Haplogroup NO

Haplogroup NO (M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572),[8] also known as NO-M214 and NO1,[8] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. NO is the sole confirmed subclade of Haplogroup K2a1 (K-M2313), which is the sole subclade of Haplogroup K2a (K-M2308).[6] NO is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in most parts of eastern and northern Eurasia, including East Asia, Siberia and northern Fennoscandia.

Haplogroup NO
Possible time of origin	Formed circa 45,400–45,840 years BP (NO/NO1, based on YFull 2017,[1] and previous estimates of: 41,500 [95% CI 37,400 <-> 45,600] years BP,[2] 48,871 [95% CI 37,095 <-> 58,831] years BP,[3] and 50,800 or 43,500 years BP[4])
Coalescence age	Circa 41,500 – 40,067 years BP (NO/NO1, based on YFull 2017,[1] and previous estimates of: 36,800 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300] years BP,[2] 41,900 [31,294 <-> 51,202] years BP,[3] and 44,700 or 38,300 years BP depending on mutation rate[4])
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia or East Asia (Northern China)[5][6][7]
Ancestor	K2a1 (M2313/Z4858)
Descendants	N (M231) and O (M175).[8]
Defining mutations	M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572[1][6]

Before 2016, NO was generally regarded as synonymous with K2a.[6] Researchers such as David Poznik (Poznik et al. 2016) documented examples of previously unknown subclades of haplogroup K2, in both ancient remains and living individuals, which: (firstly) had several, varying suites of the SNPs regarded previously as uniquely defining K2a and NO, but also (secondly) lacked any of the SNPs specifically identifying haplogroups Haplogroup N (M231) and Haplogroup O (M175).[6] This demonstrated conclusively that multiple stages of development separated K2a from NO, which therefore constituted "grandparent" and "grandchild" clades. Poznik et al. 2016 used the name "K2a1" for the Y-DNA of some of the individuals who belonged to K2a(xK2a*,NO), while also mentioning that K2a1 did not include all examples of K2a(xK2a*,NO).

As of 2020, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) refers to NO-M214 as "NO1", and to K2a/K2a1 as "NO".[8]

There may be at least one other primary branch of NO: the ISOGG official Y-DNA haplogroup tree lists a haplogroup known as "NO1~" [sic] (CTS707/M2306) alongside NO-M214 (which ISOGG refers to as "NO1").[8] The tilde (~) indicates that its exact position of NO1~ in the phylogeny is unknown. It may be a primary branch or sibling of NO, it may be a primary branch or sibling of K2a1, or it may instead be a primary branch of K2a.

Based on the projected origins of K2a, K2a1, and the basal haplogroups N* and O* respectively, NO* probably originated in East Asia.[5][6]

Distribution

Migration of Haplogroup NO

While there is some evidence of NO* being found in living individuals, these examples are not well-researched. Further research may instead identify them as belonging to N* (M231), N1, or the provisional subclade N2 (F3373/M2283/Page56/S323).[9][10] These cases include:

• 5.7% (2/35) of Bouyei males, in China or Vietnam;[10]
• a pool of four samples of Japanese males at 2.9% (6/210), particularly in Tokushima Prefecture at a rate of 5.7% (4/70),[9] and;
• small proportions of samples from Yizu,[9] Malays, Sô, Mongolians,[9] Daurs,[10] Manchurian Evenks,[10] Hezhes,[10] Huis,[10] Yaos,[10] South Koreans,[10] Fiji (1/107 = 0.9%), Futuna 5%, Niue 3.5%, Tuvalu 3.6%, and Samoa 3%.

Members of Haplogroup NO* include a Telugu of Indian origin sampled in the United Kingdom and a Malay sampled in Singapore.[6][1]

Two sets of ancient remains previously considered as possibly belonging to NO have since been reclassified upstream to K2a.

• Ust'-Ishim man dates from approximately 45,000 BP and was found in Omsk Oblast, Russia.[11] (Until 2016 these remains were erroneously classified as K2*.)
• Oase 1: the remains found in Romania of a male who lived 37,000-42,000 years BP.[12]

Likewise, cases previously regarded as possible examples of NO* or NO1*, and since ruled out, include:

• two Han Chinese males previously found to be negative for M175 (i.e. Haplogroup O) and LLY22g (an obsolete, possibly inaccurate marker for N1), have subsequently have been found to belong to N* (N-M231),[13] and;
• a clade first identified in South India, defined by the SNP M147 and labelled "pre-NO" and "Haplogroup X", among other names, was found to be a sibling of NO (K2a) within Haplogroup K2 (K-M526); the new clade was renamed K2e.

Subclades

Phylogenetic tree

This phylogeny of haplogroups K2a, K2a1, and NO is based on YFull 2018,[1] Poznik 2016, ISOGG 2018, Karafet 2008.[6][8][14]

K2a K-M2308 (M2308) Found only in the ancient remains "Ust'-Ishim man" (c. 45,000 BP) and "Oase 1" (c. 39,500 BP).[6]

• K2a1 K-M2313 (M2313/Z4858) [6] Named by Poznik 2016; previously not distinguished from K2a.
  • NO K-M214 (M214/Page39; F176/M2314; CTS5858/M2325/F346; CTS11572) [1][6][8] Poznik 2016 and ISOGG 2018 distinguish between NO1 (M214), N and O.
    • • N M231; CTS2947/M2175; Z4891; CTS10118 [1]
      • O M175/P186/P191/P196; F369/M1755; F380/M1757/S27659 [1]

The position of NO1~ (CTS707/M2306), a subclade of K2a1 or NO, in this phylogeny is unclear.[8]

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Genealogical DNA test
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T [χ 3]
			A0	A1 [χ 4]
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
							B	CT
								DE						CF
							D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																					IJK	H
														IJ	K
									I	J		LT [χ 5]		K2 [χ 6]
																L	T		K2a [χ 7]	K2b [χ 8]	K2c	K2d	K2e [χ 9]
																			K-M2313 [χ 10]		K2b1 [χ 11]	P [χ 12]
																			NO		S [χ 13]	M [χ 14]		P1	P2
																		N	O			Q	R
Y-DNA by population Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people Footnotes  Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a". Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.) Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

References

1. YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335" (9 December 2017); PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (9 December 2017); GeneticHomeland.com, 2016, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y V4208 (9 December 2017).
2. YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.06 at 25 September 2017
3. Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
4. G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics vol. 48, no. 6 (June): pp. 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
5. Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard; et al. (2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
6. G. David Poznik et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences" Nature Genetics, no. 48, pp. 593–599.
7. 『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史 日本人集団・日本語の成立史』
8. ISOGG, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2018 (17 January 2018).
9. Hammer et al. (2005) "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," The Japan Society of Human Genetics, 2005
10. Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; et al. (2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
12. Poznik, GD; Xue, Y; Mendez, FL; Willems, TF; Massaia, A; Wilson Sayres, MA; Ayub, Q; McCarthy, SA; Narechania, A; Kashin, S; Chen, Y; Banerjee, R; Rodriguez-Flores, JL; Cerezo, M; Shao, H; Gymrek, M; Malhotra, A; Louzada, S; Desalle, R; Ritchie, GR; Cerveira, E; Fitzgerald, TW; Garrison, E; Marcketta, A; Mittelman, D; Romanovitch, M; Zhang, C; Zheng-Bradley, X; Abecasis, GR; McCarroll, SA; Flicek, P; Underhill, PA; Coin, L; Zerbino, DR; Yang, F; Lee, C; Clarke, L; Auton, A; Erlich, Y; Handsaker, RE; Bustamante, CD; Tyler-Smith, C (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nat Genet. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
13. Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox et al., "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," MBE Advance Access published March 5, 2010.
14. Karafet; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F.; et al. (2008). "Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.

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