Gottlieb Graupner

Johann Christian Gottlieb Graupner (6 October 1767 – 16 April 1836) was a musician, composer, conductor, educator and publisher. Born in Hanover, Germany, he played oboe in Joseph Haydn's orchestra in London. After moving to the United States in the 1790s, he co-founded the Philharmonic Society (ca. 1810–1825) and the Handel and Haydn Society (est. 1815) in Boston, Massachusetts.[1]

Portrait of Gottlieb Graupner by John Rubens Smith, 1809 (Library of Congress)

Some historians call Graupner "the father of Negro songs",[2] based on the reminiscences of performer Charles T. White (1821-1891). One historian of jazz writes: "In 1795...Graupner...arrived in Charleston, Virginia, from Hanover, Germany, listened to banjo music and Negro songs, and learned. In 1799, donning blackface, he introduced himself as 'The Gay Negro Boy' in an interlude between acts at the Federal Street Theatre in Boston. This was the beginning of Negro minstrels and minstrelsy."[3] According to another account, thereafter "he specialized in popularizing Negro songs."[4] However, more recent historians have cast doubt upon these claims.[5][6]

In 1801, with fellow musicians Philip Trajetta and François Mallet, he founded a music academy in Boston, called the American Conservatorio of Boston. It was the first such institution in the United States and lasted just two years.[7][8] He also founded what quickly became the city's most prominent music publishing concern.[9]

In 1810 he organized the Boston Philharmonic Society to perform classical music in reaction to the non-classical syncopation of the fuguing tunes of William Billings. The society performed Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony marking its North American premiere on April 17, 1810.[10] He became "the musical oracle of Boston" from 1798 until 1815 when he was among the founding members of the Handel and Haydn Society.[11] Around 1816 he directed the orchestra at Washington Gardens.[12] He played concerts in Boston at the Columbian Museum,[13] Conservatory Hall,[14] and other venues in Boston and around New England.[15] His wife, opera singer Catherine Comoford Hillier,[16] also performed frequently.

As a music publisher, Graupner promoted the popular Rudiments of the Art of Playing on the Piano-Forte (Boston, 1806; 2nd ed., 1819), one of the earliest such volumes published in the United States, and possibly the first.[17] He also published sheet music by numerous composers including Henry Bishop, John Braham, John Clarke Whitfield, Muzio Clementi, John Davy, Johann Dussek, James Hook, Michael Kelly, George Kiallmark, Thomas Moore, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Francis Panormo, William Parsons, Ludwig van Beethoven, David Dean Roche, John Ross, Oliver Shaw, and John Andrew Stevenson.[18]

In Boston Graupner ran a music store at no. 6 Franklin Street, where he also lived.[19] The store later moved to Marlboro Street[20] and towards the end of his life he lived in Province House Court.[21] He died in Boston in 1836.[22]

References
  1. O.G. Sonneck, quoted in Philip Hale, "The birth-date of Gottlieb Graupner", Boston Symphony Orchestra Programme for 29th season, 1909-1910 (Boston: The Orchestra, 1910) p.920ff, Internet Archive
  2. "Did you know", The Crisis, February 1954, 101
  3. Barry Ulanov, A History of Jazz In America (Viking Press, 1952), pp. ?
  4. The Crisis, February 1954, 101
  5. Hans Nathan: Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy (University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), footnote 8, page 34.
  6. H. Earle Johnson, Musical Interludes in Boston (New York, 1943), pp 176-77.
  7. Mazzulli, Teresa F. (September 30, 2011). "Boston's Conservatorio — The First". The Boston Musical Intelligencer. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  8. H. Earle Johnson, Musical Interludes in Boston 1795-1830 (Columbia University Press, 1943)
  9. Mazzulli, Teresa F. (December 2, 2011). "Music in Boston from Three Immigrants". The Musical Intelligencer. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  10. Ulanov, History of Jazz, p. ?
  11. Oscar George Theodore Sonneck, Early Concert-Life in America (1731-1800) (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1907), 306 Internet Archive
  12. Boston Gazette, May 27, 1816
  13. Russell's Gazette, May 16, 1799
  14. Boston Gazette, May 4, 1801
  15. Walter Muir Whitehill (1949). East India Marine Society and the Peabody Museum of Salem; a Sesquicentennial History. Salem, Mass.: Peabody Museum. p. 25. hdl:2027/mdp.39015056996500.
  16. Seymour H. Stone, quoted in Hale, "Birth-Date," p. ?
  17. Rudiments of the Art of Playing on the Piano Forte: containing elements of music, preliminary remarks on fingering with examples, thirty fingered lessons, and a plain direction for tuning. Arranged by Gottlieb Graupner, described at Via Libri: Graupner, Gottlieb Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine, accessed November 4, 2011
  18. Massachusetts Historical Society. Catalog. Retrieved 2011-11-07
  19. Boston Directory, 1805, 1823
  20. Boston Daily Advertiser, February 5, 1818
  21. Boston Directory, 1832
  22. Salem Gazette, April 19, 1836

Further reading
  • Albert Bernhardt Faust (1909). The German Element in the United States. Houghton Mifflin Co.
  • H. Earle Johnson, "The Musical Von Hagens". New England Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 1 (March, 1943), pp. 110–117.
  • Michael Broyles, "Music and Class Structure in Antebellum Boston", Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 44, no. 3 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 451–493.
  • Debra Hess, The pedagogical works of Johann Christian Gottlieb Graupner. University of Florida. 1992. http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00011199/00001/1j

Images
  • Graupner taught at Susanna Rowson's Young Ladies' Academy, 1808, on "Washington Street, near Roxbury"
  • Portrait of Gottlieb Graupner by William M. S. Doyle, 1807 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
  • Advertisement for performance of Handel's sacred oratorios at King's Chapel, Boston, 1813. Graupner led the orchestra
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