Green wall

A green wall is a vertical greening typology, where a vertical built structure is intentionally covered by vegetation.[1][2] Green walls include a vertically applied growth medium such as soil, substitute substrate, or hydroculture felt; as well as an integrated hydration and fertigation delivery system.[1] They are also referred to as living walls or vertical gardens, and widely associated with the delivery of many beneficial ecosystem services.[1][3]

"Vertical garden" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Vertical farming or Great Green Wall.
Detail of Patrick Blanc's exterior green wall of the Musée du Quai Branly (image 2012)
An indoor green wall at the University of Ottawa

Green walls differ from the more established vertical greening typology of 'green facades' as they have the growth medium supported on the vertical face of the host wall (as described below), while green facades have the growth medium only at the base (either in a container or as a ground bed). Green facades typically support climbing plants that climb up the vertical face of the host wall, while green walls can accommodate a variety of plant species.[3] Green walls may be implanted indoors or outdoors; as freestanding installations or attached to existing host walls; and applied in a variety of sizes.

Stanley Hart White, a Professor of Landscape Architecture at the University of Illinois from 1922 to 1959, patented a 'vegetation-Bearing Architectonic Structure and System' in 1938, though his invention did not progress beyond prototypes in his backyard in Urbana, Illinois.[4][5] The popularising of green walls is often credited to Patrick Blanc, a French botanist specialised in tropical forest undergrowth. He worked with architect Adrien Fainsilber and engineer Peter Rice to implement the first successful large indoor green wall or Mur Vegetal in 1986 at the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris, and has since been involved with the design and implementation of a number of notable installations (e.g. Musée du quai Branly, collaborating with architect Jean Nouvel [6][7]).

Green walls have seen a surge in popularity in recent times.[3] An online database provided by greenroof.com for example had reported 80% of the 61 large-scale outdoor green walls listed as constructed after 2009, with 93% after 2007.[8] Many notable green walls have been installed at institutional buildings and public places, with both outdoor and indoor installations gaining significant attention.[9] As of 2015, the largest green wall is said to cover 2,700 square meters (29,063 square feet) and is located at the Los Cabos International Convention Centre designed by Mexican architect Fernando Romero.[10]

Media types
Green wall at the Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana in the historic center of Mexico City
A wall of living plants designed by Patrick Blanc at Caixa Forum near Atocha station, Madrid
A green wall (mat media) in a children's museum, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Green walls are often constructed of modular panels that hold a growing medium and can be categorized according to the type of growth media used: loose media, mat media, and structural media.

Freestanding media

Freestanding media are portable living walls that are flexible for interior landscaping. Zauben living walls are designed with hydroponic technology that conserves 75% more water than plants grown in soil, self-irrigates, and includes moisture sensors.

Loose media

Loose medium walls tend to be "soil-on-a-shelf" or "soil-in-a-bag" type systems. Loose medium systems have their soil packed into a shelf or bag and are then installed onto the wall. These systems require their media to be replaced at least once a year on exteriors and approximately every two years on interiors. Loose soil systems are not well suited for areas with any seismic activity. Most importantly, because these systems can easily have their medium blown away by wind-driven rain or heavy winds, these should not be used in applications over 2.5 m high. There are some systems in Asia that have solved the loose media erosion problem by use of shielding systems to hold the media within the green wall system even when soil liquefaction occurs under seismic load. In these systems, the plants can still up-root themselves in the liquified soil under seismic load, and therefore it is required that the plants be secured to the system to prevent them from falling from the wall. Loose-soil systems without physical media erosion systems are best suited for the home gardener where occasional replanting is desired from season to season or year to year. Loose-soil systems with physical media erosion systems are well suited for all green wall applications.

Mat media

Mat type systems tend to be either coir fiber or felt mats. Mat media are quite thin, even in multiple layers, and as such cannot support vibrant root systems of mature plants for more than three to five years before the roots overtake the mat and water is not able to adequately wick through the mats. The method of reparation of these systems is to replace large sections of the system at a time by cutting the mat out of the wall and replacing it with new mat. This process compromises the root structures of the neighboring plants on the wall and often kills many surrounding plants in the reparation process. These systems are best used on the interior of a building and are a good choice in areas with low seismic activity and small plants that will not grow to a weight that could rip the mat apart under their own weight over time. It is important to note that mat systems are particularly water inefficient and often require constant irrigation due to the thin nature of the medium and its inability to hold water and provide a buffer for the plant roots. This inefficiency often requires that these systems have a water re-circulation system put into place at an additional cost. Mat media are better suited for small installations no more than eight feet in height where repairs are easily completed.

Sheet media

Semi-open cell polyurethane sheet media utilising an egg crate pattern has successfully been used in recent years for both outdoor roof gardens and vertical walls. The water holding capacity of these engineered polyurethanes vastly exceeds that of coir and felt based systems. Polyurethanes do not biodegrade, and hence stay viable as an active substrate for 20+ years. Vertical wall systems utilising polyurethane sheeting typically employ a sandwich construction where a water proof membrane is applied to the back, the polyurethane sheeting (typically two sheets with irrigation lines in between) is laid and then a mesh or anchor braces/bars secure the assembly to the wall. Pockets are cut into the face of the first urethane sheet into which plants are inserted. Soil is typically removed from the roots of any plants prior to insertion into the urethane mattress substrate. A flaked or chopped noodle version of the same polyurethane material can also be added to existing structural media mixes to boost water retention.

Structural media
The Green Wall in Sutton High Street, Sutton, Greater London

Structural media are growth medium "blocks" that are not loose, nor mats, but which incorporate the best features of both into a block that can be manufactured into various sizes, shapes and thicknesses. These media have the advantage that they do not break down for 10 to 15 years, can be made to have a higher or lower water holding capacity depending on the plant selection for the wall, can have their pH and EC's customized to suit the plants, and are easily handled for maintenance and replacement.

There is also some discussion involving "active" living walls. An active living wall actively pulls or forces air through the plants le quality to the point that the installation of other air quality filtration systems can be removed to provide a cost-savings. Therefore, the added cost of design, planning and implementation of an active living wall is still in question. With further research and UL standards to support the air quality data from the living wall, building code may one day allow for our buildings to have their air filtered by plants.[11]

The area of air quality and plants is continuing to be researched. Early studies in this area include NASA studies performed in the 1970s and 1980s by B. C. Wolverton.[12] There was also a study performed at the University of Guelph by Alan Darlington.[13] Other research has shown the effect the plants have on the health of office workers.[14]

Function
An indoor green wall in an office in Hong Kong

Green walls are found most often in urban environments where the plants reduce overall temperatures of the building. "The primary cause of heat build-up in cities is insolation, the absorption of solar radiation by roads and buildings in the city and the storage of this heat in the building material and its subsequent re-radiation. Plant surfaces however, as a result of transpiration, do not rise more than 4–5 °C above the ambient and are sometimes cooler."[15]

Living walls may also be a means for water reuse. The plants may purify slightly polluted water (such as greywater) by absorbing the dissolved nutrients. Bacteria mineralize the organic components to make them available to the plants. A study is underway at the Bertschi School in Seattle, Washington, using a GSky Pro Wall system, however, no publicly available data on this is available at this time.

Living walls are particularly suitable for cities, as they allow good use of available vertical surface areas. They are also suitable in arid areas, as the circulating water on a vertical wall is less likely to evaporate than in horizontal gardens.

The living wall could also function for urban agriculture, urban gardening, or for its beauty as art. It is sometimes built indoors to help alleviate sick building syndrome.

A green wall in Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania.

Living walls are also acknowledged for remediation of poor air quality, both to internal and external areas.

Green walls provide an additional layer of insulation that can protect buildings from heavy rainwater which leads to management of heavy storm water and provides thermal mass. They also help reduce the temperature of a building because vegetation absorbs large amounts of solar radiation. This can reduce energy demands and cleanse the air from VOC’s (Volatile Organic Compounds) released by paints, furniture, and adhesives. Off-gassing from VOCs can cause headaches, eye irritation, and airway irritation and internal air pollution. Green walls can also purify the air from mould growth in building interiors that can cause asthma and allergies. Vegetation in green walls can help with the mitigation of the heat island effect and contribute to urban biodiversity.[2]

Indoor green walls can have a therapeutic effect from exposure to vegetation. The aesthetic feel and visual appearance of green walls are other examples of the benefits - but also affects the indoor climate with reduced CO2 level, noise level and air pollution abatement.[16][3] However, to have the optimal effect on the indoor climate it is important that the plants in the green wall has the best conditions for growth, both when talking about watering, fertilizing and the right amount of light. To have the best result on all of the aforementioned, some green wall systems has special and patented technologies that is developed to the benefit of the plants.[17]

Another example in urban areas is green walls provide acoustic protection and reduces the noise through sound absorption.

Thomas Pugh, a biogeochemist at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany, created a computer model of a green wall with a broad selection of vegetation. The study showed results of the green wall absorbing nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. In street canyons where polluted air is trapped, green walls can absorb the polluted air and purify the streets.

Green facades compared to living walls
Scaffold modular green wall

Green facades are plants that climb or hang along the walls. Plants can grow upward or downward. There are two classifications to green facades: direct and indirect. Direct green facades are attached to the wall while indirect green facades incorporates a structure that will support it for plants. Indirect green facades include two different solutions: continuous and modular. Modular and continuous systems secure the living wall and further protect so it can hold itself from the changing weather. Modular green facades have vessels for rooting plants and come in forms such as trays, vessels, planter tiles, or flexible bags.

Living walls have a uniform way of growing plants. There is more technology and installation involved. They have permeable screens where each plant is individually put in and in the application is lightweight.

Plants
Green wall the Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

Regular maintenance, the right places, and the right plants are needed to sustain a living wall. Pruning dead plants and weeds will keep the wall healthy, and gaps need to be filled. Plants need to be close together in order to improve aesthetics. The right plants need to be chosen for the right places because the ones with disease can contaminate others surrounding it. In order to have a wall growing all year round, 95 percent of the plants need to be evergreen. Perennials are best for seasonal green walls. It is necessary to choose plants that can withstand disease since replacement is costly. The lifespans of plants will also need to be considered when assessing long term green walls. There are specific plants best suited for different environments. Different plants for shade, sun, wind, or a combination of them will need to be considered for longer lifespans.

List of herbs best suited for green facades

Edible plants best suited for green facades

Plants for sun

Plants for shade

Sources
  • Clapp, L., & Klotz, H. (2018). Vertical gardens. London ; Sydney ; Auckland: New Holland.
  • Coronado, S. (2015). Grow a living wall - create vertical gardens with purpose: Pollinators - he. Cool Springs Press.
  • Hyatt, B. (2017, June 29). The ins and outs of green wall installation and maintenance. Retrieved March 02, 2019, from https://www.totallandscapecare.com/landscaping/green-wall-maintenance/
  • Manso, Maria; Castro-Gomes, João (January 2015). "Green wall systems: A review of their characteristics". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 41: 863–871. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.203.
  • Gunawardena, K., & Steemers, K. (2019). Living walls in indoor environments. Building and Environment, 148 (January 2019), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.014
  • Pictures: Green Walls May Cut Pollution in Cities. (2016, May 17). Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/03/pictures/130325-green-walls-environment-cities-science-pollution/
  • Reggev, K. (2018, January 18). Living Green Walls 101: Their Benefits and How They're Made. Retrieved March 2, 2019, from https://www.dwell.com/article/living-green-walls-101-their-benefits-and-how-theyre-made-350955f3
  • Gunawardena, K.R.; Wells, M.J.; Kershaw, T. (2017). "Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity". Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier BV. 584–585: 1040–1055. Bibcode:2017ScTEn.584.1040G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 28161043. Tree-dominated greenspace offers greater heat stress relief when most required. Badly designed bluespace may exacerbate heat-stress during oppressive conditions.
  • Thomas A. M. Pugh; A. Robert MacKenzie; J. Duncan Whyatt; C. Nicholas Hewitt (2012). "The effectiveness of green infrastructure for improvement of air quality in urban street canyons" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (14): 7692–7699. Bibcode:2012EnST...46.7692P. doi:10.1021/es300826w. PMID 22663154.
  • Visone, M. (2019). Down to the Vertical Gardens. Compasses, 32, 33-40. https://www.academia.edu/41961501/Down_to_the_Vertical_Gardens

See also

References
  1. Medl, Alexandra; Stangl, Rosemarie; Florineth, Florin (2017-11-15). "Vertical greening systems – A review on recent technologies and research advancement". Building and Environment. 125: 227–239. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.054. ISSN 0360-1323.
  2. Gunawardena, K. R.; Wells, M. J.; Kershaw, T. (2017-04-15). "Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity". Science of the Total Environment. 584–585: 1040–1055. Bibcode:2017ScTEn.584.1040G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 28161043.
  3. Gunawardena, Kanchane; Steemers, Koen (2019-01-15). "Living walls in indoor environments". Building and Environment. 148: 478–487. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.014. ISSN 0360-1323.
  4. Hindle, Richard L. "Reconstructing the 'Vegetation-Bearing Architectonic Structure and System (1938)'". Graham Foundation. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  5. Hindle, Richard L. (June 2012). "A vertical garden: origins of the Vegetation-Bearing Architectonic Structure and System (1938)". Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes. 32 (2): 99–110. doi:10.1080/14601176.2011.653535. S2CID 56350350. Archived from the original on 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
  6. "Vertical gardens a green solution for urban setting". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co., Ltd. Feb 14, 2013. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  7. "Welcome to Vertical Garden Patrick Blanc – Vertical Garden Patrick Blanc". www.verticalgardenpatrickblanc.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  8. "The International Greenroof & Greenwall Projects Database!". greenroofs.com. Greenroofs.com, LLC. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013. select 'green wall' as type and 'living wall' under 'greenroof type'
  9. "Upwards trend". www.airport-world.com. Airport World. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2013. An increasing number of airports are investing in vertical gardens and living walls to create a unique setting
  10. For largest wall as of 2012, see Eric Martin; Nacha Cattan (Jun 20, 2012). "Calderon Fetes G-20 as Sun Sets on Mexico Ruling Party". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg LP. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  11. "Purdue Solar Decathlon". www.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
  12. "Wolverton Environmental Services". www.wolvertonenvironmental.com. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10.
  13. Darlington, A; Chan, M; Malloch, D; Pilger, C; Dixon, MA (March 2000). "The biofiltration of indoor air: implications for air quality". Indoor Air. 10 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010001039.x. PMID 10842459.
  14. Fjeld, Tove; Veiersted, Bo; Sandvik, Leiv; Riise, Geir; Levy, Finn (1998). "The Effect of Indoor Foliage Plants on Health and Discomfort Symptoms among Office Workers". Indoor and Built Environment. 7 (4): 204–209. doi:10.1177/1420326x9800700404. S2CID 111319315.
  15. Ong, Boon Lay (May 2003). "Green plot ratio: an ecological measure for architecture and urban planning". Landscape and Urban Planning. 63 (4): 197–211. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00191-3.
  16. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073077.pdf
  17. "Living green walls from Natural Greenwalls for offices and professionals".
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