Government of National Unity (Hungary)

The Government of National Unity (Hungarian: Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya)[6] existed during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany between October 1944 and May 1945. Formed by the Nazi Arrow Cross Party, it was established on 16 October 1944[2][7] after Regent Miklós Horthy was removed from power during Operation "Panzerfaust" (Unternehmen "Panzerfaust").[8] Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi became Prime Minister and, as "Nation Leader", the head of state. During the government's short period of rule, ten to fifteen thousand Jews were murdered in Hungary[9] and around eighty thousand Jews, including many women, children and elderly Jews, were deported from Hungary to their deaths in the Auschwitz concentration camp.[10]

Government of National Unity Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya
1944–1945
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Regnum Mariae Patrona Hungariae[1] ("Kingdom of Mary, the Patron of Hungary")
Anthem:  Himnusz ("Hymn") Ébredj Magyar ("Hungarian Arrow Cross Party Anthem")
Seal of Hungary (1945):
Status	Puppet government of Nazi Germany
Common languages	Hungarian
Religion	Roman Catholic, Calvinism, Lutheranism
Government	Hungarist totalitarian government
Leader of the Nation
• 1944–1945	Ferenc Szálasi
Legislature	Diet
Historical era	World War II
• Operation Panzerfaust	15 October 1944
• Government formed	16 October 1944[2]
• Government members fled to Germany	28–29 March 1945[3]
• End of German occupation of Hungary	4 April 1945[4]
• Capture of Szálasi	6 May 1945[5]
• Disestablished	7 May 1945[5]
Currency	Hungarian Pengő
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary Soviet occupation of Hungary

Hungary splits in two

Hungarian officers in Budapest, October 1944

Arrow Cross members marching in Budapest, October 1944

After Miklós Horthy announced an armistice with the Allies on 15 October, the Germans kidnapped him and threatened to kill his son unless he renounced the armistice and abdicated. To spare his son's life, Horthy signed a statement announcing both his abdication and the appointment of Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi as Magyar királyi miniszterelnök (Royal Hungarian Prime Minister) on 16 October.[11] He was then deported to Germany. This act merely rubber-stamped an Arrow Cross coup, as Szálasi's men had taken over Budapest the previous night.

In his memoirs, Horthy later contended that he never gave power to the Arrow Cross, but had "merely exchanged my signature for my son's life." As he saw it, the appointment of Szálasi was void, since "a signature wrung from a man at machine-gun point can have little legality."[12]

The Hungarian parliament approved the formation of a Council of Regency (Kormányzótanács) of three on 17 October.[2] On 4 November, Szálasi was sworn as Leader of the Nation (nemzetvezető).[13] He formed a government of sixteen ministers, half of which were members of the Arrow Cross Party. While the Horthy regency had come to an end, the Hungarian monarchy was not abolished by the Szálasi regime, as government newspapers kept referring to the country as the Kingdom of Hungary (Magyar Királyság, also abbreviated as m.kir.), although Magyarország (Hungary) was frequently used as an alternative.[14][15]

Szálasi was an ardent fascist and his "Quisling government" had little other intention or ability but to maintain fascism and to maintain control in Nazi-occupied portions of Hungary as Soviet troops poured into Hungary. He did this in order to reduce the threat to Germany. Szálasi's aim was to create a one-party state based on his "Hungarist" ideology.

On 21 December 1944, with the approval of the Soviet Union, Béla Miklós was elected as the Prime Minister of a "counter" Hungarian government in Soviet-controlled Debrecen. Miklós was a former commander of the Hungarian First Army. He had failed in his efforts to convince many of the men under his command to switch sides. The government that Miklós oversaw was an "interim government" and maintained control in the Soviet-occupied portions of Hungary.

History

Jews being rounded up in Budapest, October 1944

Hungarian troops man a 7.5 cm Pak 40 antitank gun in a Budapest suburb, November 1944

By the time of the Nazi/Arrow Cross coup, Hungary faced impending occupation by the Soviet Union. The Red Army was already deep inside the country, effectively limiting the Arrow Cross regime's jurisdiction to an ever-narrowing band of territory around Budapest. Seen in this context, the Arrow Cross regime was short and brutal.

In cooperation with the Nazis, Szálasi restarted the deportations of Jews, particularly in Budapest. Thousands more Jews were killed by Arrow Cross members. Of the approximately 800,000 Jews residing within Hungary's expanded borders of 1941, only 200,000 (about 25%) survived the Holocaust.[16] An estimated 28,000 Hungarian Roma were also killed as part of the Porajmos.[17]

Szálasi envisioned a new economic order, which he called the "Corporate order of the Working nation" (Dolgozó Nemzet Hivatás Rendje). Even as Hungary was in chaos, Szálasi refused theoretically to compromise Hungarian sovereignty, trying to retain nominal command of all Hungarian military units, including the local SS units. Ethnic Germans were still not allowed to join the Arrow Cross Party. Szálasi devoted much time to his political writings and to trips in the shrinking territory under his control: many political matters were effectively handled by his Deputy Prime Minister Jenő Szöllősi.[18] At the beginning of December, Szálasi and his government relocated out of Budapest as Soviet troops advanced towards the capital. In a scorched earth strategy, the German armed forces destroyed Hungarian infrastructure as the Soviets closed in.

In December 1944, the Battle of Budapest began. Fascist forces loyal to Szálasi and the badly damaged remnants of the Hungarian First Army fought alongside German forces. They fought against the Red Army to no avail. By 13 February 1945, all of Budapest was under Soviet control.[8]

In March 1945, during Operation Spring Awakening (Unternehmen Frühlingserwachen), Fascist Hungarian forces of the Hungarian Third Army fought alongside German forces in the last major offensive in Hungary against the Soviet forces. For ten days the Axis forces made costly gains. However, within twenty-four hours, the Soviet counterattack was able to drive the Germans and Hungarians back to the positions they held before the offensive began.

Between 16 March and 25 March 1945, the remnants of the Hungarian Third Army were overrun and virtually destroyed. By the end of March and into April, what remained of the Royal Hungarian Army were put on the defensive during the Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive and were then forced into Slovakia and Austria as Soviet forces occupied all of Hungary. Béla Miklós's government was nominally in control of the whole country. Nazi Germany itself was on the verge of collapse.

The Ferenc Szálasi regime, which had fled Hungary, was dissolved on 7 May 1945, a day before Germany's surrender.[5] Szálasi was captured by American troops in Mattsee on 6 May[5] and returned to Hungary, where he was tried for crimes against the state and executed, along with three of his ministers. Most of his ministers also were sentenced to death and executed, except four of them. Béla Jurcsek committed suicide at the end of the war, Árpád Henney fled to Austria. Emil Szakváry was sentenced to life imprisonment, while Vilmos Hellebronth was sentenced to death, but the tribunal – before execution – changed his sentence to life imprisonment.

Government

Szálasi (seated, center) and his ministers

Portfolio	Minister		Took office	Left office	Party
Leader of the Nation & Prime Minister		Ferenc Szálasi	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Deputy Prime Minister		Jenő Szöllősi	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister of the Interior		Gábor Vajna	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister of Foreign Affairs		Gábor Kemény	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister of Finance		Lajos Reményi-Schneller	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	Independent
Minister of Justice		László Budinszky	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister of Defence		Károly Beregfy	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	Independent
Minister of Religion and Education		Ferenc Rajniss	16 October 1944	7 March 1945	Party of Hungarian Renewal
		Ferenc Szálasi (act.)	7 March 1945	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister of Agriculture		Fidél Pálffy	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister of Trade and Transport		Lajos Szász	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister of Industry		Emil Szakváry	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	Independent
Minister of Welfare		Béla Jurcsek	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	Independent
Minister without portfolio in charge of the full-scale mobilization and arming of the nation		Emil Kovarcz	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	Independent
Minister without portfolio in charge of National Defence and Propaganda		Ferenc Kassai-Schalmayer	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	NYKP
Minister without portfolio in charge of the continuous oversight of production		Vilmos Hellebronth	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	Independent
Minister without portfolio and special delegate to the Leader of the Nation, in charge of the Leader of the Nation's task force		Árpád Henney	16 October 1944	28 March 1945	Independent

See also

• Hungary during World War II
• Operation "Panzerfaust"
• Szent László Infantry Division

References

1. Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions. Ed. Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-86516-422-3.
2. Nevenkin, Kamen (2012). Take Budapest: The Struggle for Hungary, Autumn 1944. New York: The History Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780752477039. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
3. Gosztonyi, Péter (1992). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. p. 255. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
4. Gosztonyi, Péter (1992). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. p. 256. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
5. Gosztonyi, Péter (1992). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. pp. 275–276. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
6. (in Hungarian) Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya, Szálasi-kormány, nyilas kormány
7. Gosztonyi, Péter (1992). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. p. 215. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
8. The Policies of Prime Minister Kallay and the German Occupation of Hungary in March 1944 Archived 2011-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
9. Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jews of Hungary:History, Culture, Psychology. 590: Wayne State University Press. p. 730. ISBN 0-8143-2561-0.CS1 maint: location (link)
10. Johnston, Chris (2006-02-16). "War Crime Suspect Admits to his Leading Fascist Role". The Age. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
11. Gosztonyi, Péter (1992). A Magyar Honvédség a második világháborúban (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Budapest: Európa Könyvkiadó. p. 205. ISBN 963-07-5386-3.
12. Horthy, Admiral Nicholas (2000). Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs. Nicholas Horthy, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt (illustrated ed.). Simon Publications LLC. p. 348. ISBN 0-9665734-3-9.
13. Hungary: Notes - archontology.org
14. Budapesti Közlöny, 17 October 1944
15. Hivatalos Közlöny, 27 January 1945
16. Victims of Holocaust - Holocaust Memorial Centre.
17. Crowe, David (2000). “The Roma Holocaust,” in Barnard Schwartz and Frederick DeCoste, eds., The Holocaust's Ghost: Writings on Art, Politics, Law and Education. University of Alberta Press. pp. 178–210.
18. Stanley G. Payne, A history of fascism, 1914-1945, Routledge, 1996, page 420