Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel

The Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessels are warships of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) built by the Government of Canada Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship (AOPS) procurement project, part of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy (now called National Shipbuilding Strategy). In July 2007 the federal government announced plans for acquiring six to eight icebreaking warships for the RCN.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Harry DeWolf under construction May 2018
Class overview
Name: Harry DeWolf class
Builders: Halifax Shipyards
Operators:
Preceded by: None
Cost:
  • CA$3.5 billion (design and build)
  • CA$2.3 billion (for construction of six vessels)[1]
Planned: 8 (6 for RCN and 2 for the CCG)
Building: 3 (RCN)
Completed: 1
General characteristics
Type: Arctic/offshore patrol vessel
Displacement: 6,615 t (6,511 long tons)
Length: 103.6 m (339 ft 11 in)[2]
Beam: 19 m (62 ft 4 in)[2]
Ice class: Polar Class 5
Installed power: Four 3.6 MW (4,800 hp) diesel generators[3]
Propulsion: Diesel-electric; two shafts (2 × 4.5 MW (6,000 hp))[3]
Speed:
  • 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) (open water)[2]
  • 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) (icebreaking)
Range: 6,800 nmi (12,600 km; 7,800 mi)[2]
Boats & landing
craft carried:		 Two multi-role rescue boats - ABCO Industries 12 m (39 ft) landing craft[4]
Complement: 65 (RCN)
Sensors and
processing systems:		 SATCOM (Link 16), Multichannel VHF/HF Radio, Anti-missile detect systems; OSI Maritime Systems, Integrated Bridge Navigational System; SAGEM Damage/Machinery Control Systems
Armament:
Aircraft carried:
Aviation facilities:

The vessels are modelled on the Norwegian NoCGV Svalbard and as of 2007 were projected to cost CA$3.5 billion to construct with a total project procurement budgeted to cost $4.3 billion in order to cover maintenance over the 25-year lifespan of the vessels.[12][13]

The lead ship of the class was announced as Harry DeWolf in September 2014, and four additional ships were named in January 2015. Construction of the ships Harry DeWolf and Margaret Brooke started in September 2015 and September 2016 at Halifax Shipyards, respectively. Harry DeWolf and Margaret Brooke were originally planned to be delivered in 2019 and 2020 respectively.[14] Harry DeWolf was officially launched on 15 September 2018.[15] Margaret Brooke was launched on 10 November 2019.[16] Max Bernays began construction in December 2017 and William Hall was also planned to begin in 2017, although construction was delayed to early 2019, with Max Bernays expected to launch in 2021, followed by William Hall in 2022.[14] Frédérick Rolette was scheduled to begin construction in 2019, with construction on Robert Hampton Gray expected to begin in 2021. They were originally planned to be completed by 2022 and 2023, respectively.[14][17][18][19] However, in 2020 it was confirmed that ships five and six (Frédérick Rolette and Robert Hampton Gray) would not begin construction until 2021 and 2022 respectively.[20]

On 22 May 2019, an official announcement was made to begin the process of building two vessels for the Canadian Coast Guard, bringing the total number of ships in the class to eight.[21]

Project history

In 2006 Prime Minister Stephen Harper had spoken about building three to four icebreakers capable of travelling through thick ice in the Arctic Ocean.[22][23][24] In 2007 it was announced that the Canadian Armed Forces would purchase six to eight patrol ships having an ice class of Polar Class 5, meaning that they were capable of limited ice breaking,[25] based on the Norwegian Svalbard class.[12] This announcement was met with some controversy, and the proposed ships have been called "slush-breakers", by Dr. Gary Stern, a scientist aboard CCGS Amundsen, and Jack Layton of the NDP.[26][27] However, it is notable that of the nineteen Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers currently in service, only six have an ice class higher than Polar Class 5.[28]

In 2010 the Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship Project was grouped with several other federal government ship procurement projects for the Royal Canadian Navy and Canadian Coast Guard into the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy (NSPS). The NSPS announced on 19 October 2011 that Irving Shipbuilding would be awarded the $25 billion contract for building six to eight Arctic patrol ships as well as fifteen other warships for the RCN over the next two decades.[29]

Norwegian Coast Guard vessel NoCGV Svalbard, on which the Harry DeWolf class is modelled.

In April 2013, the Rideau Institute and the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives released a report on the proposed AOPS. The report was written by UBC Professor Michael Byers and Stewart Webb. The report's conclusion was that Canada would be better suited to have purpose built ships, namely icebreakers for the Arctic and offshore patrol vessels for the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.[30] In May, the CBC revealed that the projected cost of the design phase of the project was many times what other countries paid for similar ships based on the same Norwegian class for design, construction, and full-up operational deployment of multiple ships. Design is usually projected to consume 10–20% of the project cost. The projected design cost of the ship class is $288 million, versus an expert cost estimate that they should only cost $10–15 million to design, in addition to $5 million Canada paid to Norwegian for the design of Svalbard. The Norwegians spent less than $100 million for the initial design and fielding of the first unit in 2002, NoCGV Svalbard. The Danish built two ships for $105 million in 2007, and the Irish did the same for $125 million.[13]

In September 2014, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that the name of the first ship in the class would be Harry DeWolf, named in honour of wartime Canadian naval hero Harry DeWolf, and that the class would be named the Harry DeWolf class.[31] In December it was found that not enough money had been projected to cover the cost of building the six to eight planned ships and that the budget would need to be increased, delaying the signing of the contract.[32] However, in an effort to drive down costs, Irving Shipbuilding could only project building five ships with the option to build a sixth only if it came under budget. The budget for the project was increased from $3.1 billion to $3.5 billion to ensure a cash buffer.[33]

On 13 April 2015 the government announced a second ship would be named Margaret Brooke in honour of Sub-Lieutenant Margaret Brooke, a Royal Canadian Navy Nursing Sister decorated for heroism for her efforts to save a fellow nursing sister after the sinking of the ferry SS Caribou during World War II.[34] The third ship will be named Max Bernays for Chief Petty Officer Max Bernays who served aboard HMCS Assiniboine during the Second World War and was decorated for his actions during the sinking of the German submarine U-210.[35] The fourth ship will be named for William Hall, a Victoria Cross (VC) recipient from Nova Scotia and the first black person to be awarded the VC, for his actions during the Siege of Lucknow.[36][37] The fifth ship will be named for Frédérick Rolette, a French-Canadian sailor of Canada's Provincial Marine under the Royal Navy who, during the War of 1812, was second-in-command of the ship Lady Prevost at the Battle of Lake Erie, and led the capture of the American supply vessel Cayahoga Packet, in July 1812, an action instrumental in contributing to the capture of Detroit one month later.[38]

On 2 November 2018, the option for the sixth ship was taken up.[39] In 2020 it was confirmed that the sixth ship would be named for Robert Hampton Gray, posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry during World War II while serving with the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm in the Pacific theatre.[40] The cost of the sixth vessel is expected to be higher due to the tariffs on steel and aluminum imposed by both Canada and the United States.[41]

On 22 May 2019, it was be announced two more ships will be built for the Canadian Coast Guard.[42]

Construction

On 18 June 2015 it was reported that the construction of test modules for the lead ship of the class Harry DeWolf was underway.[43] The first sections of keel were placed on 11 March 2016, but the official laying of the keel of Harry DeWolf was held on 9 June 2016, marking the first naval construction in Canada since 1998,[44][45] and the largest purposefully-built warship for the RCN in over 50 years. In September 2016, it was announced that construction had begun on Margaret Brooke and that 50 of 64 modular pieces of Harry DeWolf had been completed.[46] On 8 December 2017, the three main sections of Harry DeWolf were fitted into place.[47] The first steel for Max Bernays was cut on 19 December 2017.[48] Construction of William Hall started on 3 May 2019.[49] Margaret Brooke was launched on 10 November 2019.[50]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Irving Shipbuilding announced that construction would be halted for at least three weeks beginning in March 2020.[51] Harry DeWolf was delivered to the Navy in July 2020, with commissioning now anticipated in mid-2021 following post-acceptance sea trials.[52] The revised start dates for the start of construction of the fifth and sixth vessels of the class were projected as 2021 and 2022, respectively. The two Coast Guard AOPS variants (ships seven and eight) were expected to begin construction in 2022 and 2023.[53]

Design

The vessels' design was initially intended to incorporate a conventional icebreaking bow for cruising, and would have proceeded backwards for breaking heavy ice. The vessels' stern would have been designed for ice breaking and they would have employed azimuth thrusters for propulsion and for chewing through resistant ice. However, due to cost constraints, a conventional bow-first design was chosen for both light and heavy icebreaking. The propulsion would be provided by diesel-electric twin shafts with bolt-on propellers, similar to existing Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers. The vessels' ice class is Polar Class 5, but the bow region is further strengthened to higher Polar Class 4 level.[54]

The vessels will have a hangar and flight deck capable of employing and maintaining the same maritime helicopters as the RCN's other vessels: the CH-148 Cyclone and the CH-149 Cormorant.[11]

In 2008, a contract was awarded to BMT Fleet Technology and STX Canada Marine to assist in developing technical specifications and a design for the project. The technical specifications were to be used to draft a request for proposals. The government later awarded a design contract to BMT Fleet Technology and STX Canada Marine to develop the design of the vessel for issue to the selected NSPS proponent.

The ships will be built in three large mega blocks: centre, aft and bow. Each mega block will consist of 62 smaller building blocks. The first steel was cut on Harry DeWolf in September 2015.[2]

The ships are designed to displace 6,440 metric tons. They are capable of outfitting multiple payload options such as shipping containers, underwater survey equipment, or a landing craft. The vessels have a 20-tonne crane to self-load/unload, and a vehicle bay to carry vehicles for deployment over the ice. The design also calls for an enclosed cable deck and forecastle to better cope with the Arctic environment. On the open sea, the ship has fin stabilizers to reduce roll that are retractable during ice operations.[3]

Propulsion and power

The vessels have a diesel-electric powertrain with four 3.6-megawatt (4,800 hp) diesel generators producing electricity for two 4.5-megawatt (6,000 hp) propulsion motors.[3]

Armament

In August 2015, it was announced that BAE Systems had won the contract to provide up to six modified Mk 38 Mod 2 25 mm cannon for the naval ships in the class (coast guard order will be unarmed). This contract also covers the service life of the weapons.[55]

Integrated Bridge and Navigation System

In 2014 OSI Maritime Systems Ltd. was selected by Lockheed Martin Canada to design the Integrated Bridge and Navigation System for the AOPS program, this was followed by a contract for the Implementation Phase in 2015. Since, OSI has built and installed all AOPS Integrated Bridge and Navigation ship sets.[56][57] 

Sensors

In September 2015, it was announced that the ships would be outfitted with SAGEM BlueNaute navigational systems.[58] On 7 October 2015, Thales IFF system was selected for use on the class.[59] Terma currently provides its SCANTER 6002 radar system to Lockheed Martin Canada as part of the Combat Management System (CMS 330), which was selected by Irving Shipbuilding Inc. for the Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS).[60]

Canadian Coast Guard version

The Canadian Coast Guard version will be built to a slightly modified design. Modifications include a new bridge layout and accommodations for a non-military crew subject to Transport Canada requirements. Some areas are to be changed to meet the needs of coast guard equipment and there will be modifications to the deck.[61]

Ships in class
Ship name Number Builder Laid down Launched Delivered Commissioned Status
Harry DeWolf class
Harry DeWolf AOPV 430[62] Irving Shipbuilding, Halifax, Nova Scotia 11 March 2016 15 September 2018[63] 31 July 2020[64] Post-acceptance sea trials; Commissioning projected in 2021.[65][66]
Margaret Brooke AOPV 431[62] 29 May 2017[67] 10 November 2019 Fitting out and delivery TBD.
Max Bernays AOPV 432[62] 5 December 2018[68] Under construction
William Hall AOPV 433[62] 3 May 2019[69] Under construction
Frédérick Rolette AOPV 434[62] Ordered
Robert Hampton Gray[70][40] AOPV 435 Ordered; Option taken up 2 November 2018
AOPS - Coast Guard Variant
TBD Irving Shipbuilding, Halifax, Nova Scotia Planned
TBD Planned

Possible Additional Roles

As the Harry Dewolf ships start to enter service comments have appeared in Canadian professional military journals suggesting that they might be useful as small amphibious ships carrying 50 to 60 soldiers into the Arctic.[71]

See also

References
  1. "Harper Government Awards Shipbuilding Contract That Supports Jobs Across Canada" (Press release). Government of Canada. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  2. Pugliese, David (16 January 2015). "Arctic Offshore Patrol Ships to be constructed in three "mega blocks"". Defence Watch. Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  3. "Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships". Royal Canadian Navy. January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  4. "ABCO Industries to Build 12m Landing Craft for Royal Canadian Navy". Baird Maritime. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  5. "Dep't of National Defence / Canadian Forces News Release Armed Naval Icebreakers – the Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships". Canadian American Strategic Review. 10 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  6. "Background — AOPS Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship Icebreaker". Canadian American Strategic Review. April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  7. "Defining and Managing the Canadian Forces Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship Project". Canadian American Strategic Review. June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  8. "Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship — Proposed Ship Capabilities & Technical Statement of Operational Requirement Features". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  9. "Background – Armed Naval Icebreaker / Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  10. Daly, Stephen (June 2010). "A Pregnant Pause? The National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy Presents an Opportunity to Shift Priorities to Sovereignty Assertion: A Modest Proposal". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Limited as an icebreaker, critics have disparaged AOPS as 'slush breakers' of limited utility. As offshore patrol vessels (OPVs), AOPS are burdened with the vast weight of icebreaking hulls unnecessary for that role. Carrying that extra bulk around in temperate seas mean that AOPS will be relatively slow while fuel costs and similar operating expenses are very high.
  11. "Arctic patrol ship could have double acting hullform". Warship Technology. March 2009. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012.
  12. Travers, James (10 July 2007). "Arctic issues make for good politics". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  13. Milewski, Terry (2 May 2013). "Shipbuilding contract holds $250M mystery". CBC News. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  14. "Arctic and offshore patrol ships". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  15. "Halifax Shipyard launches Canada's lead Arctic and Offshore Patrol Vessel". Irving Halifax Shipyard. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  16. "Halifax Shipyard launches second AOPS ship for Canadian Navy". naval-technology.com. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  17. "New ships for navy, coast guard". CBC News. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  18. "First new Arctic offshore patrol ship to be named HMCS Harry DeWolf". CBC News. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  19. Doucette, Keith (19 December 2017). "Construction begins on 3rd Arctic patrol vessel at Halifax Shipyard". CBC News. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  20. "Canada receives first new Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship". Mirage News. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  21. "Coast Guard to get two new Arctic patrol ships". Nunatsiaq News. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  22. "Tories' ambitious defence plan needs more money". CTV News. 18 February 2006. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  23. DeMille, Diane; Priestley, Stephen (22 December 2005). "Stephen Harper announces the new defence policy put forward by the Conservative Party of Canada – Pt 2". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  24. Priestley, Stephen (April 2006). "Armed Icebreakers and Arctic Ports for Canada's North? Costing Three New Canadian Heavy Armed Icebreakers". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  25. O'Connor, Gordon J. (9 July 2007). "Speaking Notes for The Honourable Gordon J. O'Connor, PC, MP Minister of National Defence". Ministry of National Defence. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  26. Kives, Bartley (28 February 2008). "Red Amundsen our flag in white Arctic". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 1 March 2008. Alt URL
  27. "Canadian Sovereignty". New Democratic Party. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008.
  28. Kendrick, A. (March 2005). "Integration of Polar Classes and Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System". NRC-CNRC. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  29. Woods, Allan (19 October 2011). "Two winners and one big loser in contest to build military ships". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  30. "Arctic patrol ship headed for "disaster", says report". CBC News. Ottawa. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  31. "PM announces the name of the first of the Royal Canadian Navy's Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships". Prime Minister of Canada. 18 September 2014. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  32. Pugliese, David (4 December 2014). "DND to go to Treasury Board for more money for Arctic Offshore Patrol Ships". Defence Watch. Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  33. Cudmore, James (16 January 2015). "Canada's navy to get 5 or 6 Arctic ships, not 8". CBC News. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  34. "New Royal Canadian Navy ship to be named after naval hero of SS Caribou sinking" (Press release). Government of Canada. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  35. Pugliese, David (26 May 2015). "Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship named after naval hero". Defence Watch. Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  36. "Navy's new patrol ship named after Wolfville naval hero William Hall". CTV News. Canadian Press. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  37. Mellor, Clare (26 June 2015). "New naval ship to be named for William Hall". Chronicle Herald. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  38. "HMCS Frédérick Rolette name of navy's new Arctic patrol ship". CBC News. 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  39. "Ottawa buys another Arctic and offshore patrol ship to be built in Halifax". CBC News. 2 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  40. "Sixth Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship to be named in honour of Canadian naval hero, Robert Hampton Gray". Mirage News. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  41. Gunn, Andrea (7 November 2018). "Steel costs for sixth patrol vessel could be steeper". Halifax Chronicle Herald. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  42. Berthiaume, Lee (21 May 2019). "Federal government to buy two more Arctic ships from Irving to prevent layoffs". CBC News. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  43. Brooks, Patricia (18 June 2015). "Arctic patrol vessels 'really have started' construction, says Irving president". Chronicle Herald. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  44. "Timeline". Irving Shipyards. 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  45. Gunn, Andrea (10 June 2016). "Irving, Royal Canadian Navy celebrate construction milestone with wolf coin". Chronicle Herald. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  46. "First Arctic patrol ship by Irving is a 'significant challenge': president". Global News. The Canadian Press. 7 September 2016. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  47. "First Arctic patrol ship clicks into place at Halifax Shipyard". CBC News. The Canadian Press. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  48. "Procurement minister cuts first steel for third Arctic patrol vessel". Chronicle Herald. The Canadian Press. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  49. "Minister Sajjan marks the start of construction for the fourth Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship" (Press release). Government of Canada. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  50. "Halifax Shipyard launches Canada's second Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship". globenewswire.com (Press release). Irving Shipbuilding. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  51. Pugliese, David (19 March 2020). "Construction of new Arctic ships, maintenance of frigates halted because of COVID-19". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  52. International, Radio Canada (31 July 2020). "Canadian navy receives its first new Arctic and offshore patrol ship". RCI | English. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  53. "Canada receives first new Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship". Mirage News. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  54. "Arctic and Offshore Patrol Vessel" (PDF). Naval Affairs Program Briefing #14. Naval Association of Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  55. "BAE Systems' Naval Guns Chosen For Canadian Arctic Patrol Ships". BusinessWire. 18 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  56. "OSI Maritime Systems Ltd. Selected to Design Integrated Bridge and Navigation Subsystem for the Royal Canadian Navy's Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ship Project" (PDF) (Press release). OSI Maritime Systems Ltd. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  57. "OSI Maritime Systems Signs Contract for the Implementation Phase of Integrated Navigation and Bridge Systems for the Royal Canadian Navy's Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship Program" (PDF). OSI Maritime Systems Ltd. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  58. "Sagem's BlueNaute Navigation System Chosen for Canada's New Offshore Patrol Vessels". Newswire Today. 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  59. "Thales IFF equipment for Canadian OPVs". shephardmedia.com. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  60. "Toronto-based tech company seizing opportunities as a result of Canada's AOPS program". Irving Shipyard. 16 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  61. Pugliese, David (7 February 2020). "Irving to receive $58 million for 'minimal' changes to new Coast Guard ships". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  62. "Arctic/Offshore Patrol Ships". Royal Canadian Navy. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  63. "What's that in the harbour? An Arctic and offshore patrol ship". CBC News. 15 September 2018. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  64. "Government of Canada receives first new Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship" (Press release). Department of National Defence of Canada. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  65. "Delivery of Canada's first Arctic and offshore patrol vessel delayed until 2020". Global News. The Canadian Press. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  66. "Canada receives first new Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship". miragenews.com. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  67. "Keel-laying ceremony for HMCS Margaret Brooke marks a shipbuilding milestone" (Press release). Department of National Defence of Canada. 29 May 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  68. "Another important shipbuilding milestone: the third Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship receives its lucky coin" (Press release). Department of National Defence of Canada. 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  69. "Minister Sajjan marks the start of construction for the fourth Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ship" (Press release). Department of National Defence of Canada. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  70. "Robert Hampton Gray (4702553)". Sea-web. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  71. See for example Colonel (Ret’d) Brian K. Wentzell, “Arctic Amphibious Capabilities for Canada?” in Canadian Naval Review Volume 15, Number 2 (2019), ed. Dr. Ann L. Griffiths, 34-37 (Antigonish, NS: St Francis Xavier University, 2019), 34-36. HYPERLINK "https://www.navalreview.ca/wp-content/uploads/CNR_pdf_full/cnr_vol15_2.pdf" CNR 15.2 (navalreview.ca)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.