Haplogroup R2

Haplogroup R2, or R-M479, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker M479. It is one of two primary descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207), the other being R1 (R-M173).

Haplogroup R2
Possible time of origin27,000 BP[1]
Possible place of originSouth Asia or Central Asia[1]
AncestorHaplogroup R
DescendantsR2a (M124);
R2b (FGC21706)
Defining mutationsM479

R-M479 has been concentrated geographically in South Asia and Central Asia since prehistory. It appears to reach its highest levels among the Burusho people in North Pakistan.[2] However, it also appears to be present at low levels in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and Europe.

It has two primary branches: R2a (M124) and R2b (R-FGC21706)

Structure
  • R (M207/Page37/UTY2)
    • R1 (M173/P241/Page29)
    • R2 (M479/PF6107, L266/PF6108, L722, L726)
      • R2a (M124, F820/Page4, L381, P249)
        • R2a1 (L263)
        • R2a2 (P267/PF6109)
      • R2b (FGC21706, FGC50198, FGC50325, FGC50333, SK2163, SK2164, SK2165, SK2166)
        • R2b1 (FGC50339)


Source: ISOGG 2017.[1]

Geographical distribution

Most research has tested only for the presence of R-M479 (R2) and R-M124 (R2a) – or SNPs downstream from M124 like P249, P267, L266, PAGES00004, and L381 SNPs). Because the other primary branch, R2b (R-FGC21706) was discovered later than R2a, it has often not been tested for. Hence most results are best described as R2(xR2a).

In addition, relatively little research has been done within South Asia, which is known to have the greatest concentration of R2. (Hence the figures cited in the table right may not be indicative of true frequencies, i.e. Pakistan is the only South Asian country that has been included.)

In 2013, R2(xR2a) was found in 5 out of 19 males from the Burusho minority of North Pakistan.[2]

R2a (R-M124)

Haplogroup R2a (R-M124) is characterized by SNPs M124, F820/Page4, L381, P249,[1] and is mainly found in South Asia, with lower frequencies in Central Asia and the Caucasus. R-M124 is also found in multiple Jewish populations: Iraqi Jews, Persian Jews, Mountain Jews, and Ashkenazi Jews.[3]

Phylogenetic tree
M479
 

R2*

 
M124

 R2a

 
 FGC21706

 R2b

 
 

Description of the SNP M479
Common Name Marker M479
YCC Haplogroup R-M479
Nucleotide change C to T
Amplicon size (bp) reference sequence 323
Polymorphism position from 5' end 107
Restriction enzyme variant HphI
RefSNP ID -
Y-position 19294055
Primer forward 5'-3' gatactttatcaggcttacttc
Primer reverse 5'-3' aaccaaatctctcagaatcg

Notes
  1. ISOGG, 2017, Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2017 (17 June 2017).
  2. Julie Di Cristofaro , Erwan Pennarun , Stéphane Mazières, Natalie M. Myres, Alice A. Lin, Shah Aga Temori, Mait Metspalu, Ene Metspalu, Michael Witzel, Roy J. King, Peter A. Underhill, Richard Villems & Jacques Chiaroni , 2013, “Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge”, ‘’PLoS One’’ (October 18). (17 June 2017.)
  3. Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Third Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, p. 185.

See also

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R


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