George Shultz

George Pratt Shultz (/ʃʊlts/; December 13, 1920 – February 6, 2021) was an American economist, diplomat, and businessman. He served in various positions under three different Republican presidents and is one of only two people to have held four different Cabinet-level posts.[1] Shultz played a major role in shaping the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration. From 1974 to 1982, he was an executive of the Bechtel Group, an engineering and services company. In the 2010s, Shultz was a prominent figure in the scandal of the biotech firm Theranos, continuing to support it as a board member in the face of mounting evidence of fraud.

George Shultz
60th United States Secretary of State
In office
July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989
PresidentRonald Reagan
Deputy
Preceded byAlexander Haig
Succeeded byJames Baker
62nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byJohn Connally
Succeeded byWilliam E. Simon
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
In office
July 1, 1970 – June 11, 1972
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byBob Mayo (Bureau of the Budget)
Succeeded byCaspar Weinberger
11th United States Secretary of Labor
In office
January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970
PresidentRichard Nixon
Preceded byW. Willard Wirtz
Succeeded byJames Day Hodgson
Personal details
Born
George Pratt Shultz

(1920-12-13)December 13, 1920
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 6, 2021(2021-02-06) (aged 100)
Stanford, California, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)
Children5
Education
AwardsPresidential Medal of Freedom (1989)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Marine Corps
Years of service1942–1945
Rank Captain
Battles/wars

Born in New York City, he graduated from Princeton University before serving in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. After the war, Shultz earned a Ph.D. in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He taught at MIT from 1948 to 1957, taking a leave of absence in 1955 to take a position on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers. After serving as dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, he accepted President Richard Nixon's appointment as United States Secretary of Labor. In that position, he imposed the Philadelphia Plan on construction contractors who refused to accept black members, marking the first use of racial quotas by the federal government. In 1970, he became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, and he served in that position until his appointment as United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1972. In that role, Shultz supported the Nixon shock (which sought to revive the ailing economy in part by abolishing the gold standard) and presided over the end of the Bretton Woods system.

Shultz left the Nixon administration in 1974 to become an executive at Bechtel. After becoming president and director of that company, he accepted President Ronald Reagan's offer to serve as United States Secretary of State. He held that office from 1982 to 1989. Shultz pushed for Reagan to establish relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, which led to a thaw between the United States and the Soviet Union. He opposed the U.S. aid to rebels trying to overthrow the Sandinistas using funds from an illegal sale of weapons to Iran that led to the Iran–Contra affair.

Shultz retired from public office in 1989 but remained active in business and politics. He served as an informal adviser to George W. Bush and helped formulate the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war. He served on the Global Commission on Drug Policy, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Economic Recovery Council, and on the boards of Bechtel and the Charles Schwab Corporation.

Beginning in 2013, Shultz advocated for a revenue-neutral carbon tax as the most economically sound means of mitigating anthropogenic climate change.[2][3][4][5][6] He was a member of the Hoover Institution, the Institute for International Economics, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and other groups.

Early life and career

Shultz was born December 13, 1920, in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz. He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey.[7] His great-grandfather was an immigrant from Germany who arrived in the United States in the middle of the 19th century. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz was not a member of the Pratt family associated with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust.[8]

After attending the local public school, he transferred to the Englewood School for Boys (now Dwight-Englewood School), through his second year of high school.[9] In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut. He earned a bachelor's degree, cum laude, at Princeton University, New Jersey, in economics with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis, "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority", examined the Tennessee Valley Authority's effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research.[10] He graduated with honors in 1942.[7][8]

From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on active duty in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of captain. He was detached to the U.S. Army 81st Infantry Division during the Battle of Angaur (Battle of Peleliu).[11]

In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph.D. in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[12] From 1948 to 1957, he taught in the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers as a Senior Staff Economist. In 1957, Shultz left MIT and joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as a professor of industrial relations, and he served as the Graduate School of Business Dean from 1962 to 1968.[13] During his time in Chicago, he was influenced by Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman and George Stigler, who reinforced Shultz's view of the importance of a free-market economy.[14] He left the University of Chicago to serve under President Richard Nixon in 1969.[15]

Nixon Administration
Shultz with Richard Nixon and labor leaders at the signing of Executive Order 11491 on October 29, 1969
Treasury Secretary Shultz (back row, fourth from left) with the rest of the Nixon cabinet, June 1972
A meeting of Nixon Administration economic advisors and cabinet members on May 7, 1974. Clockwise from Richard Nixon: George P. Shultz, James T. Lynn, Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Roy L. Ash, Herbert Stein, and William E. Simon.

Secretary of Labor

Shultz was President Richard Nixon's Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970. He soon faced the crisis of the Longshoremen's Union strike. The Lyndon B. Johnson Administration had delayed the walkout with a Taft Hartley injunction that expired, and the press pressed him to describe his approach. He applied the theory he had developed in academia: he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He also imposed the Philadelphia Plan, which required Pennsylvania construction unions to admit a certain number of black members by an enforced deadline - a break with their past policy of largely discriminating against such members. This marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government.[16]

It is noted that, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Nixon's first choice for Secretary of Labor was not acceptable to then AFL–CIO President George Meany, which pushed to fill the position with Shultz, who was dean of University of Chicago's School of Business, (and had served earlier on President Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers).[17]

Office of Management and Budget

Shultz became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1, 1970.[18] He was the agency's 19th director.[19]

Secretary of the Treasury

Shultz was United States Secretary of the Treasury from June 1972 to May 1974. During his tenure, he was concerned with two major issues, namely the continuing domestic administration of Nixon's "New Economic Policy," begun under Secretary John Connally (Shultz privately opposed its three elements), and a renewed dollar crisis that broke out in February 1973.[8][20]

Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting price controls begun in 1971. This phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later.[20]

Meanwhile, Shultz's attention was increasingly diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. In 1973, he participated in an international monetary conference in Paris that grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the gold standard, a decision Shultz and Paul Volcker had supported (see Nixon Shock). The conference formally abolished the Bretton Woods system, causing all currencies to float. During this period Shultz co-founded the "Library Group," which became the G7. Shultz resigned shortly before Nixon to return to private life.[20]

Shultz was instrumental in freedom for Soviet Jewry.[21][22]

Business executive

In 1974, he left government service to become executive vice president of Bechtel Group, a large engineering and services company. He was later its president and a director.[23]

Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects, including from Saudi Arabia. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50% increase in revenue.[24]

Reagan Administration

Shultz is one of only two individuals to have served in four United States Cabinet positions within the United States government, the other having being Elliot Richardson.[25][26]

Diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber states that his 1993 memoir, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, "is the most detailed, vivid, outspoken, and reliable record we probably shall have of the 1980s until the documents are opened".[27]

Secretary of State

On July 16, 1982, Shultz was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as the 60th U.S. Secretary of State, replacing Alexander Haig, who had resigned. Shultz served for six and a half years, the longest tenure since Dean Rusk's.[28] The possibility of a conflict of interest in his position as secretary of state after being in the upper management of the Bechtel Group was raised by several senators during his confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some questions on the subject but was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.[29]

Shultz relied primarily on the Foreign Service to formulate and implement Reagan's foreign policy. As reported in the State Department's official history, "by the summer of 1985, Shultz had personally selected most of the senior officials in the Department, emphasizing professional over political credentials in the process [...] The Foreign Service responded in kind by giving Shultz its 'complete support,' making him one of the most popular Secretaries since Dean Acheson."[28] Shultz's success came from not only the respect he earned from the bureaucracy but the strong relationship he forged with Reagan, who trusted him completely.[30]

Shultz with President Reagan outside the Oval Office, December 1986

Relations with China

Shultz inherited negotiations with the People's Republic of China over Taiwan from his predecessor. Under the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act, the United States was obligated to assist in Taiwan's defense, which included the sale of arms. The Administration debate on Taiwan, especially over the sale of military aircraft, resulted in a crisis in relations with China, which was alleviated only in August 1982, when, after months of arduous negotiations, the United States and the PRC issued a joint communiqué on Taiwan in which the United States agreed to limit arms sales to the island nation and China agreed to seek a "peaceful solution."[31]

Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union

By the summer of 1982, relations were strained not only between Washington and Moscow but also between Washington and key capitals in Western Europe. In response to the imposition of martial law in Poland the previous December, the Reagan administration had imposed sanctions on a pipeline between West Germany and the Soviet Union. European leaders vigorously protested sanctions that damaged their interests but not U.S. interests in grain sales to the Soviet Union. Shultz resolved this "poisonous problem" in December 1982, when the United States agreed to abandon sanctions against the pipeline and the Europeans agreed to adopt stricter controls on strategic trade with the Soviets.[32]

A more controversial issue was the NATO Ministers' 1979 "dual track" decision: if the Soviets refused to remove their SS-20 medium range ballistic missiles within four years, then the Allies would deploy a countervailing force of cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe. When negotiations on these intermediate nuclear forces (INF) stalled, 1983 became a year of protest. Shultz and other Western leaders worked hard to maintain allied unity amidst anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and the United States. In spite of Western protests and Soviet propaganda, the allies began deployment of the missiles as scheduled in November 1983.[32]

U.S.–Soviet tensions were raised by the announcement in March 1983 of the Strategic Defense Initiative, and exacerbated by the Soviet shoot-down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1. Tensions reached a height with the Able Archer 83 exercises in November 1983, during which the Soviets feared a pre-emptive American attack.[33]

Following the missile deployment and the exercises, both Shultz and Reagan resolved to seek further dialogue with the Soviets.[32][34]

When President Mikhail Gorbachev of Russia came to power in 1985, Shultz advocated that Reagan pursue a personal dialogue with him. Reagan gradually changed his perception of Gorbachev's strategic intentions in 1987, when the two leaders signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.[35] The treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles in Europe, was a milestone in the history of the Cold War. Although Gorbachev took the initiative, Reagan was well prepared by the State Department to negotiate.[36]

Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the Brezhnev Doctrine was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated", Shultz reasoned.[35] The second event, according to Keren Yarhi-Milo of Princeton University, happened during the 19th Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press."[35] The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.[35]

Middle East diplomacy

In response to the escalating violence of the Lebanese civil war, Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the Palestinian refugee camps and support the Lebanese Government. The October 1983 bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.[28] Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between Israel and Lebanon and convinced Israel to begin partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon's contravention of the settlement.[37]

During the First Intifada (see Arab–Israeli conflict), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period".[38] By December 1988, after six months of shuttle diplomacy, Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was picked up by the next Administration.[28]

Latin America

Shultz was known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become known as the Iran-Contra Affair.[39] In 1983 testimony before Congress, he said that the Sandinista government in Nicaragua was "a very undesirable cancer in the area."[40] He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table."[41]

Later life
Shultz (far left) at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady Nancy Reagan (center, second from right)

After leaving public office, Shultz "retained an iconoclastic streak" and publicly opposed some positions taken by fellow Republicans.[42] He called the War on Drugs a failure,[42] and added his signature to an advertisement printed in the The New York Times in 1998, headlined "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself." In 2011, he was part of the Global Commission on Drug Policy, which called for a public health and harm reduction approach towards drug use, alongside other luminaries such as Kofi Annan, Paul Volcker, and George Papandreou.[43]

Shultz was an early advocate of the presidential candidacy of George W. Bush, whose father, George H. W. Bush, was Reagan's vice president. In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including Michael Boskin, John Taylor, and Condoleezza Rice, who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for president in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support Bush's candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.[44][45]

He then served as an informal advisor for Bush's presidential campaign during the 2000 election[42] and a senior member of the "Vulcans", a group of policy mentors for Bush that also included Rice, Dick Cheney, and Paul Wolfowitz. One of his most senior advisors and confidants was former ambassador Charles Hill. Shultz has been called the father of the "Bush Doctrine" and generally defended the Bush administration's foreign policy.[46] Shultz supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing in support of U.S. military action months before the war began.[47]

In a 2008 interview with Charlie Rose, Shultz spoke out against the U.S. embargo against Cuba, saying that U.S. sanctions against the island country were "ridiculous" in the post-Soviet world and that U.S. engagement with Cuba was a better strategy.[48]

In 2003, Shultz served as co-chair (along with Warren Buffett) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger.[49]

In later life, Shultz continued to be a strong advocate for nuclear arms control.[42] In a 2008 interview, Shultz said: "Now that we know so much about these weapons and their power, they're almost weapons that we wouldn't use, so I think we would be better off without them."[42] In January 2008, Shultz co-authored (with William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn) an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal that called on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.[50] The four created the Nuclear Threat Initiative to advance this agenda, focused on both preventing nuclear terrorist attacks and a nuclear war between world powers.[51] In 2010, the four were featured in the documentary film Nuclear Tipping Point, which discussed their agenda.[52]

In January 2011, Shultz wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to pardon Jonathan Pollard. He stated, "I am impressed that the people who are best informed about the classified material Pollard passed to Israel, former CIA Director James Woolsey and former Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Dennis DeConcini, favor his release".[53]

Shultz with Mike Pompeo and Condoleezza Rice in 2020

Shultz was a prominent advocate of efforts to fight anthropogenic climate change.[42] Shultz favored a revenue-neutral carbon tax (i.e., a carbon fee and dividend program, in which carbon dioxide emissions are taxed and the net funds received are rebated to taxpayers) as the most economically efficient means of mitigating climate change.[4][6] In April 2013, he co-wrote, with economist Gary Becker, an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal that concluded that this plan would "benefit all Americans by eliminating the need for costly energy subsidies while promoting a level playing field for energy producers."[2] He repeated this call in a September 2014 talk at MIT[3] and a March 2015 op-ed in The Washington Post.[4] In 2017, Shultz cofounded the Climate Leadership Council, along with George H. W. Bush's Secretary of State James Baker and George W. Bush's Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson.[5] In 2017, these Republican elder statesmen, along with Martin S. Feldstein and N. Gregory Mankiw, urged conservatives to embrace a carbon fee and dividend program.[6]

In 2016, Shultz was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the European Union ahead of the "Brexit" referendum.[54]

Theranos scandal

From 2011 to 2015 Shultz was a member of the board of directors of Theranos, a health technology company that became known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary blood tests.[55][56][57] He was a prominent figure in the ensuing scandal. After joining the company's board in November 2011, he recruited other luminaries, including former secretary of state Henry Kissinger, former secretary of defense William Perry, and former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn. Shultz also promoted Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes at major forums, including Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and was on record supporting her in major media publications. This helped Holmes in her efforts to raise money from investors.[58][59]

Shultz's grandson, Tyler Shultz, joined Theranos in September 2013 after graduating from Stanford University with a degree in biology.[60] Tyler was forced to leave the company in 2014 after raising concerns about its testing practices with Holmes and his grandfather. George Shultz initially did not believe Tyler's warnings and pressured him to keep quiet.[61][62] The former secretary of state continued to advocate for Holmes and Theranos.[63] Tyler eventually contacted reporter John Carreyrou (who went on to expose the scandal in The Wall Street Journal), but as summarized by ABC Nightline, "it wasn’t long before Theranos got wind of it and attempted to use George Shultz to silence his grandson."[64] Tyler went to his grandfather's house to discuss the allegations, but was surprised to encounter Theranos attorneys there, who pressured him to sign a document.[64] As recounted in the documentary The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley, they questioned Tyler in a manner that George described on April 4, 2017, as verbal assault. Tyler did not sign any agreements, even though George pressured him to: "My grandfather would say, like, things like 'your career would be ruined if [Carreyrou's] article comes out.'"[64] Tyler and his parents spent nearly $500,000 on legal fees, selling their house to raise the funds, in fighting Theranos's accusations of violating the NDA and divulging trade secrets.[64]

When media reports exposed controversial practices there in 2015, George Shultz moved to Theranos's board of counselors. Theranos was shut down on September 4, 2018.[65] In a 2019 media statement, Shultz praised his grandson for not having shrunk "from what he saw as his responsibility to the truth and patient safety, even when he felt personally threatened and believed that I had placed allegiance to the company over allegiance to higher values and our family. ... Tyler navigated a very complex situation in ways that made me proud."[64]

Other memberships held
Shultz with Rex Tillerson and Condoleezza Rice in 2018

Shultz had a long affiliation at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he was a distinguished fellow and, beginning in 2011, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow; from 2018 until his death, Shultz hosted events on governance at the institution.[66] Shultz was chairman of JPMorgan Chase's international advisory council.[47] He was co-chairman of the conservative Committee on the Present Danger.[47]

He was an honorary director of the Institute for International Economics. He was a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) board of advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, and the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. He served as an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America and Citizens' Climate Lobby.[67] He was honorary chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute.[68] Shultz was a member of the advisory board of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization.[69]

Shultz served on the board of directors of the Bechtel Corporation until 1996.[42] He served on the board of Gilead Sciences from 1996 to 2005.[70] Shultz sat on the board of directors of Xyleco[71] and Accretive Health.[72]

Together again with former Secretary of Defense William Perry, Shultz was serving on the board of Acuitus at the time of his passing.[73]

Family

While on a rest and recreation break in Hawaii from serving in the Marines in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II, Shultz met military nurse lieutenant Helena Maria O'Brien (1915–1995). They married on February 16, 1946, and had five children: Margaret Ann Tilsworth, Kathleen Pratt Shultz Jorgensen, Peter Milton Shultz, Barbara Lennox Shultz White, and Alexander George Shultz.[7][74] Helena died in 1995 of pancreatic cancer.[75]

In 1997, Shultz married Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco philanthropist and socialite.[76]

Tyler Shultz, his grandson, is a whistleblower who exposed falsified lab tests conducted at Theranos during his employment, while George Shultz was a board member at the company (see "Theranos scandal" section).[77]

Death

Shultz died at age 100 on February 6, 2021 at his home in Stanford, California.[78][79]

Honors and prizes

Honorary degrees

Honorary degrees were conferred on Shultz from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.[86]

Selected works
  • Shultz, George P. and Goodby, James E. The War that Must Never be Fought, Hoover Press, ISBN 978-0-8179-1845-3, 2015.
  • Shultz, George P. and Shoven, John B. Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform. New York: W.W. Norton, ISBN 9780393069617, 2008
  • Shultz, George P. Economics in Action: Ideas, Institutions, Policies, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, ISBN 9780817956332, 1995.
  • Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, New York: Scribner's, ISBN 97814516231161993.
  • Shultz, George P. U.S. Policy and the Dynamism of the Pacific; Sharing the Challenges of Success, East-West Center (Honolulu), Pacific Forum, and the Pacific and Asian Affairs Council, 1988.[96]
  • The U.S. and Central America: Implementing the National Bipartisan Commission Report: Report to the President from the Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State (Washington, DC), 1986.[97]
  • Risk, Uncertainty, and Foreign Economic Policy, D. Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies, 1981.[98]
  • (With Kenneth W. Dam) Economic Policy beyond the Headlines, Stanford Alumni Association, ISBN 9780226755991, 1977.
  • Shultz, George P. Leaders and Followers in an Age of Ambiguity, New York University Press (New York), ISBN 0814777651, 1975.
  • (With Albert Rees) Workers and Wages in an Urban Labor Market, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226707059, 1970.
  • (With Arnold R. Weber) Strategies for the Displaced Worker: Confronting Economic Change, Harper (New York), ISBN 97808371885531966.
  • (Editor and author of introduction, with Robert Z. Aliber) Guidelines, Informal Controls, and the Market Place: Policy Choices in a Full Employment Economy, University of Chicago Press (Chicago), 1966.[99]
  • (Editor, with Thomas Whisler) Management Organization and the Computer, Free Press (New York), 1960.[100]
  • Automation, a new dimension to old problems by George P. Shultz and George Benedict Baldwin (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1955).[101]
  • (Editor, with John R. Coleman) Labor Problems: Cases and Readings, McGraw (New York), 1953.[102]
  • Pressures on Wage Decisions: A Case Study in the Shoe Industry, Wiley (New York), ASIN B0000CHZNP 1951.
  • (With Charles Andrew Myers) The Dynamics of a Labor Market: A Study of the Impact of Employment Changes on Labor Mobility, Job Satisfaction, and Company and Union Policies, Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ), ISBN 9780837186207,1951.

See also

References
  1. "George P. Shultz". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  2. Shultz, George; Becker, Gary (April 7, 2013). "Why We Support a Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax: Coupled with the elimination of costly energy subsidies, it would encourage competition". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  3. Dizikes, Peter (October 1, 2014). "George Shultz: "Climate is changing," and we need more action; Former secretary of state – and former MIT professor – urges progress on multiple fronts". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  4. Shultz, George (March 13, 2015). "A Reagan approach to climate change". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  5. John Schwartz (February 7, 2017). "'A Conservative Climate Solution': Republican Group Calls for Carbon Tax". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2017. The group, led by former Secretary of State James A. Baker III, with former Secretary of State George P. Shultz and Henry M. Paulson Jr., a former secretary of the Treasury, says that taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels is "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles.
  6. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. Katz, Bernard S.; C. Daniel Vencill (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 320–332. ISBN 978-0313280122. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  8. Vellani, Robert (2003). "George P. Shultz" (via Fairfax County Public Library). In Arnold Markoe; Kenneth T. Jackson (eds.). Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: Sports Figures. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. GALE|K3436600565. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2012.(subscription required)
  9. Burnett, Paul. Problems and Principles: George P. Shultz and the Uses of Economic Thinking Archived June 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, University of California, Berkeley. Accessed June 14, 2018. "I went to the public school for a while, then I went to a school called the Englewood School for Boys, now merged with the Dwight School. In my last two years, I went to the Loomis School in Windsor, Connecticut."
  10. Shultz, George Pratt. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (ed.). "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority". Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2020. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. U.S. House of Representatives (December 21, 2004). "Joint Resolution: Recognizing the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Peleliu". Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. 150. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2012. H.J. Res. 102
  12. project editor, Tracie Ratiner. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Biography (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Thomson Gale. ISBN 1-4144-1041-7. OCLC 1414410417. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
  13. "Ronald Reagan: Nomination of George P. Shultz To Be Secretary of State". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  14. "The Chicago School and Its Impact" Archived June 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Commanding Heights: George Shultz, October 2, 2000
  15. "George Schultz, who led Reagan's Cold War diplomacy, dies". Crain's Chicago Business. February 7, 2021. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  16. Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 243. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  17. "Remembering George Shultz: Washington Insider and Infighter". News Talk WBAP-AM. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  18. Richard J. Ellis (2015). The Development of the American Presidency (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 387–388. ISBN 978-1317552963. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  19. "Former Directors of OMB and BOB". Office of Management and Budget. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
  20. "History of the Treasury: George P. Shultz". United States Department of the Treasury, Office of the Curator. 2001. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  21. JNS. "George Shultz". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  22. Sarare (February 8, 2021). "Secretary Of State George Shultz, Instrumental In Releasing Soviet Jewry, Dies At 100". The Yeshiva World. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  23. "Bechtel, Business and the Board of Directors". Free To Choose Network. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
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Further reading
  • Christison, Kathleen. "The Arab-Israeli Policy of George Shultz". Journal of Palestine Studies 18.2 (1989): 29-47.
  • Coleman, Bradley Lynn and Kyle Longley, eds. Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989 (University Press of Kentucky, 2017), 319 pp. essays by scholars
  • Hopkins, Michael F. "Ronald Reagan's and George HW Bush's Secretaries of State: Alexander Haig, George Shultz and James Baker." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 228-245.
  • Kieninger, Stephan. The diplomacy of détente: cooperative security policies from Helmut Schmidt to George Shultz (Routledge, 2018).
  • LaFranchi, Howard (March 9, 2010). "The World According to George Shultz". The Christian Science Monitor Weekly. Harklan, IA: The Christian Science Publishing Society. 112 (16): 3, 22–28. ISSN 2166-3262.
  • Laham, Nicholas. Crossing the Rubicon: Ronald Reagan and US Policy in the Middle East (Routledge, 2018).
  • Matlock Jr, Jack, et al. Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989 (UP of Kentucky, 2017).
  • Matlock, Jack (2004). Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-46323-2.
  • Pee, Robert, and William Michael Schmidli, eds. The Reagan administration, the cold war, and the transition to democracy promotion (Springer, 2018).
  • Preston, Andrew. "A Foreign Policy Divided Against Itself: George Shultz versus Caspar Weinberger." in Andrew L. Johns, ed., A Companion to Ronald Reagan (2015): 546-564.
  • Rather, Dan and Gary Paul Gates, The Palace Guard (1974)
  • William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside Look at the Pre-Watergate White House (1975)
  • Skoug, Kenneth N. The United States and Cuba Under Reagan and Shultz: A Foreign Service Officer Reports. (Praeger, 1996).
  • Wallis, W. Allen. "George J. Stigler: In memoriam." Journal of Political Economy 101.5 (1993): 774-779. online
  • Williams, Walter. "George Shultz on managing the White House." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 13.2 (1994): 369-375. online
  • Wilson, James Graham (2014). The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachev's Adaptability, Reagan's Engagement, and the End of the Cold War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801452291.

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