Gold Key Comics

Gold Key Comics was an imprint of American company Western Publishing, created for comic books distributed to newsstands. Also known as Whitman Comics, Gold Key operated from 1962 to 1984.

Gold Key Comics
Founded1962
Defunct1984
Country of originUnited States
Headquarters locationPoughkeepsie, New York
Publication typesComic books
ImprintsWhitman Comics
Owner(s)Western Publishing

History

Gold Key Comics was created in 1962, when its parent company Western Publishing switched to in-house publishing rather than packaging content for branding and distribution by its business partner, Dell Comics.[1] Hoping to make their comics more like traditional children's books, they initially eliminated panel line-borders, using just the panel, with its ink and artwork evenly edged but not bordered by a "container" line. Within a year they had reverted to using inked panel borders and oval balloons. They experimented with new formats, including Whitman Comic Book, a black-and-white 136 page hardcover series consisting of reprints,[2] and Golden Picture Story Book, a tabloid-sized 52-page hardcover containing new material.[3] In 1967, Gold Key reprinted a number of selected issues of their comics under the title Top Comics. They were packaged in plastic bags containing five comics each and were sold at gas stations and various eateries. Like Dell, Gold Key was one of the few major American comic book publishers never to display the Comics Code Authority seal on its covers.[4]

Properties

Gold Key featured a number of licensed properties and several original titles, including a number of publications that spun off from Dell's Four Color series, or were published as stand alone titles. Gold Key maintained decent sales numbers throughout the 1960s, thanks to its offering of many titles based upon popular TV series of the day, as well as numerous titles based upon both Walt Disney Studios and Warner Bros. animated properties.[1] It was also the first company to publish comic books based upon the NBC series Star Trek.[5] While some titles, such as Star Trek and The Twilight Zone, were published for many years, many other licensed titles were characterized by short runs, sometimes publishing no more than one or two issues. Gold Key considered suing over the similarly themed television series Lost in Space for its resemblance to the preexisting Space Family Robinson, but decided their business relationship with CBS and Irwin Allen was more important than any monetary reward resulting from such a suit; as a result, the Gold Key series adopted the branding Space Family Robinson Lost in Space with issue #15 (Jan. 1966), even though its narrative had no connection to the TV series.[6][7]

Editor Chase Craig stated that Gold Key would launch titles with Hanna-Barbera characters with direct adaptations of episodes of the program because "[t]he studio had approval rights and the people there could get pointlessly picky about the material ... but they rarely bothered looking at any issue after the first few. Therefore, it simplified the procedure to do the first and maybe the second issue as an adaptation. They couldn't very well complain that a plot taken from the show was inappropriate".[8]

Over the years, it lost several properties, including the King Features Syndicate characters (Popeye, Flash Gordon, The Phantom, etc.), to Charlton Comics in 1966, numerous, but not all, Hanna-Barbera characters also to Charlton Comics in 1970,[9] and Star Trek to Marvel Comics in 1979.

Creators

The stable of writers and artists built up by Western Publishing during the Dell Comics era mostly continued into the Gold Key era. In the mid-1960s, a number of artists were recruited by the newly formed Disney Studio Program and thereafter divided their output between the Disney Program and Western. Writer/artist Russ Manning and editor Chase Craig launched the Magnus, Robot Fighter science fiction series in 1963.[10][11] Jack Sparling co-created the superhero Tiger Girl with Jerry Siegel in 1968,[12] drew the toyline tie-in Microbots one-shot,[13] and illustrated comic book adaptations of the television series Family Affair, The Outer Limits, and Adam-12.[14][15] Dan Spiegle worked on Space Family Robinson,[6] The Green Hornet, The Invaders, Korak, Son of Tarzan, Brothers of the Spear, and many of Gold Key's mystery/occult titles.[16][17] Among the other creators at Gold Key were writers Donald F. Glut, Len Wein, Bob Ogle, John David Warner, Steve Skeates, and Mark Evanier; and artists Cliff Voorhees, Joe Messerli,[18] Carol Lay, Jesse Santos,[19] and Mike Royer. Glut created and wrote several series including The Occult Files of Dr. Spektor,[20] Dagar the Invincible,[21] and Tragg and the Sky Gods.[22] Also in the 1970s, writer Bob Gregory started drawing stories, mostly for Daisy and Donald. Artist/writer Frank Miller had his first published comic book artwork in The Twilight Zone for Gold Key in 1978.[23]

Diana Gabaldon began her career writing for Gold Key, initially sending a query that stated "I’ve been reading your comics for the last 25 years, and they’ve been getting worse and worse. I’m not sure if I could do better myself, but I’d like to try." Editor Del Connell provided a script sample and bought her second submission.[24]

According to former Western Publishing writer Mark Evanier, during the mid-1960s comedy writer Jerry Belson, whose writing partner at the time was Garry Marshall, also did scripts for Gold Key while writing for leading TV sitcoms like The Dick Van Dyke Show. Among the comics he wrote for were The Flintstones, Uncle Scrooge, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, The Three Stooges, and Woody Woodpecker.[25]

Leo Dorfman, creator of Ghosts for DC Comics, also produced supernatural stories for Gold Key's similarly themed Twilight Zone, Ripley's Believe it or Not, Boris Karloff Tales of Mystery, and Grimm's Ghost Stories. One of Gold Key's editors at the time told Mark Evanier, "Leo writes stories and then he decides whether he's going to sell them to DC [for Ghosts] or to us. He tells us that if they come out good, they go to us and if they don't, they go to DC. I assume he tells DC the opposite."[26]

Editor Frank Tedeschi, who left in 1973 for a job in book publishing, helped bring in such new comics professionals as Walt Simonson, Gerry Boudreau, and John David Warner.[27]

Later years

The comics industry experienced a downswing in the 1970s and Gold Key was among the hardest hit.[1] Its editorial policies had not kept pace with the changing times and suffered an erosion of its base of sales among children, who could now watch cartoons and other entertainment on television for free instead. It is also alleged by Carmine Infantino that in the mid-to-late 1960s DC Comics attempted to pressure Gold Key from the comics business through sheer weight of output.[28] Among the original titles launched by Gold Key in the 1970s were Baby Snoots[29] and Wacky Witch.[30] By 1977 many of the company's series had been cancelled and the surviving titles featured more reprinted material, although Gold Key was able to obtain the rights to publish a comic book series based upon Buck Rogers in the 25th Century between 1979 and 1981. It also lost the rights to publish Star Trek-based comic books to Marvel Comics just prior to the revival of the franchise via Star Trek: The Motion Picture, with the final Gold Key-published Star Trek title being issued in March 1979.[31]

In this period, Gold Key experimented with digests with some success. In a similar manner, to explore new markets, in the mid-1970s it produced a four-volume series, with somewhat better production values and printing aimed at the emerging collector market, containing classic stories of the Disney characters by Carl Barks and Floyd Gottfredson (Best of Walt Disney's Comics). In the late 1970s came somewhat higher grade reprints of various licensed characters also aimed at new venues (Dynabrites),[32][33] plus Starstream, a four-issue series adapting classic science fiction stories by authors such as Isaac Asimov and John W. Campbell.[34] Golden Press released trade paperback reprint collections such as Walt Disney Christmas Parade,[35] Bugs Bunny Comics-Go-Round,[36] and Star Trek: The Enterprise Logs.[37][38]

In the late 1970s, the distribution of comic books on spinners and racks at newsstands, drug stores and supermarkets continued, but Western also sold packs of three comics in a plastic bag to toy and department stores, airports, and bus/train stations, "as well as other outlets that weren't conducive to conventional comic racks".[39] The newsstand comics were returnable -- the dealer could return unsold copies to the distributor for a refund -- but the bagged comics were not. To discourage unscrupulous dealers from opening the plastic bags and returning the non-returnable issues, Western published the newsstand versions under the Gold Key Comics label, and put the Whitman Comics logo on the bagged versions, although otherwise the issues were identical.[39]

Western, at one point, also distributed bagged comics from its rival DC Comics under the Whitman logo. Former DC Comics Executive Paul Levitz stated that the "Western program was enormous — even well into the 1970s they were taking very large numbers of DC titles for distribution (I recall 50,000+ copies offhand)."[39]

In 1979, Western ceased to be an independent company when Mattel Inc. purchased the company.[40] The new management stopped selling returnable comics at newsstands, preferring the non-returnable bagged comics sold at toy stores.[41]

In a 1993 interview, Del Connell, the managing editor at Western's West Coast office in the late 1970s, recalled,

To cut a long story short, the Western comics line was killed by distribution. Perhaps you know that by early 1980 our comics were only being distributed in bagged sets of three. The Whitman label replaced the Gold Key imprint at that time as the comics could no longer be found on the newsstands, but in department, variety, and grocery stores. Our new management assumed that comics could be treated like coloring books or puzzles. That proved an ill-fated decision. The following years were characterized by delays and erratic distribution.[42]

Eventually arrangements were made to distribute these releases to the nascent national network of comic book stores. Western also prepared a prospectus in the early 1980s for a deluxe Carl Barks reprint project aimed at the collector market that was never published.[43]

In December 1983, a struggling Mattel sold Western Publishing to real estate investor Richard A. Bernstein.[44] Bernstein closed the comic-book publishing division in 1984.[42]

Relaunches, reprints, and legacy

Three of Gold Key's original characters, Magnus, Robot Fighter, Doctor Solar, and Turok, Son of Stone, were used in the 1990s to launch Valiant Comics' fictional universe.[45]

Dark Horse Comics (and later, Dynamite Entertainment) have published reprints, including several in hardcover collections, of such original Gold Key titles as Magnus, Robot Fighter; Doctor Solar; Mighty Samson; M.A.R.S. Patrol; Turok: Son of Stone; The Occult Files of Doctor Spektor; Dagar the Invincible; Boris Karloff's Tales of Mystery; Space Family Robinson; Flash Gordon; the Jesse Marsh drawn Tarzan;[46][47] [48][49] and some of the Russ Manning-produced Tarzan series.[50] They started several revivals of characters under Jim Shooter, including Doctor Solar, Magnus, Turok, and Mighty Samson.[51] The Checker Book Publishing Group, in conjunction with Paramount Pictures, began reprinting the Gold Key Star Trek series in 2004.[52] Hermes Press reprinted the three series based on Irwin Allen's science-fiction TV series,[53] as well as Gold Key's Dark Shadows,[54] My Favorite Martian,[55] and the Phantom.[54]

Bongo Comics published a parody of Gold Key in Radioactive Man #106 (volume 2 #6, Nov. 2002) with script/layout by Batton Lash and finished art by Mike DeCarlo that Tony Isabella dubbed "a nigh-flawless facsimile of the Gold Key comics published by Western in the early 1960s...from the painting with tasteful come-on copy on the front cover to the same painting, sans logo or other type, presented as a "pin-up" on the back cover".[56]

In June 2001, DIC Entertainment announced they would purchase Golden Books Family Entertainment for $170 Million and send them out of bankruptcy.[57] However, DIC would pass off the purchase due to high costs[58] and instead Golden Books Family Entertainment was eventually acquired jointly by Classic Media, owner of the catalog of United Productions of America (UPA) and book publisher Random House in a bankruptcy auction for the lower $84.4 million on August 16, 2001.[59][60] In turn, Classic Media gained ownership of Golden Books' entertainment catalog (including the family entertainment catalog of Broadway Video which includes the pre-1974 library of Rankin/Bass Productions and the library of Total Television) as well as production, licensing and merchandising rights for Golden Books' characters and the Gold Key Comics catalogs, while Random House gained Golden Books' book publishing properties.[61] Random House had previously acquired Dell Publishing though a series of mergers since 1976 effectivly reuniting the remnants Gold Key Comics and Dell Comics.

On July 23, 2012, Classic Media was acquired by DreamWorks Animation for $155 million and renamed DreamWorks Classics.[62] On July 1, 2013, Random House merged with the Penguin Group, forming a new company called Penguin Random House.[63] In April 2016, the acquisition of DreamWorks Animation (owner of DreamWorks Classics) by NBCUniversal was announced.[64]

Titles include

Original series

Licensed series

References
  1. Markstein, Don (2010). "Gold Key Comics". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.
  2. A Whitman Comic Book at the Grand Comics Database
  3. Sampson, Wade (February 6, 2008). "The Biggest Disney Comic Book in the World". Mouse Planet. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
  4. Booker, M. Keith (2014). Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0313397509.
  5. Church, Kevin (August 27, 2013). "A Navigational Guide To 45 Years Of Star Trek Comics". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.
  6. Markstein, Don (2007). "Space Family Robinson". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. Gold Key didn't sue, because it had some very lucrative licensing deals going with various TV producers and didn't want to upset any apple carts.
  7. Space Family Robinson Lost in Space at the Grand Comics Database.
  8. Evanier, Mark (April 25, 2006). "Goodbye, Charlie!". News From ME. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.
  9. Markstein, Don (2010). "Charlton Comics". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. After abandoning licensing for a decade or so, Charlton re-entered that field in 1967, by picking up the titles of King Comics — Flash Gordon, Popeye, The Phantom, Blondie, Jungle Jim, and Beetle Bailey...In 1970, most of the Hanna-Barbera characters, including Yogi Bear and The Flintstones, went from Gold Key to Charlton.
  10. Markstein, Don (2005). "Magnus, Robot Fighter 4000 AD". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015.
  11. "Russell Manning". Lambiek Comiclopedia. March 22, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Russ Manning also created...Magnus, Robot Fighter (1963-68) for the Gold Key comic books. Especially Magnus, stood out for its excellent artwork.
  12. Markstein, Don (2010). "Tiger Girl". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on June 9, 2014. Tiger Girl's comic was drawn by Jack Sparling...The writer was no less a personage than Jerry Siegel, who co-created Superman himself.
  13. Friedt, Stephan (October 2014). "Here Come the Microbots". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (76): 11–13.
  14. Jack Sparling at the Grand Comics Database
  15. "Jack Sparling". Lambiek Comiclopedia. 2015. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015.
  16. Dan Spiegle at the Grand Comics Database
  17. "Dan Spiegle". Lambiek Comiclopedia. July 7, 2013. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. He also did fillers and issues of Space Family Robinson, Magnus Robot Fighter, Maverick, Tarzan, Brothers of the Spear, Flipper, and Lassie. When Russ Manning left Dell in 1967, Spiegle took over the Korak title.
  18. Evanier, Mark (June 30, 2010). "Joe Messerli, R.I.P." NewsFromMe. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.
  19. "Jesse Santos". Lambiek Comiclopedia. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. He began an association with Western Publications in 1970...and illustrated Gold Key titles like Brothers of the Spear, Dagar, Dr. Spektor, and Tragg.
  20. Markstein, Don (2007). "Doctor Spektor". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Dr. Adam Spektor, a researcher of the supernatural, was introduced in Mystery Comics Digest #5 (July, 1972)...The story was written by Don Glut...and drawn by Dan Spiegle.
  21. Markstein, Don (2009). "Dagar the Invincible". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Dagar started as a non-series character, the hero of a story that writer Don Glut...wrote for Gold Key's Mystery Comics Digest.
  22. Markstein, Don (2007). "Tragg and the Sky Gods". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Writer Don Glut...and artist Jesse Santos...supplied the comic, in which aliens from interstellar space had a profound effect on a tribe of Stone Age people.
  23. "The Complete Works of Frank Miller". Moebiusgraphics.com. n.d. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015.
  24. Lee, Stephan (November 26, 2011). "Diana Gabaldon on her favorite and least-favorite books: The EW Book Quiz!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  25. Evanier, Mark (October 12, 2006). "Jerry Belson, R.I.P." News From ME. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.
  26. Evanier, Mark (May 29, 2009). "More on Leo Dorfman". News From Me. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  27. "Gold Key & Charlton [News]". The Comic Reader (96). April 1973. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
  28. Ro, Ronin (2004). Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee, and the American Comic Book Revolution. London, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 978-1422359013.
  29. Markstein, Don (2007). "Baby Snoots". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Baby Snoots, a Gold Key original launched with an August, 1970 cover date, was a young elephant...Snoots lasted a respectable 22 issues.
  30. Markstein, Don (2007). "Wacky Witch". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Wacky ran 21 issues, ending with a December, 1975 cover date.
  31. Darius, Julian (May 13, 2013). "On the Very First Star Trek #1". Sequart Organization. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015.
  32. "Scott's Classic Comics Corner: Shedding Some Light on Dynabrite". Comic Book Resources. September 28, 2010. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011.
  33. "The Last Word in Comics...Dynabrite!". Gold Key Comics. n.d. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.
  34. Starstream at the Grand Comics Database
  35. Walt Disney Christmas Parade at the Grand Comics Database
  36. Bugs Bunny Comics-Go-Round at the Grand Comics Database
  37. Star Trek: The Enterprise Logs at the Grand Comics Database
  38. Danhauser, Curt (n.d.). "Guide to the Gold Key Star Trek Comics". Curtdanhauser.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  39. Evanier, Mark (May 2, 2007). "More on Comicpacs". News From ME. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.
  40. Marcus, Leonard S. (2007). Golden Legacy. Golden Books. ISBN 978-0-375-82996-3.
  41. Becattini, Alberto (2016). Disney Comics: The Whole Story. Theme Park Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1683900177.
  42. Becattini, Alberto (2016). Walt's People: Volume 12. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1477147894.
  43. Gunnarsson, Joakim (March 31, 2013). "The Collectors Editions that never was". Sekvenskonst. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.
  44. "History of Western Publishing". Funding Universe, citing International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 13 (St. James Press, 1996). Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  45. Samsel, Robert (January 1993). "The State of Valiant Address". Wizard. Wizard Entertainment (17): 47–54.
  46. "Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years Vol. 1". Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  47. "Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years Vol. 2". Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  48. "Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years Vol. 3". Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  49. "Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years Vol. 4". Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  50. "Tarzan: The Russ Manning Years Vol. 1". Dark Horse Comics. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  51. Manning, Shaun (July 25, 2009). "CCI: Jim Shooter Talks Gold Key at Dark Horse". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015.
  52. Weiland, Jonah (January 29, 2004). "Checker collects Gold Key Star Trek issues". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.
  53. "Hermes to Collect Irwin Allen Comics". Newsarama. October 16, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  54. Adair, Torsten (December 10, 2011). "Coming Attractions: Fall 2011: Hermes Press". ComicsBeat. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015.
  55. My Favorite Martian The Complete Series at the Grand Comics Database
  56. Isabella, Tony (May 17, 2003). "Tony's Online Tips". World Famous Comics. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
  57. http://kidscreen.com/2001/07/01/30920-20010701/
  58. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/BUSINESS/08/16/goldenbooks.re/
  59. Spectrum Equity Investors (April 7, 2005). "Spectrum Equity Investors Takes Majority Stake in Classic Media, America's Largest Independent Family Entertainment Company" (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  60. DeMott, Rick. "Classic Media Gets Monetary Backing". Animation World Network. Awn.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  61. "'Poky Little' $84M deal". CNN. Reuters. August 16, 2001. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  62. Kung, Michelle (July 22, 2012). "DreamWorks Buys Classics Studio Expands Library With Staples Such as Casper, Boosting Its IP Portfolio". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 14, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2013. Additional on August 14, 2015. Opening paragraphs only without subscription.
  63. "Penguin and Random House Merge, Saying Change Will Come Slowly". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  64. "Comcast's NBCUniversal buys DreamWorks Animation in $3.8-billion deal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  65. The Little Monsters at the Grand Comics Database.
  66. Markstein, Don (2007). "The Little Monsters". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on November 12, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.