Stuessy suggests it is one in a series of Steely Dan albums that showed a progression of jazz influences in the band's sound, which was often described as "jazz-rock fusion".[12] Music journalist and broadcaster Paul Sexton writes that, while Aja had "announced their ever-greater exploration of jazz influences", Gaucho is "their yacht rock masterpiece".[13] In connection with the latter genre, Timothy Malcolm from Houstonia magazine says the album features "a number of yachty delights",[14] while Erlewine highlights the title track as exemplary of the genre.[15] Patrick Hosken from MTV News says that, like Aja, Gaucho shows how "great yacht rock is also more musically ambitious than it might seem, tying blue-eyed soul and jazz to funk and R&B".[16]

Hal Leonard's Best of Steely Dan explains that Gaucho is "a concept album of seven interrelated tales about would-be hipsters."[17] The lyrics of "Hey Nineteen" are about an aging hipster attempting to pick up a girl who is so young that she does not recognize "'Retha Franklin" playing on the stereo.[18] The song closes with the ambiguous line, "The Cuervo Gold, the fine Colombian, make tonight a wonderful thing", leaving it up to the listener whether the narrator is consuming tequila and drugs with the love interest, or if he is in fact alone.[18][19]

Stewart Mason of AllMusic says that "Time Out of Mind" is "a barely veiled song about heroin, specifically a young man's first experience with the drug at the hands of a pretentious, pseudo-religious crank talking of 'chasing the dragon' with the 'mystical sphere direct from Lhasa.'"[20] According to Ian MacDonald, "Two songs are about hookers, two more concern the doings of coke dealers, and a fifth depicts the denouement of a seedy marital dispute. What redeems it all is the humour and artistry. Lyrics exude class as well as underclass, while the music, whatever its guise or disguise, is immaculate".[21]

Keith Jarrett sued Becker and Fagen for copyright infringement over the title track of the album, claiming it plagiarised "Long As You Know You're Living Yours" from his 1974 album Belonging. As a result, Jarrett has since been included as a co-author of the track.[22] In an interview after Gaucho was released, Fagen said that he loved the Jarrett track and had been strongly influenced by it.[23]

Recording

Recording sessions

With 1977's Aja, the duo had become accustomed to recording with Los Angeles-based session musicians. Sessions for Gaucho began in New York City during 1978.[7] The transition to using New York City players during the Gaucho sessions proved difficult, because the musicians were unenthusiastic about Becker and Fagen's obsessive, perfectionist recording style.[22]

Fagen and Becker hired Mark Knopfler to play the guitar solo on "Time Out of Mind" after hearing him play on Dire Straits' hit single "Sultans of Swing". Several hours of Knopfler's playing were recorded at the session, but his contributions as heard on the record are limited to around forty seconds.

The album's mixing sessions proved to be just as difficult as the recording sessions. It took Becker, Fagen, Nichols and Katz more than 55 attempts to complete a satisfactory mix of the 50-second fade-out of "Babylon Sisters".[5][24]

Drum recording

Platinum record awarded to Gaucho drum machine "Wendel" invented by recording engineer Roger Nichols

Even though the session players hired for Gaucho were amongst the most talented from both the East and West Coast session fraternities, Fagen and Becker were still not satisfied with the basic tracks for some of the songs, particularly with regard to the timing of the drum tracks.[25] In a 2006 interview for Sound On Sound Magazine, Donald Fagen stated that he and Becker told recording engineer Roger Nichols:

"'It's too bad that we can't get a machine to play the beat we want, with full-frequency drum sounds, and to be able to move the snare drum and kick drum around independently.' Nichols replied 'I can do that.' This was back in 1978 or something, so we said 'You can do that???' To which he said 'Yes, all I need is $150,000.' So we gave him the money out of our recording budget, and six weeks later he came in with this machine and that is how it all started."[26]

Nichols named the drum machine "Wendel".[25] Subsequently, Wendel was awarded a platinum record.

According to Ken Micallef in an article in Modern Drummer, the title song's drum track was assembled from 46 different takes. The drummer on the session, Jeff Porcaro, is quoted as saying:

"From noon till six we'd play the tune over and over and over again, nailing each part. We'd go to dinner and come back and start recording. They made everybody play like their life depended on it. But they weren't gonna keep anything anyone else played that night, no matter how tight it was. All they were going for was the drum track."[27]

Drummer Bernard Purdie plays his signature half-time shuffle beat, the Purdie Shuffle, on "Babylon Sisters".

"The Second Arrangement", outtakes and bootlegs

"The Second Arrangement" had been a favorite of producer Gary Katz and Nichols.[28] In late December 1979, after weeks of working on a particular recording of the track, approximately three-quarters of the song was accidentally erased by an assistant engineer who had been asked by Katz to ready the track for listening.[4][28] The band attempted to re-record the track, but eventually abandoned the song entirely.[28]

Steely Dan biographer Brian Sweet has written that the group abandoned the song in favor of focusing on "Third World Man".[29] "The Second Arrangement" was never played live by Steely Dan until a rarities show on September 17, 2011, and a studio recording of the song remains unreleased.[28] However, a handful of demo and outtake recordings of the song exist in bootleg form.[30]

In addition to "The Second Arrangement", a number of songs were written for the album which were not included in the final release. Some of them were included on a bootleg titled The Lost Gaucho, which features recordings from early in the sessions for the album. Song titles include "Kind Spirit", "Kulee Baba", "The Bear" and "Talkin' About My Home", as well as "The Second Arrangement".[29] An early version of "Third World Man", with alternate lyrics, is included under the title "Were You Blind That Day".[29] That recording dates from the Aja sessions. During a clinic in 2011, Larry Carlton said about "Third World Man": "When Billboard Magazine came out ... about Gaucho, it's writing about the news 'Steely Dan released ... bla bla bla ... and great guitar solo by Larry Carlton', and I said, 'but I didn't play on Gaucho!, they'd cut it in New York, I didn't play on it!'. So I found out later: they had finished mixing in New York, and one of the second engineers erased one of their master tracks. So "Third World Man" was in the can from The Royal Scam and they had to reach back into the old tapes and find something to finish the album, and that's how I ended up on Gaucho playing "Third World Man".[31]

Artwork

The cover art is based upon a wall plaque entitled "Guardia Vieja – Tango" (Old Guard – Tango), located in a southside Buenos Aires promenade known as Caminito, by Argentine artist Israel Hoffmann.[32]

Release

Just prior to the album's release, the band members had another argument with MCA over the retail list price. MCA made Steely Dan a test case for its new "superstar pricing" policy, whereby new albums by top-selling artists would sell for $9.98, one dollar more than those of other artists.

Critical reception

Professional ratings

Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic	[11]
Chicago Tribune	[33]
Christgau's Record Guide	B−[34]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music	[35]
The Great Rock Discography	6/10[36]
MusicHound Rock	1/5[37]
Pitchfork	9.4/10[38]
Rolling Stone	[39]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide	[40]
Tom Hull – on the Web	B+[41]

The album was greeted with mostly positive reviews. Rolling Stone's Ariel Swartley said of the album: "After years of hibernation in the studio, the metamorphosis that began with The Royal Scam is complete. Steely Dan have perfected the aesthetic of the tease."[39] The New York Times gave Gaucho a positive review,[42] later deeming it the best album of 1980, beating out Talking Heads’ Remain in Light and Joy Division's Closer.[43] The album also received a positive review from the Montreal Gazette.[44]

Not all reviews were positive. The second edition of The Rolling Stone Album Guide gave Gaucho a rating of 1 star out of 5; critic Dave Marsh called it "the kind of music that passes for jazz in Holiday Inn lounges, with the kind of lyrics that pass for poetry in freshman English classes."[45] Pittsburgh Press's Pete Bishop found it "too well-crafted, too artificially sophisticated", and lacking in spontaneity.[46] The Village Voice's Robert Christgau remarked, "Even the song with Aretha in it lends credence to rumors that the LP was originally entitled Countdown to Lethargy."[34] In 2000 it was voted number 504 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.[47]

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that Gaucho, while sonically similar to Aja, features musical performances that have been overly rehearsed to the point of lacking emotional resonance, as well as inferior songwriting, excepting the highlights "Babylon Sisters", "Time Out of Mind" and "Hey Nineteen", which "make the remainder of the album's glossy, meandering fusion worthwhile".[11] David Sakowski of PopMatters reappraised the album as a "classic" that was largely "lost in the shadow of Aja and the changing tides of music".[48]

Accolades

Gaucho won the 1981 Grammy Award for Best Non-Classical Engineered Recording.

Commercial performance

The album reached #9 on the U.S. Album Chart and was certified Platinum. "Hey Nineteen" reached #10 on the U.S. Singles Chart, and went to #1 in Canada. The album reached #27 on the UK Albums Chart.

Track listing

All songs written by Walter Becker and Donald Fagen, except where noted.

Side one

No.	Title	Length
1.	"Babylon Sisters"	5:49
2.	"Hey Nineteen"	5:06
3.	"Glamour Profession"	7:29

Side two

No.	Title	Writer(s)	Length
4.	"Gaucho"	Becker, Fagen, Keith Jarrett[49]	5:32
5.	"Time Out of Mind"		4:13
6.	"My Rival"		4:34
7.	"Third World Man"		5:15

Personnel

Steely Dan

• Donald Fagen – lead vocals, backing vocals, synthesizer (2–6), electric piano (2–5), organ (6)
• Walter Becker – bass (2, 4, 5), guitar (2, 5), guitar solo (4)

Additional musicians

• Randy Brecker – trumpet (1, 4, 5), flugelhorn (1, 6)
• Wayne Andre – trombone (6)
• Tom Scott – alto saxophone, clarinet (1); tenor saxophone (1, 3, 4, 6); Lyricon (3, 6), horn arrangement (3, 4, 6)
• David Sanborn – alto saxophone (5)
• Michael Brecker – tenor saxophone (3, 5, 6)
• Dave Tofani – tenor saxophone (5)
• Ronnie Cuber – baritone saxophone (5)
• Walter Kane – clarinet (1)
• George Marge – clarinet
• Rob Mounsey – piano (3–5), synthesizer (7), horn arrangement (1, 5)
• Don Grolnick – electric piano, Clavinet (1)
• Bill Tobin – electric piano (3)
• Pat Rebillot – electric piano (6)
• Joe Sample – electric piano (7)
• Hiram Bullock – guitar (6)
• Larry Carlton – lead guitar (7)
• Rick Derringer – guitar (6)
• Steve Khan – guitar (1, 3, 4, 7), lead guitar (6)
• Mark Knopfler – lead guitar (5)
• Hugh McCracken – guitars (2, 5)
• Chuck Rainey – bass (1, 7)
• Steve Gadd – drums (3, 6, 7), percussion (2)
• Anthony Jackson – bass (3, 6)
• Rick Marotta – drums (2, 5)
• Jeff Porcaro – drums (4)
• Bernard Purdie – drums (1)
• Errol "Crusher" Bennett – percussion (1, 4)
• Victor Feldman – percussion (2)
• Ralph MacDonald – percussion (3, 6)
• Nicholas Marrero – percussion (6)
• Michael McDonald (5), Patti Austin (1,4,5), Valerie Simpson (3–6), Frank Floyd (2,3,6), Diva Gray (1), Gordon Grody (1), Lani Groves (1), Lesley Miller (1,3–5), Zachary Sanders (2,3,6), Toni Wine (1) – backing vocals

Production

• Producer: Gary Katz
• Executive producers: Paul Bishow, Roger Nichols
• Executive engineer: Roger Nichols
• Assistant engineers: John "Doc" Daugherty, Gerry Gabinelli, Craig Goetsch, Tom Greto, Barbara Isaak, Georgia Offrell, John Potoker, Linda Randazzo, Marti Robertson, Carla Bandini
• Production coordination: Jeff Fura, Margaret Goldfarb, Shannon Steckloff
• Mixing: Elliot Scheiner
• Mix down: Elliot Scheiner
• Coordination: Michael Etchart
• Sequencing: Roger Nichols, Wendel
• Tracking: Elliot Scheiner, Bill Schnee
• Mastering: Bob Ludwig
• Overdubs: Jerry Garszva, Roger Nichols
• Surround mix: Elliot Scheiner
• Rhythm arrangements: Paul Griffin, Don Grolnick, Rob Mounsey, Steely Dan
• Horn arrangements: Rob Mounsey, Tom Scott
• Piano technician: Don Farrar
• Special effects: Roger Nichols, Wendel
• Consultant: Daniel Levitin
• Art direction: Vartan, Suzanne Walsh
• Design: Michael Diehl, Suzanne Walsh
• Design assistant: John Tom Cohoe
• Photography: Rene Burri
• Photo research: Ryan Null
• Liner notes: Walter Becker, Donald Fagen, Frank Kafka
• Liner note translation: Victor Di Suvero

Charts

Weekly charts

Album

Year	Chart	Peak position
1980	UK Albums	27
1981	Black Albums	19
	Pop Albums	9

Singles

Year	Single	Label & number	Chart	Peak position
1981	"Hey Nineteen" (B-side: "Bodhisattva" (live))	MCA 51036	US Black Singles	68
	"Hey Nineteen"		US Pop Singles	10
	"Time Out of Mind"	MCA 51082		22
	"Time Out of Mind" (B-side: "Bodhisattva" (live))		US Adult Contemporary	13
			US Mainstream Rock	13
			Canada RPM Top Singles	42

Certifications

Sales certifications for Gaucho

Region	Certification	Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[50]	2× Platinum	100,000^^
France	—	127,800[51]
New Zealand (RMNZ)[52]	Gold	7,500^^
United States (RIAA)[53]	Platinum	1,000,000^^
^^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

References

1. Canada.com: Steely Dan still feeling the groove Archived 2009-07-03 at the Wayback Machine.
2. MSN Inside Music – Re:Masters: Steely Dan Think Fast and Tour Archived 2010-09-04 at the Wayback Machine.
3. PopMatters review: "Steely Dan - Guacho."
4. Mojo article: "The Mojo Interview."
5. The Tuscaloosa News article: "Steely Dan Keeps Tackling Tough Topics."
6. Anchorage Daily News article: "Rockers in need find a friend indeed Link not working."
7. Sutherland, Donnie (1980-12-28). "Recluses Who Speak Through Music". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2018-01-26.
8. The Madison Courier article: "Personalities."
9. The Miami News article: "Steely Dan founder named in drug death allegation."
10. Mike Powell (June 27, 2006). "On Second Thought: Steely Dan – Gaucho". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved June 3, 2020. As if matching bitter, poetic cynicism with freewheeling jazz-rock wasn’t enough, with Gaucho, Fagen and Becker approached anti-music in the same way that plastic surgery approaches being anti-human...
11. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Gaucho – Steely Dan". AllMusic. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
12. Joe Stuessy (1990). Rock and Roll: Its History and Stylistic Development. Prentice Hall. p. 335. ISBN 9780137824267.
13. Sexton, Paul (September 17, 2019). "Yacht Rock: A Boatload Of Guilty Pleasures". uDiscoverMusic. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
14. Malcolm, Timothy (July 12, 2019). "This Is the Definitive Definition of Yacht Rock". Houstonia. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
15. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (June 25, 2014). "AllMusic Loves Yacht Rock". AllMusic. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
16. Hosken, Patrick (February 7, 2017). "Are We in the Middle of a Yacht-Rock Revival". MTV News. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
17. The Best of Steely Dan songbook, published by Hal Leonard. pp. 5.
18. Allmusic song review: "Hey Nineteen."
19. "Remembering Walter Becker Of Steely Dan: 'Hey Nineteen' Banter". JamBase. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
20. AllMusic song review: "Time Out of Mind".
21. MacDonald, Ian. Decadent Diversions: Steely Dan's Gaucho, in "The People's Music: Selected Journalism" (2003)
22. "Gaucho by Steely Dan". Classic Rock Review. River of Rock Music Network. Retrieved 2018-01-26.
23. Breskin, David (1981-03-01). "Steely Dan interview". The Steely Dan Reader. Retrieved 2018-01-26.
24. AllMusic song review: "Babylon Sisters."
25. Steely Dan – Gaucho (2000 Reissue) (CD liner notes by Walter Becker & Donald Fagen). MCA Records. 088 112 055-2
26. Tingen, Paul. "Donald Fagen – Recording Morph The Cat". soundonsound.com. Sound On Sound Magazine. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
27. Payne, Jim (2010-09-08). The Great Drummers of R and B Funk and Soul (Paperback ed.). p. 146. ISBN 9781609745820. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
28. Steely Dan: Reelin in the Years by Brian Sweet – page 137
29. Big O Worldwide article: "The Lost Gaucho."
30. Steely Dan Database: "The Second Arrangement" song info Archived 2011-05-30 at the Wayback Machine.
31. Youtube : "335 Records - Larry Carlton Clinic - Third World Man".
32. SteelyDanDatabase: "." Archived August 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
33. Kot, Greg (August 16, 1992). "Thrills, Scams and Nightflys". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
34. Christgau, Robert (1990). "Steely Dan: Gaucho". Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-73015-X. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
35. Larkin, Colin (2011). "Steely Dan". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
36. Strong, Martin Charles (2002). "Steely Dan". The Great Rock Discography. The National Academies. ISBN 1-84195-312-1.
37. Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). "Steely Dan". MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 1-57859-061-2.
38. Pappademas, Alex (November 20, 2019). "Steely Dan: Gaucho". Pitchfork. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
39. Swartley, Ariel (February 5, 1981). "Gaucho". Rolling Stone. New York. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
40. Sheffield, Rob (2004). "Steely Dan". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 778–79. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
41. Hull, Tom (n.d.). "Grade List: Steely Dan". Tom Hull – on the Web. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
42. Holden, Stephen (January 18, 1981). "Steely Dan's New Songs". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
43. New York Times article: "The Pop Life; The 10 best of the albums issued in 1980."
44. Montreal Gazette article: "Steely Dan's Gaucho takes a smooth ride."
45. Marsh, Dave; Swenson, John (1983). "Steely Dan". The New Rolling Stone Record Guide (2nd ed.). New York: Random House/Rolling Stone Press. p. 488. ISBN 0-394-72107-1.
46. Bishop, Pete (January 24, 1981). "'Gaucho' Humdrum". Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
47. Colin Larkin (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 176. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.
48. Sakowski, David. "Steely Dan: Gaucho". PopMatters. Archived from the original on June 19, 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
49. Initial copies of the album credited Becker and Fagen as the authors of this track. Keith Jarrett was added as co-author on all subsequent reissues.
50. Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
51. Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps" at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 December 2020)
52. "New Zealand album certifications – Steely Dan – Gaucho". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
53. "American album certifications – Steely Dan – Gaucho". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 23 January 2021. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH. 

External links

• Complete lyrics