Hans Urs von Balthasar

Hans Urs von Balthasar (12 August 1905 – 26 June 1988) was a Swiss theologian and Catholic priest who is considered an important Roman Catholic theologian of the twentieth century.[13] He was appointed a cardinal by Pope John Paul II, but died shortly before the consistory. Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger said in his funeral oration for von Balthasar that "he is right in what he teaches of the faith" and that he "points the way to the sources of living water."[14]

Servant of God

Hans Urs von Balthasar

S.J.
Born(1905-08-12)12 August 1905
Lucerne, Switzerland
Died26 June 1988(1988-06-26) (aged 82)
Basel, Switzerland
Ecclesiastical career
ReligionChristianity (Roman Catholic)
ChurchLatin Church
Ordained1936 (priest)
Academic background
Influences
Academic work
DisciplineTheology
Sub-discipline
School or traditionNouvelle théologie
Influenced

With Ratzinger and Henri de Lubac, he founded the theological journal Communio. Over the course of his life, he authored eighty-five books, over five hundred articles and essays, and almost a hundred translations.[15] He is known for his fifteen-volume trilogy on beauty (The Glory of the Lord), goodness (Theo-Drama), and truth (Theo-Logic).

Biography

Early life
Franziskanerkirche (Franciscan Church) in Lucerne, Switzerland

Balthasar was born in Lucerne, Switzerland, on 12 August 1905, to a noble family. His father, Oscar Ludwig Carl von Balthasar (1872–1946), was a church architect, and his mother, Gabrielle Pietzcker (d. 1929), helped found the Schweizerischer Katholischer Frauenbund (Swiss League of Catholic Women). Pietzcker was related to the beatified Hungarian bishop Blessed Vilmos Apor, who was shot by Soviet troops in 1945 for protecting women.[16] Oscar and Gabrielle had three children. Hans Urs was the eldest. Their son Dieter would join the Swiss Guard. Their daughter Renée (1908–1986) became the superior general of the Franciscan Sisters of Sainte-Marie des Anges.[17] Hans Urs would later describe his family as "straightforwardly Catholic." He adds, "I grew up with a faith that was equally straightforward, untroubled by doubt. I can still remember the silent and very moving early Masses on my own in the choir of the Franciscan church in Lucerne and the ten-o'clock Mass in the Jesuit church, which I thought was stunningly beautiful."[18]

As a child, Hans and his family spent much time at the hotel Pension Felsberg, which his grandmother managed. Here, he was regularly exposed to a "cosmopolitan" atmosphere where "trilingualism (German, French, English) [was] taken for granted," as biographer Peter Henrici notes.[19] Hans, who had absolute pitch, was immersed in classical music, particularly Schubert, Tchaikovsky, and Mahler, and this interest would continue through early adulthood. By his own account, he "spent endless hours on the piano".[20] While doing university studies in Vienna, he reportedly would play the piano four hands almost nightly with his roommate Rudolf Allers. Later, as a Jesuit chaplain, he would perform a transcription of Mozart's Don Giovanni from memory.[21]

Education
Von Balthasar in his early twenties, during studies in Vienna

Educated first by Benedictine monks at the abbey school of Engelberg in central Switzerland—during the time of the First World War—von Balthasar transferred to the more academically rigorous Stella Matutina, a preparatory school run by the Society of Jesus in Feldkirch, Austria, whose alumni include Arthur Conan Doyle[22] and the Thomist cardinal Franz Ehrle.[23] Aside from music, von Balthasar also took a strong interest in literature, later citing Dante and Goethe as key early influences.[24]

A year before graduation from Stella Matutina, he enrolled early at the University of Zurich to study German literature. After stints researching in Vienna and Berlin, he obtained his doctorate in 1928, with a dissertation on the theme of Eschatology in German and Germanophone thought, drawing heavily from Catholic theology.[25] Writing in the 1980s, he said of this latter work that "its fundamental impulse was the desire to reveal ... the ultimate religious attitude, often hidden, of the great figures of modern German literature. I wanted to let them, so to speak, 'make their confession'. The work was of insufficient maturity—most of the chapters ought to be rewritten—and yet some of it may still be valid."[26] According to Henrici, submitting a dissertation of this nature to the "Liberal Protestant" University of Zurich was academically risky for a student at that time, but the faculty awarded von Balthasar his doctorate summa cum laude.[27]

Society of Jesus
"I was struck as if by lightning.... I needed only to 'leave everything and follow.'"

— Hans Urs von Balthasar, on his vocation to the Jesuits

Though a practicing Catholic, with "untroubled faith" and "devotion to our Lady," von Balthasar had remained largely uninterested in theology and spirituality until his university years.[20] At the University of Vienna—where atheism was prevalent—he was influenced in his religious thinking by Professor Hans Eibl and, more decisively, his friend Rudolf Allers, a convert to Catholicism.[20][28] While studying in Berlin, too, he heard lectures by the theologian Romano Guardini.[29]

In 1929, von Balthasar attended a retreat for students in Wyhlen, Germany, and sensed what he believed to be a sudden call to follow Jesus Christ:

Even today [in 1959], after thirty years, I could still find again the tree on the lost path in the Black Forest, not far from Basel, under which I was struck as if by lightning.... [I]t was neither theology nor the priesthood that, at that moment, appeared in a flash before my mind; it was this alone: You have nothing to choose; you are called. You will not serve; another will use you. You have no plans to make; you are only a small little tile in a mosaic that has long been ready. I needed only to "leave everything and follow," without making plans, without wishes or ideas: I needed only to stand there and wait and see what I would be used for—and so it happened.[30]

He understood this experience as having been mediated by the figure of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Von Balthasar would later write of Loyola, "I did not choose him; he set me ablaze like a bolt of lightning."[31] On November 18, 1929, von Balthasar entered the Society of Jesus in south Germany, not long after the death of his mother.[32] At that time, Jesuit work and ministry was prohibited in Switzerland by constitutional law.[33]

Von Balthasar (second from left) with his sister, father, and brother

After two years as a Jesuit novice, he studied philosophy at Pullach, near Munich, where he came into contact with Erich Przywara, who formed him in Scholasticism and whose work on the analogia entis impacted him, though he would later express some hesitation about certain aspects of his thought. In 1932, von Balthasar moved to Fourvière, the Jesuit school in Lyon, France, for four years of theological study. Here he encountered fellow Jesuits Henri Bouillard, Jean Daniélou, Gaston Fessard, and Henri de Lubac, figures later associated with the nouvelle théologie. De Lubac kindled the young student's interest in the Church Fathers, especially Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and Maximus the Confessor.[34] In Lyon, von Balthasar also encountered the work of French writers Charles Péguy, Georges Bernanos, and Paul Claudel.

Von Balthasar was ordained a priest on July 26, 1936. As a motto on his ordination card, he used the phrase "Benedixit, fregit, deditque" ["He blessed it, broke it, and gave"], taken from the words of the institution of the Eucharist in the Gospel of Luke.[35] After finishing his theological studies in 1937, he went sent to Munich to work at the journal Stimmen der Zeit, where he remained until 1939. He completed his tertianship with Father Albert Steger in 1940.

Von Balthasar (third from right) with the Studentische Schulungsgemeinschaft

When given the choice between a professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome and a role as student chaplain in Basel, Switzerland, he chose the chaplaincy, preferring pastoral work to academia. Moving to Basel in 1940, von Balthasar edited the Europaische Reihe literary series for the Sammlung Klosterberg, translated French Resistance poetry, helped to produce plays (including a staging of his own translations of Bernanos' Dialogues of the Carmelites and Claudel's The Satin Slipper), published book-length studies on Maximus the Confessor and Saint Gregory of Nyssa, and regularly lectured to students. He established the Studentische Schulungsgemeinschaft in 1941, an institute for student formation that featured courses and conferences by Hugo Rahner, Martin Buber, Yves Congar, Gustav Siewerth, Henri de Lubac, and others. To the students, von Balthasar offered liturgies, sermons, retreats, and spiritual direction, with a particular emphasis on the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola.[36] According to Jacques Servais, "A good number of the young men eventually entered the Society of Jesus, while others decided to remain in the lay state, hoping to find a form of consecration to God in the world."[37]

Collaboration with Adrienne von Speyr
Adrienne von Speyr

During his first months in Basel, he met the physician Adrienne von Speyr through a mutual friend. A mother in her late thirties, and a somewhat prominent figure in Basel society, she was married to the historian Werner Kaegi, with two children from her first marriage to Emil Dürr, who had died suddenly in 1934. She was a Protestant, but interested in becoming Catholic. Von Balthasar began to offer her catechetical instruction and later said of this process, “In the instructions she understood everything immediately, as though she had only—and for how long!—waited to hear exactly what I was saying in order to affirm it.”[38]

Shortly following her reception into the Catholic Church on November 1, 1940—at a liturgy celebrated by von Balthasar—von Speyr began reporting intense experiences in prayer, including visions of Christ's Passion and encounters with various saints. In von Balthasar's words, "A veritable cataract of mystical graces poured over Adrienne in a seemingly chaotic storm that whirled her in all directions at once."[39] He began to accompany her as a spiritual director, in order to help evaluate the experiences. After he became convinced of the authenticity of von Speyr's mysticism, von Balthasar and von Speyr both began to believe that they had a shared theological mission.[40]

Between 1944 and 1960, von Speyr dictated to von Balthasar some sixty books of spiritual and Scriptural commentary. Given von Speyr's responsibilities as a mother and a practicing doctor, von Balthasar alone worked to arrange, edit, and publish the texts. In 1947, he founded a publishing house, Johannes Verlag, in Einsiedeln, Switzerland, where he began to print and distribute her works with ecclesiastical imprimatur.[41] Some of von Speyr's works, namely those of a more explicitly mystical character, were not released until Pope John Paul II organized a Vatican symposium on her thought in 1985, almost twenty years after her death.[42][43] In an interview with Angelo Scola in 1986, von Balthasar gave a portrait of his relationship with the "extensive theology" of von Speyr:

All I attempted to do was gather it up and embed it in a space, such as the theology of the Fathers, that of the Middle Ages and the modern age, with which I was fairly familiar. My contribution consisted in providing a comprehensive theological horizon, so that all that was new and valid in her thought would not be watered down or falsified, but be given space to unfold. With a mere textbook-theology one could not have captured Adrienne's work; it required a knowledge of the great tradition to realize that her original propositions in no way contradicted it.[44]

Von Speyr and von Balthasar also collaborated closely in the founding of the Johannesgemeinschaft (Community of Saint John), a Catholic institute of consecrated laypeople established in 1945, with a mission to work for the sanctification of the world from within the world.[45] It became more widely known three years later when Balthasar produced a theology for secular institutes in his work Der Laie und der Ordenstand, the first book to be published by Johannes Verlag.[46] After a long discernment, von Balthasar would eventually leave the Society of Jesus to found this community, since his superiors did not believe it would be compatible with Jesuit life. He saw it as a "personal, special, and non-delegable task."[47] Von Speyr referred to the Johannesgemeinschaft metaphorically as a “Child” she shared with the priest—an analogy that has drawn some criticism[48] but been defended by others.[49] Von Speyr served as the superior of the women's branch of the community until her death.

Departure from the Jesuits

Beginning in 1945, the year in which he published Das Herz der Welt (Heart of the World),[50] von Balthasar met a series of difficulties. He was scheduled to give a Christmas sermon on Swiss public radio, but this was cancelled at the last moment because of the ongoing national constitutional ban on Jesuit activity. The event caused some controversy. In June 1946, his father passed away, followed not long after by his godmother. In May 1946, Robert Rast, a Jesuit novice who had been his friend and collaborator in the Schulungsgemeinschaft, died of tuberculosis.[51]

That same year, his Jesuit superiors informed him that the Society of Jesus could not be answerable for the Community of Saint John, the secular institute he had begun to organize with Adrienne von Speyr.[52] Feeling that he "was being called by God to certain definite tasks in the Church," he made a thirty-day retreat at the request of Father General Jean-Baptiste Janssens, where the director confirmed that von Balthasar, while remaining a priest, should leave the Jesuit order to work with the Community of Saint John. Von Balthasar considered this a "very grave" step,[53] but in 1950, he officially departed from the Society of Jesus.[54] He renewed his religious vows a few months later. Shortly before his exit from the Society, the University of Munich offered him a professorship, as a successor to Romano Guardini, but he declined.[55] He remained without a ministerial role in the Church until, in 1956, he was incardinated into the Diocese of Chur as a diocesan priest.

Lectures, writing, and publishing (1950–1967)
The Glory of the Lord, vol. 1 (2nd English ed., Ignatius Press, 2009)

Von Balthasar's exit from the Jesuits left him "literally on the street", as biographer Peter Henrici notes, and he took up lecture tours across Germany, which helped him provide for himself and fund the Johannes Verlag publishing house.[56] He also continued giving retreats to young people. Between 1950 and 1956, he authored a number of books and articles, including Therese von Lisieux (Thérèse of Lisieux) (1950), Schleifung der Bastionen (Razing the Bastions) (1952), Das betrachtende Gebet (Prayer) (1955), and Die Gottesfrage des heutigen Menschen (The God Question and Modern Man) (1956), as well as monograph studies of Georges Bernanos, Karl Barth, and Reinhold Schneider. Much of his work during this period—written after the release of Pope Pius XII's apostolic constitution Provida Mater Ecclesia, which gave an ecclesiastical blessing to secular institutes—confronts the question of how Christian discipleship might be lived from within the world.[57]

After he was welcomed into the Diocese of Chur, he settled in the city of Basel, hosted by his married friends Werner Kaegi and Adrienne von Speyr, in whose home he remained until 1967. During this period—although he was diagnosed with leukemia in 1958—von Balthasar wrote prolifically,[58] most notably the seven-volume work Herrlichkeit (The Glory of the Lord) (1961–1967), which was to serve as the first part of a theological trilogy on the three classical transcendentals of beauty, goodness, and truth. He also translated and edited for Johannes Verlag, with an emphasis on the writing of his collaborator von Speyr. Balthasar was not invited to take part in the Second Vatican Council, which took place during this time, but after the release of Herrlichkeit, his theological reputation would grow significantly.

Adrienne von Speyr, who had been seriously ill since the mid-1950s, died on September 17, 1967, and Balthasar assumed responsibility for the Community of Saint John.

Later years: Communio and ecclesiastical honors

Moving to another house in Basel, Von Balthasar continued to write, edit, and translate extensively.[50]

In 1969, Pope Paul VI appointed him to the International Theological Commission. He worked as a theological secretary at the Second Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 1971, penning the synod document on priestly spirituality, and he also received the Romano Guardini Prize from the Catholic Academy of Bavaria.[59]

Pope John Paul II with Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger

With Joseph Ratzinger and Henri de Lubac, he founded the international theological journal Communio in 1971, with collaboration from members of the Italian Communion and Liberation movement, including Angelo Scola.[60] The journal was conceived as a more traditionally minded alternative to the progressive Concilium, and von Balthasar described its mission in terms of courage: "[T]his truth we believe in strips us bare. Like lambs among wolves. It is not a matter of bravado, but of Christian courage, to expose oneself to risk."[61] Karol Wojtyła became the editor of the Polish edition of the review.

Later in the 1970s, he was given fellowships at the British Academy and the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, in addition to prizes for translation. In 1984 Pope John Paul II awarded him the first Paul VI International Prize for his contributions to theology.[54] The following year saw an official Vatican symposium on the life and work of Adrienne von Speyr, which closed with a laudatory closing address by the pope.

Death
Tomb of von Balthasar, Church of St. Leodegar im Hof, Lucerne

From the low point of being banned from teaching as a result of his leaving the Society of Jesus,[62] von Balthasar's reputation had risen to the extent that Pope John Paul II named him to be a cardinal in 1988. He died, however, in his home in Basel on 26 June 1988, two days before the ceremony which would have formally granted him that position.[63] He is buried in the cemetery of the Church of St. Leodegar im Hof (Hofkirche) in Lucerne.[64]

Theology

Along with Karl Rahner and Bernard Lonergan, Balthasar sought to offer a response to Western modernity, which posed a challenge to traditional Catholic thought.[13]:262 While Rahner offered a progressive, accommodating position on modernity and Lonergan worked out a philosophy of history that sought to critically appropriate modernity, Balthasar resisted the reductionism and human focus of modernity, wanting Christianity to be more challenging toward modern sensibilities.;[13]:262 [65] Balthasar is very eclectic in his approach, sources, and interests and remains difficult to categorize.[13]:2 An example of his eclecticism was his long study and conversation with the influential Reformed Swiss theologian, Karl Barth, on whose work he wrote the first Catholic analysis and response. Although Balthasar's major points of analysis on Karl Barth's work have been disputed, his The Theology of Karl Barth: Exposition and Interpretation (1951) remains a classic work for its sensitivity and insight; Karl Barth himself agreed with its analysis of his own theological enterprise, calling it the best book on his own theology.[66] A distinctive thought in Balthasar's work is that our first experience after birth is the face of love of our mothers, where the I encounters for the first time the Thou, and the Thou smiles in a relationship of love and sustenance.[13]:236

Writings and thought

Trilogy

Balthasar was better known for his sixteen-volume systematic theological "trilogy", published between 1961 and 1987, with a concluding Epilog (Epilogue). It is called a trilogy because it is divided into three parts: Herrlichkeit (The Glory of the Lord), Theodramatik (Theo-Drama), and Theologik (Theo-Logic). They follow the threefold self-description of Jesus in John 14:6 ("I am the way, the truth, and the life") and therefore the transcendentals bonum, verum, and pulchrum (the good, the true, and the beautiful),[67][68] although the trilogy begins with Herrlichkeit, a study of the pulchrum, the beautiful.

Herrlichkeit (The Glory of the Lord)

Herrlichkeit is a seven-volume work on theological aesthetics. One of the most often quoted passages from the trilogy comes from the first volume, Schau der Gestalt (Seeing the Form): "Before the beautiful—no, not really before but within the beautiful—the whole person quivers. He not only 'finds' the beautiful moving; rather, he experiences himself as being moved and possessed by it."[13]:270

  1. Schau der Gestalt (Seeing the Form) (1961)
  2. Fächer der Stile: Klerikale Stile (Studies in Theological Style: Clerical Styles) (1962)
  3. Fächer der Stile: Laikale Stile (Studies in Theological Style: Lay Styles) (1962)
  4. Im Raum der Metaphysik: Altertum (The Realm of Metaphysics in Antiquity) (1965)
  5. Im Raum der Metaphysik: Neuzeit (The Realm of Metaphysics in the Modern Age) (1965)
  6. Theologie: Alter Bund (Theology: The Old Covenant) (1967)
  7. Theologie: Neuer Bund (Theology: The New Covenant) (1967)

Theodramatik (Theo-Drama)

Theodramatik is a five-volume work of "theological dramatic theory", examining the ethics and goodness in the action of God and in man's response, especially in the events of Good Friday, Holy Saturday, and Easter Sunday. Balthasar's soteriology, christology, and eschatology are here developed.

  1. Prolegomena (Prolegomena) (1973)
  2. Die Personen des Spiels: Der Mensch in Gott (Dramatis Personae: Man in God) (1976)
  3. Die Personen des Spiels: Die Personen in Christus (Dramatis Personae: Persons in Christ) (1978)
  4. Die Handlung (The Action) (1981)
  5. Das Endspiel (The Last Act) (1983)

Theologik (Theo-Logic)

Theologik is a three-volume work on "theological logical theory" describing the truth about the relation of the nature of Jesus Christ (christology) to reality itself (ontology, or the study of being). Volume 1, Wahrheit der Welt (Truth of the World), originally appeared as a standalone book in 1947, but was released with some revision in 1985 as the first part of Theologik.

  1. Wahrheit der Welt (Truth of the World) (1985)
  2. Wahrheit Gottes (Truth of God) (1985)
  3. Der Geist der Wahrheit (The Spirit of Truth) (1987)

Apokalypse der deutschen Seele

Balthasar's first major work, the three-volume Apokalypse der deutschen Seele (1937–39) (Apocalypse of the German Soul), was an expansion of his doctoral dissertation and a study in German literature, theology, and philosophy. Published in Germany and Austria during the Third Reich, one scholar has argued that the work contains anti-Semitism.[69] Von Balthasar later remarked on the Apokalypse, "The work was of insufficient maturity—most of the chapters ought to be rewritten—and yet some of it may still be valid."[26]

Other works

Balthasar also wrote of the lives of saints and Church fathers. Saints appear as an example of the lived Christian life throughout his writings. Instead of merely systematic analysis of theology, Balthasar described his theology as a "kneeling theology" deeply connected to contemplative prayer and as a "sitting theology" intensely connected to faith seeking understanding guided by the heart and mind of the Catholic Church.[13]:265

Balthasar was very concerned that his writings address spiritual and practical issues. He insisted that his theology never be divorced from the mystical experiences of his long-time friend and convert, the physician Adrienne von Speyr.[70]

Balthasar published varied works spanning many decades, fields of study (e.g., literature and literary analysis, lives of the saints, and the Church Fathers), and languages.

Balthasar used the expression Casta Meretrix to argue that the term Whore of Babylon was acceptable in a certain tradition of the Church, in the writings of Rabanus Maurus for instance.[71]

At Balthasar's funeral, then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later to become Pope Benedict XVI, said, speaking of Balthasar's work in general: "What the pope intended to express by this mark of distinction [i.e., elevation to the cardinalate], and of honor, remains valid; no longer only private individuals but the Church itself, in its official responsibility, tells us that he is right in what he teaches of the faith."[72]

Debate on Hell, hope, and salvation
Saint Teresia Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein)

In light of the 1987 book Was dürfen wir hoffen? [English title: Dare We Hope "That All Men Be Saved"?], a number of critics have accused von Balthasar of implicitly advocating universalism or apocatastasis, the teaching that all people will inherit eternal life, often associated with Origen.[73][74][75][76][77] Many, however, reject this criticism as a misreading of the theologian's work.[78][79][80][81][82] Von Balthasar himself denounces the doctrine of definite universal salvation and affirms the concrete possibility of being damned,[83][84] while insisting on the Christian duty to hope charitably that each person will be saved: "Thomas Aquinas taught that 'one can hope for eternal life for the other as long as one is united with him through love,' and from which of our brothers would it be permissible to withhold this love?"[85] Ralph Martin and James O'Connor[86][87] hold that von Balthasar's denial of universalism is incomplete, given his prominent use of a quote by Carmelite saint Edith Stein in his book-length essay Kleiner Diskurs über die Hölle (A Short Discourse on Hell, included in the English translation of Dare We Hope), which references an "infinitely improbable" resistance to grace. Stein writes:

All-merciful love can thus descend to everyone. We believe that it does so. And now, can we assume that there are souls that remain perpetually closed to such love? As a possibility in principle, this cannot be rejected. In reality, it can become infinitely improbable—precisely through what preparatory grace is capable of effecting in the soul. It can do no more than knock at the door, and there are souls that already open themselves to it upon hearing this unobtrusive call. Others allow it to go unheeded. Then it can steal its way into souls and begin to spread itself out there more and more.... If all the impulses opposed to the spirit have been expelled from the soul, then any free decision against this has become infinitely improbable.[88]

Defending von Balthasar, Avery Cardinal Dulles interprets this passage as an "orthodox" expression of "hope" rather than a systematic soteriological doctrine.[89] Other scholars have similarly recognized this distinction in the theologian's work more generally.[90] Von Balthasar responded to allegations of heresy after the publication of Was dürfen wir hoffen? by asking, "How can anyone equate hoping with knowing? I hope that my friend will recover from his serious illness—do I therefore know this?"[91] The position has been described as the result of a sort of conflict among the theological virtues, since "Love believes all things, [but also] hopes all things" (1 Corinthians 13:7), what for fides must be rejected, for spes must be accepted, in order to recover with the theology of hope what in 553 the dogmatic theology had condemned with the anathema of the fifth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople against the possibility of apocatastasis or universal salvation.[92][77][90] As Alyssa Pitstick phrases it, universal salvation, if it happens, would be the result of the "utter abandonment the Son undergoes".[93] In A Short Discourse on Hell, von Balthasar lists Erich Przywara, Henri de Lubac, Gaston Fessard, Maurice Blondel, Charles Péguy, Paul Claudel, Gabriel Marcel, Leon Bloy, Joseph Ratzinger, Walter Kasper, Romano Guardini, and Karl Rahner as Catholic thinkers who share his perspective on hope—"In summa: a company in which one can feel quite comfortable".[94]

Theologians have also expressed concerns about von Balthasar's depictions of Holy Saturday and Christ's descent into Hell, particularly as outlined in the last volume of the book Theo-Drama.[95][96] Others support von Balthasar's account, including Joseph Ratzinger, who called Theo-Drama a "profound analysis of the essence of Christian hope" and a "foundational contribution" to the theological field of Eschatology.[97] This theme is also explored in von Balthasar's 1969 book Theologie der drei Tage (Mysterium Paschale).

Reception

Pope Benedict XVI has described von Balthasar and Henri de Lubac as the two theologians he appreciates the most. In a 2016 interview, he claimed he shared an "inward intention" and "vision" with Balthasar, remarking positively, "It is unbelievable what this person has written and done."[98]

Balthasar's dramatic theory in Theo-Drama influenced the work of Raymund Schwager.[99]

Balthasar's major writings have been translated into English, and the journal he co-founded with Henri de Lubac, Karl Lehmann, and Joseph Ratzinger, Communio, currently appears in twelve languages. In delivering his eulogy, Ratzinger, quoting de Lubac, called Balthasar, "perhaps the most cultured man of our time."[100] In March 2018, together with Adrienne von Speyr, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chur formally opened their cause towards canonisation.[101]

Von Balthasar has also been highly influential in the work of Bishop Robert Barron, who has been an ardent advocate of von Balthasar's soteriology.[102]

Works
  • The Christian and Anxiety
  • Christian Meditation
  • The Christian State of Life
  • Convergences
  • Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor
  • Credo
  • Dare We Hope "That All Men Be Saved"? with a Short Discourse on Hell
  • Does Jesus Know Us? Do We Know Him?
  • Elucidations
  • Engagement with God
  • Epilogue
  • Explorations in Theology, Vol. 1: The Word Made Flesh
  • Explorations in Theology, Vol. 2: Spouse of the Word
  • Explorations in Theology, Vol. 3: Creator Spirit
  • Explorations in Theology, Vol. 4: Spirit and Institution
  • Explorations in Theology, Vol. 5: Man Is Created
  • A First Glance at Adrienne von Speyr
  • The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, Vol. 1: Seeing the Form
  • The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, Vol. 2: Studies in Theological Style: Clerical Styles
  • The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, Vol. 3: Studies in Theological Style: Lay Styles
  • The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, Vol. 4: The Realm of Metaphysics in Antiquity
  • The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, Vol. 5: The Real of Metaphysics in the Modern Age
  • The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, Vol. 6: The Old Covenant
  • The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, Vol. 7: The New Covenant
  • The Grain of Wheat
  • Heart of the World
  • In the Fullness of the Faith: On the Distinctively Catholic
  • The Laity in the Life of the Counsels
  • Life Out of Death: Meditations on the Paschal Mystery
  • Light of the Word
  • Love Alone is Credible
  • Mary for Today
  • The Moment of Christian Witness
  • My Work in Retrospect
  • Mysterium Pachale: The Mystery of Easter
  • The Office of Peter and the Structure of the Church
  • Our Task
  • Paul Struggles with His Congregation
  • Prayer
  • Priestly Spirituality
  • Razing the Bastions
  • Romano Guardini: Reform from the Source
  • A Short Primer for the Unsettled Layman
  • Theo-Drama-Theological Dramatic Theory, Vol. 1; Prologomena
  • Theo-Drama-Theological Dramatic Theory, Vol. 2: Dramatis Personae: Man in God
  • Theo-Drama-Theological Dramatic Theory, Vol. 3: Dramatis Personae: Persons in Christ
  • Theo-Drama-Theological Dramatic Theory, Vol. 4: The Performance
  • Theo-Drama-Theological Dramatic Theory, Vol. 5: The Last Act
  • The Theology of Henri de Lubac: An Overview
  • A Theology of History
  • The Theology of Karl Barth
  • Theo-Logic, Vol. 1: Truth of the World
  • Theo-Logic, Vol. 2: Truth of God
  • Theo-Logic, Vol. 3: The Spirit of Truth
  • The Threefold Garland
  • To the Heart of the Mystery of Redemption
  • Truth is Symphonic: Aspects of Christian Pluralism
  • Two Sisters in the Spirit
  • Unless You Become Like This Child
  • Who is a Christian?

The most comprehensive printed bibliography (223 pages, including translations up to 2005) now available of all of von Balthasar's writings is Capol, Cornelia; Müller, Claudia, eds. (2005). Hans Urs von Balthasar: Bibliographie 1925-2005. Einsiedeln: Johannes Verlag. ISBN 978-3894110291.

See also

References
  1. Nichols, Aidan (1998). "An Introduction to Balthasar". New Blackfriars. 79 (923): 2–10. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.1998.tb02800.x. ISSN 1741-2005. JSTOR 43250077.
  2. Stephen David Wigley (2006). Karl Barth and Hans Urs von Balthasar: A Critical Engagement (PhD thesis). Birmingham: University of Birmingham. p. 230. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  3. Stephen David Wigley (2006), p. 3.
  4. Stephen David Wigley (2006), p. 1.
  5. Polanco, Rodrigo (2017). "Understanding Von Balthasar's Trilogy". Theologica Xaveriana. 67 (184): 413. doi:10.11144/javeriana.tx67-184.uvbt. ISSN 0120-3649.
  6. Walatka, Todd (2017). Von Balthasar and the Option for the Poor: Theodramatics in the Light of Liberation Theology. Washington: Catholic University of America Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8132-2948-5.
  7. Stephen David Wigley (2006), p. 144.
  8. Stephen David Wigley (2006), p. 104.
  9. Stephen David Wigley (2006), pp. 14–15.
  10. Stephen David Wigley (2006), p. 145.
  11. Placher, William C. (September 7, 2004). "God's Beauty". The Christian Century. Vol. 121 no. 18. Chicago. p. 42. ISSN 0009-5281. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  12. Long, D. Stephen (2000). Divine Economy: Theology and the Market. Radical Orthodoxy. London: Routledge. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-134-58888-6.
  13. Edward T. Oakes, S.J.; David Moss, eds. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Hans Urs von Balthasar. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-13982680-8.
  14. Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal (Winter 1988). "Homily at the Funeral Liturgy for Hans Urs von Balthasar". Communio. 15: 512–16.
  15. Peter Henrici (1991). "Hans Urs von Balthasar: A Sketch of His Life". In David L. Schindler (ed.). Hans Urs Von Balthasar. His Life and Work. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-89870378-6.
  16. "Blessed Vilmos Apor". Mindszenty Alapítvány. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  17. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 8.
  18. von Balthasar, Hans Urs (1994). Our Task. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780898705157.
  19. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 8–9.
  20. Von Balthasar, Our Task, p. 36.
  21. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 16.
  22. "Doyle, Arthur Conan, Sir, 1859-1930 | Dartmouth Library Archives & Manuscripts". archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  23. Kent, Allen, ed. (1985). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 38, Supp. 3. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 145. ISBN 0824720377.
  24. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 9.
  25. The doctorate was entitled "History of the Eschatological Problem in German Literature". It appeared, considerably rewritten, as Apokalypse der deutschen Seele, 3 vols, (Salzburg, 1937-9)
  26. Von Balthasar, Our Task, p. 37.
  27. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 10–11.
  28. Cirelli, Anthony (14 April 2011). "Facing the Abyss: Hans Urs von Balthasar's Reading of Anxiety". New Blackfriars: 706. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2010.01388 – via ATLA Religious.
  29. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 10.
  30. von Balthasar, Hans Urs. "Perché mi sono fatto sacerdote." In Hans Urs von Balthasar. Edited by Elio Guerriero. Milan: Edizioni Paoline, 1991.
  31. von Balthasar, Hans Urs (1988). "Le sorgenti della vita." In La realtà e la gloria: Articoli e interviste 1978–1988. Milan: EDIT.
  32. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 12.
  33. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 14–15.
  34. von Balthasar, Hans Urs (1989). Test Everything—Hold Fast to What Is Good. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780898701968.
  35. Henrici, "A Sketch", p. 14.
  36. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 15–16.
  37. Servais, Jacques, ed. (2019). Hans Urs von Balthasar on the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises: An Anthology. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. xvi–xvii.
  38. Von Balthasar, Hans Urs (2017). First Glance at Adrienne von Speyr. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-62164-180-3.
  39. Von Balthasar, First Glance, p. 33.
  40. Von Balthasar, Our Task, p. 13–20.
  41. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 19.
  42. Von Balthasar, First Glance, pp. 91–95.
  43. Von Balthasar, Our Task, p. 9.
  44. Von Balthasar, Test Everything, p. 88.
  45. Von Balthasar, Our Task, p. 55.
  46. Aidan Nichols, The word has been abroad: a guide through Balthasar's aesthetics, Introduction to Hans Urs von Balthasar 1, (1998), p. xviii.
  47. Servais, Jacques (2019). Hans Urs von Balthasar on the Spiritual Exercises. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. xx–xxi. ISBN 9781621642794.
  48. Martin, Ralph. "Balthasar and Speyr: First Steps in a Discernment of Spirits". Adobe Cloud.
  49. Miles, Obedience, pp. 11, 50–52.
  50. "Bibliographie Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–1988)" (PDF). Johannes Verlag. 2020.
  51. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 19-20.
  52. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 21.
  53. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 20–21.
  54. Munro, André (21 January 2014). "Hans Urs von Balthasar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  55. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 24.
  56. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 23–24.
  57. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 26–27.
  58. Peter Henrici (1991), pp. 26.
  59. Peter Henrici (1991), p. 35.
  60. Guerriero, Elio (2018). Benedict XVI: His Life and Thought. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 218–24. ISBN 9781642290493.
  61. von Balthasar, Hans Urs (Spring 2006). "Communio—A Program" (PDF). Communio. 33: 153–69.
  62. Leaving the Society meant that Balthasar was without a position, a pastorate, a place to live, or an income. Because he had left the Jesuit order, the Catholic Congregation for Seminaries and Universities had banned him from teaching. But he eventually found an ecclesiastical home under a sympathetic bishop and was able to live by a grueling schedule of lecture tours. "Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905-1988)" Radical Faith The Society of the Sacred Mission Archived 2007-04-05 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 1 February 2009.
  63. On 29 May 1988 Pope John Paul II announced his intention to nominate von Balthasar as cardinal at the next consistory, held 28 June 1988; see Salvador Miranda, "Consistories for the creation of Cardinals: 20th Century (1903-2005)," retrieved 9 May 2013. One is not a cardinal until the Pope formally announces the new cardinal in a consistory with the existing members of the college of cardinals; see Code of Canon Law (1983), canon 351.
  64. Peter Henrici (1991). "A Sketch of His Life". In David L. Schindler (ed.). Hans Urs Von Balthasar. His Life and Work. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870378-6.
  65. John Anthony Berry (2012). "Tested in Fire: Hans Urs von Balthasar on the Moment of Christian Witness" (PDF). MELiTA THEoLoGiCA. 62: 145–170. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  66. Colón-Emeric, Edgardo Antonio (31 May 2005). "Symphonic Truth: Von Balthasar and Christian Humanism". The Christian Century. 122 (11): 30–. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  67. Mathijs Lamberigts; Lieven Boeve; Terrence Merrigan, eds. (2007). Theology and the Quest for Truth. Historical- and Systematic-theological Studies. In collaboration with Dirk Claes. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 978-9-04291873-3.
  68. Aidan Nichols (2011). A Key to Balthasar. Hans Urs von Balthasar on Beauty, Goodness, and Truth. Ada Township, Michigan: Baker Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-80103974-4.
  69. See "Chapter Seven: The anti-modern anti-Semitic complex" in Paul Silas Peterson, The Early Hans Urs von Balthasar: Historical Contexts and Intellectual Formation (2015).
  70. Hans Urs von Balthasar (1993) [1990]. My Work. In Retrospect. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 153. ISBN 1-68149347-0.
  71. Casta Meretrix: The Church as Harlot Archived 2010-02-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  72. John L. Allen Jr. (November 28, 2003). "The Word From Rome". National Catholic Reporter. 3 (15).
  73. Pitstick, Alyssa Lyra (2016). Christ's Descent into Hell: John Paul II, Joseph Ratzinger, and Hans Urs Von Balthasar on the Theology of Holy Saturday. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802869050.
  74. Martin, Ralph (2020). A Church in Crisis: Pathways Forward. Steubenville, OH: Emmaus Road. ISBN 978-1645850489.
  75. "A Dubious Influence: De Lubac & Von Balthasar's Effect on Catholic Thought". OnePeterFive. 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  76. Scanlon, Regis. "The Inflated Reputation of Hans Urs von Balthasar". Catholic Culture.
  77. Oakes; Moss, eds. (2004). p. 261. Quotation: "Balthasar does not deny the possibility of salvation outside the boundaries of explicit Christianity - in fact he is probably more emphatic than Rahner in maintaining the legitimacy of Christian hope for universal salvation."
  78. Healy, Jr., Nicholas J. (Spring 2015). "Vatican II and the Catholicity of Salvation: A Response to Ralph Martin" (PDF). Communio. 42: 36–60.
  79. Nichols, Aidan (2020). Balthasar for Thomists. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 149–150.
  80. Oakes, Edward (December 2006). "Balthasar, Hell, and Heresy: An Exchange". First Things.
  81. Brumley, Mark (January 19, 2015). "Should We Hope "That All Men Be Saved"?". Catholic World Report.
  82. "It is curious indeed that a text so often characterized as advocating an easy 'universalism' in regard to salvation actually commences with a clear statement that all men stand under the divine judgment. Whatever else Hans Urs von Balthasar says in this book, the one thing he is quite clearly not saying is that we have certain knowledge that all people will be saved." Barron, Robert (2014). Foreword to Dare We Hope "That All Men Be Saved"?. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
  83. von Balthasar, Hans Urs (1980). "Gericht". Internationale Katholische Zeitschift Communio. 9 (3): 227–35.
  84. Hans Urs von Balthasar (1988). Dare We Hope "that All Men be Saved"? With a Short Discourse on Hell ["Was dürfen wir hoffen?" (1986) and "Kleiner Diskurs über die Hölle" (1987)]. Translated by Dr. David Kipp and Rev. Lothar Krauth. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-89870-207-0.
  85. Hans Urs von Balthasar (1988), p. 171. Quoting Summa Theologiae II-II, q. 17, a. 3.
  86. Martin, Ralph (2012). Will Many Be Saved? What Vatican II Actually Teaches and Its Implications for the New Evangelization. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 9781467436328.
  87. O'Connor, James (July 1989). "Von Balthasar and Salvation". Homiletic and Pastoral Review.
  88. Stein, Edith (1962). Welt und Person. Freiburg. Quoted in Hans Urs von Balthasar (1988), p. 175–76.
  89. Dulles, Avery Cardinal (May 2003). "The Population of Hell". First Things.
  90. Morwenna Ludlow (2000). Universal salvation: eschatology in the thought of Gregory of Nyssa p. 5. "Von Balthasar hopes for universal salvation and warns against asserting it outright (e.g. Mysterium Paschale, 177–8, 262–6; Dare We Hope . . ., 148–57, 236–54)
  91. Hans Urs von Balthasar (1988), p. 131.
  92. Hans Urs von Balthasar (1988) Epilogue. Apokatastasis: Universal reconciliation (pp. 137ff.).
  93. Alyssa Lyra Pitstick (2007). Light in darkness. Hans Urs von Balthasar and the Catholic Doctrine of Christ's Descent Into Hell. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-80284-039-4.
  94. Balthasar, Dare We Hope, p. 133.
  95. Levering, Matthew (2019). The Achievement of Hans Urs von Balthasar. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 213–14. ISBN 9780813231754.
  96. Kilby, Karen (2012). Balthasar: A (Very) Critical Introduction. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802827388.
  97. Ratzinger, Joseph (2007). Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. p. 262. ISBN 9780813215167.
  98. Benedict; Seewald, Peter (2016). Last Testament: In His Own Words. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472944634.
  99. The influence is reflected in some of Schwager's titles, i.e.: Jesus in the Drama of Salvation. Toward a Biblical Doctrine of Redemption (German: Jesus im Heilsdrama. Entwurf einer biblischen Erlösungslehre), New York: Crossroad 1999, and: Banished from Eden: Original Sin and Evolutionary Theory in the Drama of Salvation (Duits: Erbsünde und Heilsdrama: Im Kontext von Evolution, Gentechnik und Apokalyptik), Londen: Gracewing 2006.
  100. "Hans Urs von Balthasar Eulogy - Cardinal Henri de Lubac -A Witness of Christ in the Church -Welcome to The Crossroads Initiative".
  101. "1988". newsaints.faithweb.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  102. Robert Barron (30 March 2011). "Is Hell Crowded or Empty? A Catholic Perspective". Word on Fire. Retrieved 27 September 2019.

Further reading

Introductory studies

  • Peter Henrici, SJ, "Hans Urs von Balthasar: a Sketch of His Life", Communio: International Catholic Review 16/3 (fall, 1989): 306–50
  • Rodney Howsare, Balthasar: a guide for the perplexed, (2009)
  • Karen Kilby, Balthasar: A (Very) Critical Introduction, (2012)
  • Aidan Nichols, Balthasar for Thomists (2020)
  • Aidan Nichols, The word has been abroad: a guide through Balthasar's aesthetics, Introduction to Hans Urs von Balthasar 1, (1998)
  • Aidan Nichols, No bloodless myth: a guide through Balthasar's dramatics, Introduction to Hans Urs von Balthasar, (2000)
  • Aidan Nichols, Say it is Pentecost: a guide through Balthasar's logic, Introduction to Hans Urs von Balthasar (2001)
  • Aidan Nichols, Scattering the seed: a guide through Balthasar's early writings on philosophy and the arts", Introduction to Hans Urs von Balthasar, (2006)
  • Aidan Nichols, Divine fruitfulness: a guide through Balthasar's theology beyond the trilogy, Introduction to Hans Urs von Balthasar, (2007)
  • John O’Donnell, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Outstanding Christian Thinkers, (2000)
  • Ben Quash, "Hans Urs von Balthasar", in David F. Ford, The Modern Theologians, (3rd edn, 2005)
  • David L. Schindler (ed), Hans Urs von Balthasar: His Life and Work (1991)

In-depth studies

  • Lucy Gardner et al., Balthasar at the end of modernity, (1999)
  • Mark A McIntosh, Christology from within: spirituality and the incarnation in Hans Urs von Balthasar, Studies in spirituality and theology; 3, (2000)
  • Aidan Nichols, A key to Balthasar: Hans Urs von Balthasar on beauty, goodness and truth, (2011)
  • Paul Silas Peterson, The Early Hans Urs von Balthasar: Historical Contexts and Intellectual Formation (2015)
  • J. Riches, ed, The Analogy of Beauty: The theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar (Edinburgh, 1986)
  • Gordon, James. 2016. A holy one in our midst. Minneapolis: Fortress Press
  • Denny, Christopher. 2016. A generous symphony. Minneapolis: Fortress Press
  • O'Regan, Cyril. 2014. The Anatomy of Misremembering: Von Balthasar’s Response to Philosophical Modernity, Volume 1: Hegel. Chestnut Ridge: Crossroad Publishing
  • O'Regan, Cyril. Forthcoming. The Anatomy of Misremembering: Von Balthasar's Response to Philosophical Modernity, Volume 2: Heidegger. Chestnut Ridge: Crossroad Publishing

6–58

Awards
Preceded by
Ignazio Silone		 Gottfried-Keller-Preis
1975		 Succeeded by
Elias Canetti
New award Paul VI Prize
1983		 Succeeded by
Olivier Messiaen
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