Gosling Emacs

Gosling Emacs (often shortened to "Gosmacs" or "gmacs") is a discontinued Emacs implementation written in 1981 by James Gosling in C.[1]

Gosling Emacs / Unipress Emacs
Original author(s)James Gosling
Developer(s)UniPress
Initial release1981 (1981)
Written inC
Operating systemUnix, VMS
TypeText editor

Gosling initially allowed Gosling Emacs to be redistributed with no formal restrictions, as required by the "Emacs commune" since the 1970s,[2] but later sold it to UniPress. The disputes with UniPress inspired the creation of the first formal license for Emacs, which later became the GPL, as Congress had introduced copyright for software in 1980.[3]

Features

Gosling Emacs was especially noteworthy because of the effective redisplay code,[4] which used a dynamic programming technique to solve the classical string-to-string correction problem. The algorithm was quite sophisticated; that section of the source was headed by a skull-and-crossbones in ASCII art,[5] warning any would-be improver that even if they thought they understood how the display code worked, they probably did not.[6]

Distribution

Since Gosling had permitted its unrestricted redistribution, Richard Stallman used some Gosling Emacs code in the initial version of GNU Emacs.[7] Among other things, he rewrote part of the Gosling code headed by the skull-and-crossbones comment and made it "...shorter, faster, clearer and more flexible."[6]

In 1983 UniPress began selling Gosling Emacs on Unix for $395 and on VMS for $2,500, marketing it as "EMACS–multi-window text editor (Gosling version)".[8]

Controversially, Unipress asked Stallman to stop distributing his version of Emacs for Unix.[9] UniPress never took legal action against Stallman or his nascent Free Software Foundation, believing "hobbyists and academics could never produce an Emacs that could compete" with their product. All Gosling Emacs code was removed from GNU Emacs by version 16.56 (July 1985),[10] with the possible exception of a few particularly involved sections of the display code. The latest versions of GNU Emacs (since August 2004) do not feature the skull-and-crossbones warning.

Extension language

Its extension language, Mocklisp, has a syntax that appears similar to Lisp, but Mocklisp does not have lists or any other structured datatypes. The Mocklisp interpreter, built by Gosling and a collaborator, inspired the interpreter used in GNU Emacs.[9]

References
  1. Stallman, Richard (28 October 2002), My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
  2. Sam Williams. "6. The Emacs Commune". Free as in freedom. ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
  3. Sam Williams. "9. The GNU General Public License". Free as in freedom. ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
  4. Gosling, James (June 1981), A Redisplay Algorithm, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Text Manipulation
  5. http://donhopkins.com/home/archive/emacs/skull-and-crossbones.txt
  6. Stallman, Richard (7 January 2013), "samzenpus" (ed.), Richard Stallman Answers Your Questions, Slashdot, The last piece of Gosmacs code that I replaced was the serial terminal scrolling optimizer, a few pages of Gosling's code which was proceeded by a comment with a skull and crossbones, meaning that it was so hard to understand that it was poison. I had to replace it, but worried that the job would be hard. I found a simpler algorithm and got it to work in a few hours, producing code that was shorter, faster, clearer, and more extensible. Then I made it use the terminal commands to insert or delete multiple lines as a single operation, which made screen updating far more efficient.
  7. Oral History of James Gosling, part 1 of 2, retrieved 14 October 2019
  8. "Unix Spoken Here / and MS-DOS, and VMS too!". BYTE (advertisement). December 1983. p. 334. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  9. Sam Williams. "7. A Stark Moral Choice". Free as in freedom. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. According to the developer, Gosling, while a PhD student at Carnegie Mellon, had assured early collaborators that their work would remain accessible. When UniPress caught wind of Stallman's project, however, the company threatened to enforce the copyright.
  10. "Emacs timeline".


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