Thomas Moore

Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852) was an Irish writer, poet and lyricist celebrated for his Irish Melodies. Their setting of English-language verse to old Irish tunes marked the transition in popular Irish culture from Irish to English. Politically, Moore was recognised in England as a press, or "squib", writer for the aristocratic Whigs; in Ireland he was accounted a Catholic patriot. Married to a Protestant actress and hailed as "Anacreon Moore" after the classical Greek composer of drinking songs and erotic verse, Moore did not profess religious piety. Yet in the controversies that surrounded Catholic Emancipation Moore was seen to defend the tradition of the Church in Ireland against both evangelising Protestants and uncompromising lay Catholics. Longer prose works reveal more radical sympathies. The Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald depicts the United Irish leader as a martyr in the cause of democratic reform. Complementing Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, Memoirs of Captain Rock[1] is a saga, not of Anglo-Irish landowners, but of their exhausted tenants driven to the semi-insurrection of "Whiteboyism". Today, however, Moore is remembered almost alone either for his Irish Melodies (typically "The Minstrel Boy" and "The Last Rose of Summer") or, less generously, for the role he is thought to have played in the loss of the memoirs of his friend Lord Byron.

For the 16th-century saint and philosopher, see Thomas More.
For other people named Thomas Moore, see Thomas Moore (disambiguation).

Thomas Moore
Thomas Moore, after a painting by Thomas Lawrence
Born(1779-05-28)28 May 1779
Dublin, Ireland
Died25 February 1852(1852-02-25) (aged 72)
Sloperton Cottage, Bromham, Wiltshire, England
OccupationWriter, poet, lyricist.
NationalityIrish
Notable works"The Minstrel Boy"
"The Last Rose of Summer"
Memoirs of Captain Rock
SpouseElizabeth Dyke

Early life and artistic launch

Thomas Moore was born to Anastasia Codd from Wexford and John Moore from Kerry over his parents' grocery shop in Aungier Street, Dublin,[2] He had two younger sisters, Kate and Ellen. Moore showed an early interest in music and performance, staging musical plays with his friends and entertaining hope of being an actor. In Dublin he attended Samuel Whyte's English grammar school. Whyte had taught Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright and English Whig politician, of whom Moore later was to write a biography.[3]

Trinity College and the United Irishmen

In 1795, Moore was among the first Catholics admitted to Trinity College, Dublin, preparing, as his mother had hoped, for a career in law. Through his friends at Trinity, Robert Emmett and Edward Hudson, Moore was connected to the popular politics of the capital agitated by the French Revolution and by the prospect of a French invasion. With their encouragement, in 1797, Moore wrote an appeal to his fellow students to resist the proposal, then being canvassed by the English-appointed Dublin Castle administration, to secure Ireland by incorporating the kingdom in a union with Great Britain. In April 1798, Moore was acquitted at Trinity on the charge of being a party, through the Society of United Irishmen, to sedition.

Moore had not taken the United Irish oath with Emmett and Hudson, and he played no part in the republican rebellion of 1798, or in the conspiracy for which Emmett was executed in 1803.[4] Later, in a biography of the United Irish leader Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831),[5] he made clear his sympathies, not hiding his regret that the French expedition under General Hoche failed in December 1796 to effect a landing.[6] To Emmett's sacrifice on the gallows Moore pays homage in the song "O, Breathe Not His Name".[3]

Moore as a young man

London society and first success

In 1799, Moore continued his law studies at Middle Temple in London. The impecunious student was assisted by friends in the expatriate Irish community in London, including Barbara, widow of Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall, the landlord and borough-owner of Belfast.[7]

Moore's translations of Anacreon, celebrating wine, women and song, were published in 1800 with a dedication to the Prince of Wales. His introduction to the future Prince Regent and King, George IV was a high point in Moore's ingratiation with aristocratic and literary circles in London, a success due in great degree to his talents as a singer and songwriter. In the same year he collaborated briefly as a librettist with Michael Kelly in the comic opera, The Gypsy Prince, staged at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket,[8]

In 1801, Moore hazarded a collection of his own verse: Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little Esq.. The pseudonym may have been advised by their juvenile eroticism. Moore's celebration of kisses and embraces skirted contemporary standards of propriety. When these tightened in the Victorian era, they were to put an end to what was a relative publishing success.[3][9]

Travels and family

Observations of America and duel with critic

In the hope of future advancement, Moore reluctantly sailed from London in 1803 to take up a government post secured through the favours of Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira (a man distinct in his class for having, on the eve of the rebellion in Ireland, continued to protest government and loyalist outrages).[10] Moore was to be the registrar of the Admiralty Prize Court in Bermuda. Although as late as 1925 still recalled as "the poet laureate" of the island, Moore found life on Bermuda sufficiently dull that after six months he appointed a deputy and left for an extended tour of North America.[11] As in London, Moore secured high-society introductions in the United States including to the President, Thomas Jefferson. Repelled by the provincialism of the average American, Moore consorted with exiled European aristocrats, come to recover their fortunes, and with oligarchic Federalists from whom he received what he later conceded was a "twisted and tainted" view of the new republic.[3]

Following his return to England in 1804, Moore published Epistles, Odes, and Other Poems (1806). In addition to complaints about America and Americans (including their defence of slavery), this catalogued Moore's real and imagined escapades with American women. Francis Jeffrey denounced the volume in the Edinburgh Review (July 1806), calling Moore "the most licentious of modern versifiers", a poet whose aim is "to impose corruption upon his readers, by concealing it under the mask of refinement."[3] Moore challenged Jeffrey to a duel but their confrontation was interrupted by the police. In what seemed to be a "pattern" in Moore's life ("it was possible to condemn [Moore] only if you did not know him"), the two then became fast friends.[12]

Moore, nonetheless, was dogged by the report that the police had found that the pistol given to Jeffreys was unloaded. In his satirical English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809), Byron, who had himself been stung by one of Jeffrey's review, suggested Moore's weapon was also "leadless": "on examination, the balls of the pistols, like the courage of the combatants, were found to have evaporated". To Moore this was scarcely more satisfactory, and he wrote to Byron implying that unless the remarks were clarified, Byron, too, would be challenged. In the event, when Byron, who had been abroad, returned there was again reconciliation and a lasting friendship.[13][3]

Marriage and children

Between 1808 and 1810, Moore appeared each year in Kilkenny, Ireland, with a charitable mixed repertory of professional players and high-society amateurs. He favoured comic roles in plays like Sheridan's The Rivals and O'Keeffe's The Castle of Andalusia.[14] Among the professionals, on stage in Kilkenny with her sister, the tragedienne-to-be Mary Ann Duff, was Elizabeth "Bessy" Dyke.[15] In 1811, Moore married Bessy in St Martin-in-the-Fields, London. Together with Bessy's lack of a dowry, the Protestant ceremony may have been the reason why Moore kept the match for some time secret from his parents. Bessy shrank from fashionable society to such an extent that many of her husband's friends never met her (some of them jokingly doubted her very existence). Those who did held her in high regard.[3]

The couple first set up house in London, then in the country at Kegworth, Leicestershire,[16][17][18] and in Lord Moira's neighbourhood at Mayfield Cottage in Derbyshire, and finally in Sloperton Cottage in Wiltshire near the country seat of another close friend, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne. Tom and Bessy had five children, none of whom survived them. Three girls died young, and both sons lost their lives as young men. One of them, Tom, died in some disgrace as a French Foreign Legionnaire in Algeria. Despite these heavy personal losses, the marriage is generally regarded to have been a happy one.[3]

Debt exile, last meeting with Byron

In 1818, it was discovered that the man Moore had appointed his deputy in Bermuda had embezzled 6,000 pounds sterling, a large sum for which Moore was liable. To escape debtor's prison, in September 1819, Moore left for France, travelling with Lord John Russell (future Whig prime minister and editor of Moore's journals and letters). In Venice in October, Moore saw Byron for the last time. Byron entrusted him with a manuscript for his memoirs, which, as his literary executor, Moore promised to have published after Byron's death.[19]

In Paris, Moore was joined by Bessy and the children. Once he learned the debt was partly cleared with the help of Lord Lansdowne (whom Moore repaid almost immediately by a draft on Longman, his publisher), the family, after more than a year, returned to Sloperton Cottage.

Political and historical writing

Squib writer for the Whigs

To support his family Moore entered the field of political squib writing on behalf of his Whig friends and patrons. The Whigs had been split by the divided response of Edmund Burke and Charles Fox to the French Revolution. But with antics of the Prince Regent, and in particular his highly public efforts to disgrace and divorce Princess Caroline, proving a lightening for popular discontent, they were finding new unity and purpose.

From the "Whigs as Whigs", Moore claimed not to have received "even the semblance of a favour" (Lord Moira, they "hardly acknowledge as one of themselves"). And with exceptions "easily counted", Moore was convinced that there was "just as much selfishness and as much low-party spirit among them generally as the Tories".[20] But for Moore, the fact that the Prince Regent held fast against Catholic admission to parliament may have been reason sufficient to turn on his former friend and patron. Moore's Horatian mockery of the Prince in the pages of The Morning Chronicle were collected in Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag (1813).

Bloody Castlereagh, 1798

The lampooning of Castlereagh

Another, and possibly more personal, target for Moore was the Foreign Secretary Lord Castlereagh. A reform-minded Ulster Presbyterian turned Anglican Tory, as Irish Secretary Castlereagh had been ruthless in the suppression of the United Irishmen and in pushing the Act of Union through the Irish Parliament. In what were the "verbal equivalents of the political cartoons of the day",[3] Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress (1818) and Fables for the Holy Alliance (1823), Moore lampoons Castlereagh's deference to the reactionary interests of Britain's continental allies.[21] Widely read, so that Moore eventually produced a sequel, was the verse novel The Fudge Family in Paris (1818). The family of an Irishman working as a propagandist for Castlereagh in Paris, the Fudges are accompanied by an accomplished tutor and classicist, Phelim Connor. An upright but disillusioned Irish Catholic, his letters to a friend reflect Moore's own views.

Connor's regular epistolary denunciations of Castlereagh have two recurrent themes. The first is Castlereagh as "the embodiment of the sickness with which Ireland had infected British politics as a consequence of the union":[22] "We sent thee Castlereagh – as heaps of dead Have slain their slayers by the pest they spread". The second is that at the time of the Acts of Union Castlereagh's support for Catholic emancipation had been disingenuous. Castlereagh had been master of "that faithless craft", which can "cart the slave, can swear he shall be freed", but then "basely spurns him" when his "point is gain'd".[23]

The Memoirs of Captain Rock

As a partisan squib writer, Moore played a role not dissimilar to that of Jonathan Swift a century earlier. Moore greatly admired Swift as a satirist, but charged him with caring no more for the "misery" of his Roman Catholic countrymen "than his own Gulliver for the sufferings of so many disenfranchised Yahoos".[1][24] The Memoirs of Captain Rock might have been Moore's response to those who questioned whether the son of a Dublin grocer entertaining English audiences from Wiltshire was himself connected to the great mass of his countrymen – to those whose remitted rents helped sustain the great houses among which he was privileged to move.

The Memoirs relate the history of Ireland as told by a contemporary, the scion of a Catholic family that lost land in successive English settlements. The character, Captain Rock, is fictional but the history is in earnest. When it catches up with the narrator in the late Penal Law era, his family has been reduced to the "class of wretched cottiers". Exposed to the voracious demands of spendthrift Anglo-Irish landlords (pilloried by Maria Edgeworth), both father and son assume captaincies among the "White-boys, Oak-boys, and Hearts-of Steel", the tenant conspiracies that attack tax collectors, terrorise the landlords' agents and violently resist evictions.[25][1]

This low-level agrarian warfare continued through, and beyond, the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s. It was only after this catastrophe, which as Prime Minister Moore's Whig friend, Lord Russell, failed in any practical measure to allay,[26] that British governments began to assume responsibility for agrarian conditions. At the time of Captain Rock's publication (1824), the commanding issue of the day was not tenant rights or land reform. It was the final instalment of Catholic Emancipation: Castlereagh's unredeemed promise of Catholic admission to parliament.

Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin
"Terrors of Emancipation" – The Roman Catholic Relief Act, 1829

Since within a united kingdom Irish Catholics would be reduced to a distinct minority, Castlereagh's promises of their parliamentary emancipation seemed credible at the time of the Union. But the provision was stripped out of the union bills when in England the admission of Catholics to the "Protestant Constitution" encountered the standard objection: that as subject to political direction from Rome, Catholics could not be entrusted with the defence of constitutional liberties. Moore rallied to the "liberal compromise" proposed by Henry Grattan, who had moved the enfranchisement of Catholics in the old Irish parliament. Fears of "Popery" were to be allayed by according the Crown a "negative control", a veto, on the appointment of Catholic bishops.

In an open Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin (1810), Moore noted that the Irish bishops (legally resident in Ireland only from 1782) had themselves been willing to comply with a practice otherwise universal in Europe. Conceding a temporal check of papal authority, he argued, was in Ireland's Gallican tradition. In the time of "her native monarchy", the Pope had had no share in the election of Irish bishops. "Slavish notions of papal authority" developed only in consequence of the English conquest. The native aristocracy had sought in Rome a "spiritual alliance" against the new "temporal tyranny" at home.[27]

In resisting royal assent and in placing "their whole hierarchy at the disposal of the Roman court", Irish Catholics would "unnecessarily" be acting in "remembrance of times, which it is the interest of all parties [Catholic and Protestant, Irish and English] to forget". Such argument made little headway against the man Moore decried as a demagogue,[28] but who, as a result of his uncompromising stand, was to emerge as the undisputed leader of the Catholic interest in Ireland, Daniel O’Connell.

Even when, in 1814, the Curia itself (then still in silent alliance with Britain against Napoleon) proposed that bishops be "personally acceptable to the king", O'Connell was opposed. Better, he declared, that Irish Catholics "remain for ever without emancipation" rather than allow the king and his ministers "to interfere" with the Pope's appointment of Irish prelates. At stake was the unity of church and people. "Licensed" by the government, the bishops and their priests would be no more regarded than the ministers of the established Church of Ireland.[29]

When final emancipation came in 1829, the price O'Connell paid was the disenfranchisement of the Forty-shilling freeholders – those who, in the decisive protest against Catholics exclusion, defied their landlords in voting O'Connell in the 1828 Clare by-election. The "purity" of the Irish church was sustained. Moore lived to see the exceptional papal discretion thus confirmed reshape the Irish hierarchy culminating in 1850 with the appointment of the Rector of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, Paul Cullen, as Primate Archbishop of Armagh.

Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion

In a call heeded by Protestants of all denominations, in 1822 the new Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, William Magee, declared the absolute necessity of winning an Irish majority for the Reformed faith — a "Second Reformation".[30] Carrying "religious tracts expressly written for the edification of the Irish peasantry", the "editor" of Captain Rock's Memoirs is an English missionary in the ensuing "bible war".[31] Catholics, who coalesced behind O'Connell in the Catholic Association, believed that proselytising advantage was being sought in hunger and distress (that tenancies and food were being used to secure converts), and that the usual political interests were at play.[32][33]

Moore's narrator in Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (1833) is again fictional. He is, as Moore had been, a Catholic student at Trinity College. On news of Emancipation (passage of the 1829 Catholic Relief Bill) he exclaims: "Thank God! I may now, if I like, turn Protestant". Oppressed by the charge that Catholics are "a race of obstinate and obsolete religionists […] unit for freedom", and freed from "the point of honour" that would have prevented him from abandoning his church in the face of continuing sanctions, he sets out to explore the tenets of the "true" religion.[34][35]

Predictably, the resolve the young man draws from his theological studies is to remain true to the faith of his forefathers (not to exchange "the golden armour of the old Catholic Saints" for "heretical brass").[36] The argument, however, was not the truth of Catholic doctrine. It was the inconsistency and fallacy of the bible preachers. Moore's purpose, he was later to write, was to put "upon record" the "disgust" he felt at "the arrogance with which most Protestant parsons assume […] credit for being the only true Christians, and the insolence with which […] they denounce all Catholics as idolators and Antichrist".[37] Had his young man found "among the Orthodox of the first [Christian] ages" one "particle" of their rejection of the supposed "corruptions" of the Roman church – justification not by faith alone but also by good works, transubstantiation, and veneration of saints, relics and images — he would have been persuaded.[36]

The Irish historian and political activist Brendan Clifford has interpreted Moore's philosophy as "cheerful paganism", or, at the very least, à la carte Catholicism favouring "what scriptural Protestantism hated: the music, the theatricality, the symbolism, the idolatry".[38] Despite his mother being a devout catholic, and like O'Connell acknowledging Catholicism as Ireland's "national faith",[39] Moore appears to have abandoned the formal practice of his religion as soon as he entered Trinity.[11]

Sheridan, Fitzgerald and The History of Ireland

In 1825, Moore's Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan was finally published after nine years of work on and off. It proved popular, went through a number of editions, and helped establish Moore's reputation among literary critics. The work had a political aspect: Sheridan was not only a playwright, he was a Whig politician and a friend of Fox. Moore judged Sheridan an uncertain friend of reform. But he has Sheridan articulate in his own words a good part of what was to be the United Irish case for separation from England.

Writing in 1784 to his brother, Sheridan explains that the "subordinate situation [of Ireland] prevents the formation of any party among us, like those you have in England, composed of person acting upon certain principles, and pledged to support each other". Without the prospect of obtaining power – which in Ireland is "lodged in a branch of the English government" (the Dublin Castle executive) – there is little point in the members of parliament, no matter how personally disinterested, collaborating for any public purpose. Without an accountable executive the interests of the nation are systematically neglected.[40]

It is against this, the truncated state of politics in Ireland, that Moore sees Lord Edward Fitzgerald, a "Protestant reformer" who wished for "a democratic House of Commons and the Emancipation of his Catholic countrymen", driven toward the republican separatism of the United Irishmen.[41] He absolves Fitzgerald of recklessness: but for a contrary wind, decisive French assistance would have been delivered by General Hoche at Bantry in December 1796.[42] In his own Memoirs, Moore acknowledges his Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831) as a "justification of the men of '98 – the ultimi Romanorum of our country".[37]

Moore's History of Ireland, published in four volumes between 1835 and 1846, reads as a further and extended indictment of English rule. It was an enormous work, but not a critical success. Moore acknowledged scholarly failings, some of which stemmed from his inability to read documentary sources in Irish.[11]

O'Connell and Repeal

In 1832, Moore declined a voter petition from Limerick to stand for the Westminster Parliament as a Repeal candidate. When Daniel O'Connell took this as evidence of Moore's "lukewarmness in the cause of Ireland", Moore recalled O'Connell's praise for the "treasonous truths" of his book on Fitzgerald.[37] The difficulty, Moore suggested, was that these "truths" did not permit him to pretend with O'Connell that reversing the Acts of Union would amount to something less than real and lasting separation from Great Britain. Relations had been difficult enough after the old Irish Parliament had secured its legislative independence from London in 1782. But with a Catholic Parliament in Dublin, "which they would be sure to have out and out", the British government would be continually at odds, first over the disposal of Church of Ireland and absentee property, and then over what would be perennial issues of trade, foreign treaties and war.[43]

So "hopeless appeared the fate of Ireland under English government, whether of Whigs or Tories", that Moore declared himself willing to "run the risk of Repeal, even with separation as its too certain consequence."[44] But with Lord Fitzgerald, Moore believed independence possible only in union with the "Dissenters" (the Presbyterians) of the north (and possibly then, again only with a prospect of French intervention). To make "headway against England" the "feeling" of Catholics and Dissenters had first to be "nationalised". This is something Moore thought might be achieved by fixing upon the immediate abuses of the (Anglican and landed) "Irish establishment". As had been his uncompromising stance on the Veto controversy, O'Connell's promotion of Repeal was, in this respect, unhelpful, at best "premature".[45]

This perspective was shared by some of O'Connell's younger lieutenants, dissidents with the Repeal Association. Young Irelander Charles Gavan Duffy sought to build a "League of North and South"[46] around what Michael Davitt (of the later Land League) described as "the programme of the Whiteboys and Ribbonmen reduced to moral and constitutional standards"—tenant rights and land reform.[47]

Irish Melodies

Reception

In the early years of his career, Moore's work was largely generic, and had he died at this point he would likely not have been considered an Irish poet.[48] From 1806 to 1807, Moore dramatically changed his style of writing and focus. Following a request by the publishers James and William Power, he wrote lyrics to a series of Irish tunes in the manner of Haydn's settings of British folksongs, with Sir John Andrew Stevenson as arranger of the music. The principal source for the tunes was Edward Bunting's A General Collection of the Ancient Irish Music (1797) to which Moore had been introduced at Trinity by Edward Hudson.[49] The Melodies were published in ten volumes, together with a supplement, over 26 years between 1808 and 1834. The musical arrangements of the last volumes, following Stevenson's death in 1833, were by Henry Bishop.

The Melodies were an immediate success, the "The Last Rose of Summer", "The Minstrel Boy", "Believe Me If All Those Endearing Young Charms" and "Oft in the Stilly Night" becoming immensely popular. There were parodies in England, but translations into German, Italian, Hungarian, Czech, and French, and settings by Hector Berlioz guaranteed a large European audience. In the United States, "The Last Rose of Summer" alone sold more than a million copies.[50]

Byron said he knew them all "by rote and by heart"; setting them above epics and Moore above all other poets for his "peculiarity of talent, or rather talents, – poetry, music, voice, all his own". They were also praised by Sir Walter Scott who conceded that neither he nor Byron could attain Moore's power of adapting words to music.[3] Moore was in no doubt that the Irish Melodies would be "the only work of my pen […] whose fame (thanks to the sweet music in which it is embalmed) may boast a chance of prolonging its existence to a day much beyond our own".[11]

Moore's Melodies, Centenary Edition, 1880

Ireland's "national music"

The "ultra-Tory" The Anti-Jacobin Review ("Monthly Political and Literary Censor") [51] discerned something more than innocuous drawing-room ballads: "several of them were composed in a very disordered state of society, if not in open rebellion. They are the melancholy ravings of the disappointed rebel, or his ill-educated offspring". Moore was providing texts to what he described as "our national music", and his lyrics did often "reflect an unmistakable intimation of dispossession and loss in the music itself".[11]

Despite Moore's difficult relationship with O'Connell, in the early 1840s his Melodies were employed in the "Liberator's" renewed campaign for Repeal. The Repeal Association's monster meetings (crowds of over 100,000) were usually followed by public banquets. At Mallow, Co. Cork,, before the dinner speeches, a singer performed Moore's "Where is the Slave?":

Oh, where's the slave so lowly, Condemned to chains unholy, Who could be burst His bonds accursed, Would die beneath them slowly?

O'Connell leapt to his feet, threw his arms wide and cried "I am not that slave!" All the room followed: "We are not those slaves! We are not those slaves!"[52]

In the greatest meeting of all, at the Hill of Tara (by tradition the inaugural seat of the High Kings of Ireland), on the feast-day of the Assumption, 15 August 1843, O'Connell's carriage proceeded through a crowd, reportedly of a million, accompanied by a harpist playing Moore's "The Harp that once through Tara's Halls".[52]

Byron: "When you read my Memoirs you will learn the evils of true dissipation."[53]

Byron's Memoirs

Moore was much criticised for allowing himself to be persuaded, on the grounds of their indelicacy, to destroy Byron's Memoirs.[54] Modern scholarship assigns the blame elsewhere.

In 1821, with Byron's blessing, Moore sold the manuscript, with which Byron had entrusted him three years before, to the publisher John Murray. Although he himself allowed that it contained some "very coarse things",[53] when, following Bryon's death in 1824, Moore learned that Murray had deemed the material unfit for publication he spoke of settling the matter with a duel.[55] But the combination of Byron's wife Lady Byron, half-sister and executor Augusta Leigh and Moore's rival in Byron's friendship John Cam Hobhouse prevailed. In what some were to call the greatest literary crime in history, in Moore's presence the family solicitors tore up all extant copies of the manuscript and burned them in Murray's fireplace.[56][57]

With the assistance of papers provided by Mary Shelley, Moore retrieved what he could. His Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: With Notices of His Life (1830) "contrived", in the view of Macaulay, "to exhibit so much of the character and opinions of his friend, with so little pain to the feelings of the living".[11] Lady Byron still professed herself scandalised[3]—as did The Times.[58]

With Byron an inspiration, Moore previously published a collection of songs, Evenings in Greece, (1826) and, set in 3rd-century Egypt, his only prose novel The Epicurean (1827). Supplying a demand for "semi-erotic romance tinged with religiosity" it was a popular success.[59]

Death

It is a criticism of Moore that he "wrote too much and catered too deliberately to his audiences".[3] In his lyrics there is a bathos that speaks both to a love of recitation and to an abiding sense of tragedy that is perhaps lost on the modern reader.

Oft, in the stilly night, Ere slumber's chain has bound me, Fond memory brings the light Of other days around me; The smiles, the tears, Of boyhood's years, The words of love then spoken; The eyes that shone, Now dimm'd and gone, The cheerful hearts now broken!...

When I remember all The friends, so link'd together, I’ve seen around me fall, Like leaves in wintry weather; I feel like one Who treads alone Some banquet-hall deserted, Whose lights are fled, Whose garlands dead, And all but he departed!...

In the late 1840s (and as the catastrophe of the Great Famine overtook Ireland), Moore's powers began to fail. He was reduced ultimately to senility, which came suddenly in December 1849. Moore died on February 25, 1852, preceded by all his children and by most of his friends and companions.

Stained glass at Ottawa Public Library features Charles Dickens, Archibald Lampman, Duncan Campbell Scott, Lord Byron, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, William Shakespeare, Thomas Moore

After the deaths of his wife and five children, Moore died in his seventy-third year and was buried at Bromham, near Devizes in Wiltshire.[60]

His epitaph at his St. Nicholas churchyard grave is inscribed:

    Dear Harp of my Country! in darkness I found thee,
    The cold chain of silence had hung o'er thee long;
    When proudly, my own Island Harp, I unbound thee
    And gave all thy chords to light, freedom and song![61]

Commemoration

Moore is often considered Ireland's national bard[62] and is to Ireland what Robert Burns is to Scotland. Moore is commemorated in several places: by a plaque on the house where he was born, by busts at The Meetings and Central Park, New York, and by a bronze statue near Trinity College Dublin. There is a road in Walkinstown, Dublin, named Thomas Moore Road, in a series of roads named after famous composers, locally referred to as the Musical Roads.

List of works

Prose
  • A Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin (1810)
  • Memoirs of Captain Rock (1824)
  • Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan (2 vols) (1825)
  • The Epicurean, a Tale (29 June 1827)
  • Letters & Journals of Lord Byron, with Notices of his Life (vol. 1) (1830)
  • Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831)
  • Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (2 vols) (1833)
  • The History of Ireland (vol. 1) (1835)
  • The History of Ireland (vol. 2) (1837)
  • The History of Ireland (vol. 3) (1840)
  • The History of Ireland (vol. 4) (1846)

Lyrics and verse
  • Odes of Anacreon (1800)
  • Poetical Works of the Late Thomas Little, Esq. (1801)
  • The Gypsy Prince (a comic opera, collaboration with Michael Kelly, 1801)
  • Epistles, Odes and Other Poems (1806)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 1 and 2 (April 1808)
  • Corruption and Intolerance, Two Poems (1808)
  • The Sceptic: A Philosophical Satire (1809)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 3 (Spring 1810)
  • A Melologue upon National Music (1811)
  • M.P., or The Blue Stocking, (a comic opera, collaboration with Charles Edward Horn, 1811)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 4 (November 1811)
  • Parody of a Celebrated Letter (privately printed and circulated, February 1812, Examiner, 8 March 1812)
  • To a Plumassier (Morning Chronicle, 16 March 1812)
  • Extracts from the Diary of a Fashionable Politician (Morning Chronicle, 30 March 1812)
  • The Insurrection of the Papers (Morning Chronicle, 23 April 1812)
  • Lines on the Death of Mr. P[e]rc[e]v[a]l (May 1812)
  • The Sale of the Tools (Morning Chronicle, 21 December 1812)
  • Correspondence Between a Lady and a Gentleman (Morning Chronicle, 6 January 1813)
  • Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag (March 1813)
  • Reinforcements for Lord Wellington (Morning Chronicle, 27 August 1813)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 5 (December 1813)
  • A Collection of the Vocal Music of Thomas Moore (1814)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 6 (1815, April or after)
  • Sacred Songs, 1 (June 1816)
  • Lines on the Death of Sheridan (Morning Chronicle, 5 August 1816)
  • Lalla Rookh, an Oriental Romance (May 1817)
  • National Airs, 1 (23 April 1818)
  • The Fudge Family in Paris (1818)
  • To the Ship in which Lord C[A]ST[LE]R[EA]GH Sailed for the Continent (Morning Chronicle, 22 September 1818)
  • Lines on the Death of Joseph Atkinson, Esq. of Dublin (25 September 1818)
  • Go, Brothers in Wisdom (Morning Chronicle, 18 August 1818)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 7 (1 October 1818)
  • To Sir Hudson Lowe (Examiner, 4 October 1818)
  • The Works of Thomas Moore (6 vols) (1819)
  • Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress (March 1819)
  • National Airs, 2 (1820)
  • Irish Melodies, with a Melologue upon National Music (1820)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 8 (on or around 10 May 1821)
  • Irish Melodies (with an Appendix, containing the original advertisements and the prefatory letter on music, 1821)
  • National Airs, 3 (June 1822)
  • National Airs, 4 (1822)
  • The Loves of the Angels, a Poem (23 December 1822)
  • The Loves of the Angels, an Eastern Romance (5th ed. of Loves of the Angels) (1823)
  • Fables for the Holy Alliance, Rhymes on the Road, &c. &c. (7 May 1823)
  • Sacred Songs, 2 (1824)
  • A Selection of Irish Melodies, 9 (1 November 1824)
  • National Airs, 5 (1826)
  • Evenings in Greece, 1 (1826)
  • A Dream of Turtle (The Times, 28 September 1826)
  • A Set of Glees (circa 9 June 1827)
  • National Airs, 6 (1827)
  • Odes upon Cash, Corn, Catholics, and other Matters (October 1828)
  • Legendary Ballads (1830)
  • Letters & Journals of Lord Byron, with Notices of his Life (vol. 2) (on or around 29 December 1830)
  • The Life and Death of Lord Edward FitzGerald (2 vols) (between 15 and 22 July 1831)
  • The Summer Fête. A Poem with Songs (December 1831)
  • Irish Antiquities (The Times, 5 March 1832)
  • From the Hon. Henry ---, to Lady Emma --- (The Times, 9 April 1832)
  • To Caroline, Viscountess Valletort (The Metropolitan Magazine, June 1832)
  • Ali's Bride... (The Metropolitan Magazine, August 1832)
  • Verses to the Poet Crabbe's Inkstand (The Metropolitan Magazine, August 1832)
  • Tory Pledges (The Times, 30 August 1832)
  • Song to the Departing Spirit of Tithe (The Metropolitan Magazine, September 1832)
  • The Duke is the Lad (The Times, 2 October 1832)
  • St. Jerome on Earth, First Visit (The Times, 29 October 1832)
  • St. Jerome on Earth, Second Visit (The Times, 12 November 1832)
  • Evenings in Greece, 2 (December 1832)
  • To the Rev. Charles Overton (The Times, 6 November 1833)
  • Irish Melodies, 10 (with Supplement) (1834)
  • Vocal Miscellany, 1 (1834)
  • The Numbering of the Clergy (Examiner, 5 October 1834)
  • Vocal Miscellany, 2 (1835)
  • The Fudge Family in England (1835)
  • The poetical works of Thomas Moore, complete in two volumes, Paris, Baudry's European library (rue du Coq, near the Louvre), 1835
  • The Song of the Box (Morning Chronicle, 19 February 1838)
  • Sketch of the First Act of a New Romantic Drama (Morning Chronicle, 22 March 1838)
  • Thoughts on Patrons, Puffs, and Other Matters (Bentley's Miscellany, 1839)
  • Alciphron, a Poem (1839)
  • The Poetical Works of Thomas Moore, collected by himself (10 vols) (1840–1841)
  • Thoughts on Mischief (Morning Chronicle, 2 May 1840)
  • Religion and Trade (Morning Chronicle, 1 June 1840)
  • An Account of an Extraordinary Dream (Morning Chronicle, 15 June 1840)
  • The Retreat of the Scorpion (Morning Chronicle, 16 July 1840)
  • Musings, suggested by the Late Promotion of Mrs. Nethercoat (Morning Chronicle, 27 August 1840)
  • The Triumphs of Farce (1840)
  • Latest Accounts from Olympus (1840)
  • A Threnody on the Approaching Demise of Old Mother Corn-Law (Morning Chronicle, 23 February 1842)
  • Sayings and Doings of Ancient Nicholas (Morning Chronicle, 7 April 1842)
  • ''More Sayings and Doings of Ancient Nicholas (Morning Chronicle, 12 May 1842)
  • Prose and verse, humorous, satirical and sentimental, by Thomas Moore, with suppressed passages from the memoirs of Lord Byron, chiefly from the author's manuscript and all hitherto inedited and uncollected. With notes and introduction by Richard Herne Shepherd (London: Chatto & Windus, Piccadilly, 1878).

Bibliography
  • Benatti, Francesca, and Justin Tonra. "English Bards and Unknown Reviewers: A Stylometric Analysis of Thomas Moore and the Christabel Review", in: Breac: A Digital Journal of Irish Studies 3 (2015). URL.
  • Clifford, Brendan (ed.): Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, (Belfast: Athol Books, 1993).
  • Dowden, Wilfred S. (ed.): The Letters of Thomas Moore, 2 vols, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964).
  • Dowden, Wilfred S. (ed.): The Journal of Thomas Moore, 6 vols, (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1983–91).
  • Gunning, John P.: Moore. Poet and Patriot (Dublin: M.H. Gill and Son, 1900).
  • Hunt, Una: Sources and Style in Moore's Irish Melodies (London: Routledge, 2017); ISBN 9781409405610 (hardback), ISBN 9781315443003 (e-book).
  • Jones, Howard Mumford: The Harp that Once. Tom Moore and the Regency Period (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1937).
  • Kelly, Ronan: Bard of Erin. The Life of Thomas Moore (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2008), ISBN 978-1-844-88143-7.
  • McCleave, Sarah / Caraher, Brian (eds): Thomas Moore and Romantic Inspiration. Poetry, Music, and Politics (New York: Routledge, 2018); ISBN 9781138281479 (hardback), ISBN 9781315271132 (e-book).
  • Ní Chinnéide, Veronica: "The Sources of Moore's Melodies", in: Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 89 (1959) 2, pp. 109–54.
  • Strong, L. A. G.: The Minstrel Boy. A Portrait of Tom Moore (London: Hodder & Stoughton, & New York: A. Knopf, 1937).
  • Tonra, Justin.: "Masks of Refinement: Pseudonym, Paratext, and Authorship in the Early Poetry of Thomas Moore", in: European Romantic Review 25.5 (2014), pp. 551–73. doi:10.1080/10509585.2014.938231.
  • Tonra, Justin.: "Pagan Angels and a Moral Law: Byron and Moore's Blasphemous Publications", in: European Romantic Review 28.6 (2017), pp. 789–811. doi:10.1080/10509585.2017.1388797.
  • Vail, Jeffery W.: The Literary Relationship of Lord Byron and Thomas Moore (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
  • Vail, Jeffery W.: "Thomas Moore in Ireland and America: The Growth of a Poet's Mind", in: Romanticism 10.1 (2004), pp. 41–62.
  • Vail, Jeffery W.: "Thomas Moore: After the Battle", in: Julia M. Wright (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Irish Literature, 2 vols (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), vol. 1, pp. 310–25.
  • Vail, Jeffery W. (ed.): The Unpublished Letters of Thomas Moore, 2 vols (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013), ISBN 978-1848930742.
  • Vail, Jeffery W.: "Thomas Moore", in: Gerald Dawe (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Irish Poets (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 61–73.
  • White, Harry: The Keeper's Recital. Music and Cultural History in Ireland 1770–1970 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1998), ISBN 1-85918-171-6.

Notes

    References
    1. Moore, Thomas (1835). Memoirs of Captain Rock. Paris: Baudry's European Library. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    2. I Hear America Singing Archived 20 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
    3. "Thomas Moore". poetryfoundation.org. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
    4. Anon., March 1853, "Lord John Russell's Memoirs of Moore" in Dublin Review, vol. 34, p. 123.
    5. Moore, Thomas (1831). The Life and Death of Edward Fitzgerald. Volume 1. London: Longman, Reese, Orme, Brown & Green.
    6. Moore, Thomas (1993). Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, Introduced by Brendan Clifford. Belfast: Athol Books. pp. 132, 152–153. ISBN 0850340675.
    7. Anon. (1853), p. 126.
    8. Eric Walter White: A Register of First Performances of English Operas (London: The Society for Theatre Research, 1983), ISBN 0-85430-036-8, p. 59.
    9. Brendan Clifford, introduction to Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, p. 14.
    10. Curtin, Nancy (1998). The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin, 1791-1798. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 9780198207368) Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help).
    11. White, Harry. "Moore, Thomas". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
    12. Clifford, introduction Political and Historical Writings ... by Thomas Moore, p. 14.
    13. Kelly, Ronan (2008). Bard of Erin: The Life of Thomas Moore. Dublin: Penguin Ireland. pp. 139–147, 182–184, 204–209. ISBN 9781844881437.
    14. Kelly, p. 170–175.
    15. Joseph Norton Ireland: Mrs. Duff (Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1882).
    16. "Thomas Moore (1779–1852)". Retrieved 20 November 2020.
    17. Bloy, Marjorie. "Biography: Thomas Moore (1779–1852)". A Web of English Hstory. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
    18. "House historian: Vicars, framework knitters and a poet". Country Life=date=2 December 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
    19. Maurois, André (1984) [1930]. Byron. Translated by Miles, Hamish. London: Constable. pp. 331–332. ISBN 0094660107.
    20. Moore (1993), pp. 237, 248.
    21. Kelly, pp. 322–327.
    22. Bew, John (2011). Castlereagh: Enlightenment, War and Tyranny. London: Quercas. pp. 530–531. ISBN 9780857381866.
    23. Moore, Thomas (1818). The Fudge Family in Paris. London: Longmans. pp. 69, 76.
    24. Book the First, Chapter XIII, Moore, Thomas (1993). Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, Introduced by Brendan Clifford. Belfast: Athol Books. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0850340675.
    25. from Memoirs of Captain Rock, Book the Second, Chapter I, Moore, Thomas (1993). Political and Historical Writings on Irish and British Affairs by Thomas Moore, Introduced by Brendan Clifford. Belfast: Athol Books. pp. 53–55. ISBN 0850340675.
    26. Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1962). The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. London: Penguin. pp. 410–411. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1.
    27. Moore, Thomas (1810). Letter to the Roman Catholics of Dublin. Dublin: Gilbert and Hodges. pp. 12–13.
    28. Kelly, p. 504.
    29. MacDonagh, Oliver (1975). "The Politicization of the Irish Catholic Bishops, 1800-1850". The Historical Journal. 18 (1): 40. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00008669. JSTOR 2638467.
    30. Whelan, Irene (2005). The Bible War in Ireland: the "Second Reformation" and the Polarization of Protestant-Catholic Relations, 1800-1840. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
    31. Moore (1993), p. 18.
    32. Good, James Winder (1920). Irish Unionism-1920. London: T Fisher Unwin. p. 106.
    33. Desmond Bowen: The Protestant Crusade in Ireland, 1800–70: A Study of Protestant-Catholic Relations between the Act of Union and Disestablishment (1978).
    34. Moore, Thomas (1833). Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (in Two Volumes). London: Longman.
    35. Moore (1993), pp. 161-162.
    36. Moore (1993), p. 178.
    37. Moore (1993), p. 248.
    38. Brendan Clifford, introduction to Moore (1993), p. 15.
    39. Moore, as "Their Devoted Servant", dedicates The Travel of an Irish Gentleman "to the People of Ireland" as a "Defence their Ancient and National Faith", Moore, Thomas (1833). Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (in Two Volumes). London: Longman.
    40. Moore (1993), pp. 81-82.
    41. Moore (1993), pp. 132-134.
    42. Moore (1993), pp. 153-154.
    43. Moore 1993, p. 241.
    44. Moore (1993), p. 242.
    45. Moore (1993), p. 233.
    46. Duffy, Charles Gavan (1886). The League of North and South. London: Chapman & Hall.
    47. Davitt, Michael (1904). The fall of feudalism in Ireland; or, The story of the land league revolution. London: Dalcassian Publishing Company. p. 70.
    48. Kelly, p. 151.
    49. Kelly, p. 50.
    50. James W. Flannery: Dear Harp of My Country: The Irish Melodies of Thomas Moore (Nashville, TN: J. S. Sanders & Co., 1995).
    51. John Strachan, "Gifford, William (1756–1826)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds. (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online edition, Lawrence Goldman, ed., 7 May 2007),
    52. Bardon, Jonathan (2008). A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. pp. 362–363. ISBN 9780717146499.
    53. Knight, G Wilson (2016). Lord Byron's Marriage: The Evidence of Asterisks. London: Routledge. p. 214. ISBN 9781138675575. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
    54. Mayne, Ethel Colburn (1969) [1924]. Byron. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 452. ISBN 0389010715.
    55. Cochran, Peter (2014). The Burning of Byron's Memoirs: New and Unpublished Essays and Papers. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 9781443868150. pp. 6-7
    56. Marchand, Leslie (1970). Byron: a Portrait. New York: Knopf. pp. 466–467. ISBN 9780394418209.
    57. Kells, Stuart (2017). The Library: A Catalogue of Wonders. Melbourne: Text Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 9781925355994. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
    58. Moore (1993), p. 232
    59. Hawthorne, Mark (1975). "Thomas Moore's "The Epicurean": The Anacreontic Poet in Search of Eternity". Studies in Romanticism. 14 (3): 249–272. doi:10.2307/25599975. JSTOR 25599975.
    60. [i]Thomas Moore[/i], The Catholic Encyclopaedia, Vol.10, 1911
    61. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/21268707/thomas-moore
    62. Love, Timothy (Spring 2017). "Gender and the Nationalistic Ballad: Thomas Davis, Thomas Moore, and Their Songs". New Hibernia Review. Center for Irish Studies at the University of St. Thomas. 21 (1): 76. doi:10.1353/nhr.2017.0005. ISSN 1534-5815. S2CID 149071105. 660979.
    63. The James Joyce Songbook, edited and with a commentary by Ruth Bauerle (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982), pp. 158–160.
    64. Norman Donaldson, "Oliver Onions" in: E. F. Bleiler (ed.): Supernatural Fiction Writers (New York: Scribner's, 1985); ISBN 0684178087 (pp. 505–512).
    65. Kennedy, Maev (9 December 2012). "Bodleian Library launches £2.2m bid to stop Fox Talbot archive going overseas". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.