George A. Smith

George Albert Smith (June 26, 1817 – September 1, 1875) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He served in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and as a member of the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

For other people with the same name, see George Smith (disambiguation) and George Albert Smith (disambiguation).
George A. Smith
First Counselor in the First Presidency
October 7, 1868 (1868-10-07) – September 1, 1875 (1875-09-01)
Called byBrigham Young
PredecessorHeber C. Kimball
SuccessorJohn W. Young
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
April 26, 1839 (1839-04-26) – October 7, 1868 (1868-10-07)
Called byJoseph Smith
End reasonCalled as First Counselor in the First Presidency
LDS Church Apostle
April 26, 1839 (1839-04-26) – September 1, 1875 (1875-09-01)
Called byJoseph Smith
ReasonReplenishing Quorum of the Twelve[1]
Reorganization
at end of term		No apostles ordained[2]
Personal details
BornGeorge Albert Smith
(1817-06-26)June 26, 1817
Potsdam, New York, United States
DiedSeptember 1, 1875(1875-09-01) (aged 58)
Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, United States
Resting placeSalt Lake City Cemetery
40.777°N 111.858°W / 40.777; -111.858 (Salt Lake City Cemetery)
Spouse(s)7
Children20
ParentsJohn Smith
Clarissa Lyman

Smith was a prominent leader in the settlement of many communities in southern Utah, and played a role in the chain of events preceding the Mountain Meadows Massacre on September 11, 1857. The city of St. George, Utah, may have been named after him.

Childhood

George A. Smith was born in Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, New York, the son of John Smith and Clarissa Lyman, and was brought up in the Congregational Church.[3] His first cousin was Joseph Smith Jr., the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. In September 1832, at the age of 15, George A. Smith, was baptized into the Church of Christ,[4] eight months after his parents had been baptized.[5] The following year, John Smith and his family moved to Kirtland, Ohio, the church's new headquarters.[6] There George met his cousin, Joseph, for the first time. In 1838, he moved with his parents and a large body of church members to the state of Missouri.

Church service

In the spring of 1834, the 16-year-old Smith accompanied a group of Latter Day Saints on a 2000-mile march to Missouri and back to Ohio. This trip, known as Zion's Camp, was intended to bring aid to suffering members of the church in Missouri. Smith served as a missionary to the eastern United States, traveling and preaching during the summers of 1835, 1836, and 1837, while attending school each winter.

Smith was ordained a seventy in the priesthood on March 1, 1835, by Joseph Smith. On April 26, 1839, at the age of 21, George A. Smith was ordained an apostle and became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Future church president Wilford Woodruff was ordained an apostle on the same day. The two men replaced former apostles Thomas B. Marsh, who had left the church, and Orson Hyde, who had been disfellowshipped and removed from his position.

After Joseph Smith's death and the assumption of church leadership by Brigham Young, George A. Smith traveled to the Salt Lake Valley as a Mormon pioneer with the first company of settlers in 1847. In the winter of 1850, Smith led a company of 118 volunteers and about 30 families to establish a colony near the Little Salt Lake in Iron County. They arrived at Center Creek, 265 miles from Salt Lake City, on January 13, 1851. Under direction from the General Assembly of the State of Deseret, the group organized the political entity of Iron County and elected Smith as chief justice. During the winter of 1850–51, the settlers constructed a fort enclosing homes, a meeting house, a school, and a watch tower. They named their community Parowan. Smith taught school during the first winter, and later served as a member of Utah's territorial legislature.

In 1868, Smith was called to replace Heber C. Kimball as First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Young. Smith served in this position until his death in 1875. Smith's first wife, Bathsheba W. Smith, served as general president of the church's Relief Society from 1901 to 1910. A son, John Henry Smith, also served as an apostle and member of the First Presidency. George A. Smith's grandson and namesake, George Albert Smith, also became an apostle and later was the church's eighth president.

Smith was the eighth official Church Historian and General Church Recorder of the LDS Church between April 1854 and 1871. In 1873 he was appointed and sustained as Trustee-in-Trust for the church, which office he held until his death.[7]

Utah War

During the hurried series of actions Young and LDS Church leaders initiated on learning of the imminent arrival of U.S. troops into Utah Territory in 1857-8, Smith left Salt Lake City to visit southern Utah communities. Scholars have asserted that Smith's tour, speeches, and personal actions contributed to the fear and tension in these communities, and influenced the decision to attack and destroy the Baker–Fancher emigrant train near Mountain Meadows, Utah.

Leaving on August 3, 1857, Smith arrived at Parowan, Utah on August 8, 1857,[8] and on August 15, he set off on a tour of the local military district manned by the Utah militia known as the Nauvoo Legion, led by stake president-Colonel W. H. Dame. Although Smith's rank in the Legion was simply a private,[9] one Parowan resident understood that part of the purpose of his trip was to represent the church leadership and to organize the regiment, inspect the troops, and provide instructions.[10] During the tour, Smith gave military speeches[11] and counseled Mormons that they should prepare to "touch fire to their homes, and hide themselves in the mountains, and to defend their country to the very last extremity." Smith instructed church members to stockpile grain, and not to sell it to emigrants or use it for animal feed.

In addition to Parowan, Smith's tour included visits to Cedar City and Santa Clara. The group stopped at Mountain Meadows to eat dinner on August 20[12] with a group of resident missionaries.[13] Smith addressed a group of Indians in Santa Clara, counseling them that "the Americans" were approaching with a large army, and were a threat to the Indians as well as the Mormons.[14] Riding in a wagon afterwards, John D. Lee said he warned Smith that the Indians would likely attack emigrant trains, and that Mormons were anxious to avenge the blood of the prophets,[15] and according to Lee, Smith seemed pleased, and said "he had had a long talk with Major Haight on the same subject."[16]

Isaac C. Haight, Cedar City stake president, and second in military command under Dame, met with Smith again on August 21.[17] Haight told Smith he had heard reports that 600 troops were already approaching Cedar City from the East, and that if the rumors were true, Haight would have to act without waiting for instructions from Salt Lake City. Smith agreed, and "admired his grit".[18] Smith later said he was uncomfortable, perhaps "on account of my extreme timidity", because some of the militia members were eager that "their enemies might come and give them a chance to fight and take vengeance for the cruelties that had been inflicted upon us in the States", such as the Haun's Mill massacre,[19] where 18 Mormons were killed in 1838 in a skirmish with the Missouri militia during the Mormon War.

On the way back to Salt Lake City, Smith was accompanied by a party including Jacob Hamblin of Santa Clara, a newly appointed Mormon missionary to the Natives in the region who also ran a federally funded "Indian farm" next to Mountain Meadows.[20] Also traveling north with the Smith party were several Native chiefs of the southern Utah Territory.[21]

On August 25, 1857, Smith's group camped next to the Fancher–Baker party, headed the opposite direction, at Corn Creek, now Kanosh. Smith later said he had no knowledge of the Baker–Fancher party prior to meeting them on the trail.[22] When the Baker–Fancher party inquired about places to stop for water and grazing, Hamblin directed them to Mountain Meadows,[23] near the "Indian farm" there, a regular stopover on the Old Spanish Trail.

Plural marriage
Grave marker of George A. Smith

Like many other 19th-century Mormon leaders, Smith practiced plural marriage. Known for his somewhat bombastic speaking style, Smith once said, "We breathe the free air, we have the best looking men and handsomest women, and if [non-Mormons] envy us our position, well they may, for they are a poor, narrow-minded, pinch-backed race of men, who chain themselves down to the law of monogamy, and live all their days under the dominion of one wife. They ought to be ashamed of such conduct, and the still fouler channel which flows from their practices; and it is not to be wondered at that they should envy those who so much better understand the social relations."[24]

In addition to his first wife, Bathsheba, Smith married Lucy Smith, Nancy Clement, Sarah Ann Libby, Hannah Maria Libby, Zilpha Stark, and Susan E. West. His wives bore him 20 children, 11 of whom were still living when Smith died.

Physical characteristics

Smith was a portly man, at 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) and at least 250 pounds (110 kg). He was humorously known for sometimes removing his wig to wipe his brow while preaching. After seeing Smith remove his hair, glasses, and false teeth, Paiutes gave him the name Non-choko-wicher, or "takes himself apart".[25]

Death

Smith died in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, and was buried at the Salt Lake City Cemetery.

Notes
  1. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles had not had twelve members since September 3, 1837, when Luke S. Johnson, John F. Boynton, and Lyman E. Johnson were disfellowshipped and removed from the Quorum. Since that time, William E. McLellin and Thomas B. Marsh had been excommunicated and removed from the Quorum; David W. Patten had been killed; and John Taylor and John E. Page had been added to the Quorum. The ordinations of Smith and Wilford Woodruff brought membership in the Quorum of the Twelve to ten members.
  2. No apostle was immediately called to replace Smith. Brigham Young died two years after Smith, and the First Presidency dissolved. Due to the dissolution of the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve had twelve members after Young's death and there was therefore no immediate need to call an apostle to replace Smith.
  3. "George Albert Smith Family photograph collection, 1870s-1950s".
  4. JS History, vol. A-1, 229; "Sketch of the Autobiography of George Albert Smith," Millennial Star, 1 July 1865, 27:438.
  5. Smith, Lucy Mack. Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet and His Progenitors for Many Generations. Liverpool, England: S. W. Richards, 1853, p. 204.
  6. "George Albert Smith – Biography". www.josephsmithpapers.org. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
  7. Andrew, Jenson (1901). Latter-Day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, vol 1. Salt Lake City, Utah: Andrew Jenson History Company. p. 41.
  8. Martineau 1857.
  9. See George A. Smith [July 4, 1852], JD 1:79; Smith 1875
  10. Martineau 1857
  11. Smith 1857, p. 221
  12. Martineau 1857
  13. Smith 1857, p. 222
  14. (Lee 1877, pp. 223).
  15. (Lee 1877, pp. 223–225).
  16. (Lee 1877, pp. 224).
  17. Martineau 1857.
  18. Smith 1857, p. 223.
  19. Smith 1857, p. 223
  20. Smith 1875; "Case of the Defense", The Salt Lake Tribune, August 3, 1875.
  21. These chiefs included Ammon, Kanosh, Tutsegabit, and Youngwids (Brooks 1950, p. 27; Bagley 2002, p. 113).
  22. Smith 1875.
  23. Carleton 1859, pp. 2–4
  24. Journal of Discourses, vol. 3, p. 291.
  25. Walker, Ronald W.; Richard E. Turley, Jr.; Glen M. Leonard (2008). Massacre at Mountain Meadows. Oxford University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780199721993. Retrieved 2009-08-17.. See also: Massacre at Mountain Meadows

References
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints titles
Preceded by
Heber C. Kimball		 First Counselor in the First Presidency
October 7, 1868 – September 1, 1875		 Succeeded by
John W. Young
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints titles
Later renamed: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1844)
Preceded by
Wilford Woodruff		 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
April 26, 1839 – October 7, 1868		 Succeeded by
Orson Hyde
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.